[go: nahoru, domu]
Wiktionary

von

See also: vón, vốn, vőn, Vón, vȯņ, вон, and вонь

Cimbrian

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Etymology 1

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From Middle High German von, from Old High German fon (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, *funē. Cognate with German von.

Preposition

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von

  1. (Sette Comuni, + dative) from, of
    Von bannont khèmmatar? ― Where do you come from?
    Von béeme piisto? ― Whose are you? (literally, “Of whom are you?”)
    'S gaplèttarakh von dennàndarn tüut nia bóol.
    Other people's stuff is never good.
    (literally, “The stuff of others never does well.”)
Alternative forms
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Contraction

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von

  1. von + in, from the, of the

References

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  • “bon” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Friulian

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Etymology

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Probably ultimately from a derivative of Latin avus, or a related term, possibly a diminutive. Compare Italian avo, avolo. Cf. also archaic Romanian bun (“grandfather”) (modern bunic), Calabrian Sicilian and Piedmontese bona (“grandmother”).

Noun

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von m (plural vons)

  1. grandfather
    Synonym: nono
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German

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Etymology

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From Middle High German von (“from”), from Old High German fon, fona (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, *funē (“from”), compound of *afa (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“from, off”)) + *ana (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“on”)). Cognate with Old Saxon fana, fan (“from”), Dutch van (“from; of”), Old Frisian fon (“from”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /fɔn/, [fɔn]
  • Audio:(file)

Preposition

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von [with dative]

  1. from
    Ich fahre von Köln nach Hamburg.
    I'm travelling from Cologne to Hamburg.
    Ich hab’s von meiner Schwester gehört.
    I heard it from my sister.
  2. of, belonging to (often replacing genitive; see usage note below)
    das Auto meines Vaters = das Auto von meinem Vater ― my father’s car / the car of my father
  3. by (with passive voice)
    Synonym: durch
    Das Hotel wird von der Firma bezahlt.
    The hotel is paid for by the company.
  4. about, of (a topic)
    Er hat von seiner Jugend erzählt.
    He told about his youth.
    • 1796, Abraham Sahlstedt, Schwedische Grammatik nach dem Sprachgebrauch unserer Zeiten, Lübeck & Leipzig, page 259:
      Von dem Nomine Substantivo, oder dem Hauptworte.
      About the substantive noun, or the [alternative term]. (headline)
  5. on, with (a resource)
    Von welchem Geld soll ich als Arbeitsloser in Urlaub fahren?
    Being unemployed, on what money should I go on holidays?
    Man kann nicht nur von Luft und Liebe leben.
    You can’t live on air and love alone. (proverb)

Usage notes

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  • (from): English “from” is generally expressed by means of von, but aus is often used with words for settlements and territories (like Land, Stadt, Dorf, as well as geographical names). One uses von when both the places “from which” and “to which” are given: Dieser Zug fährt von Köln nach Hamburg. – “This train goes from Cologne to Hamburg.” If the further direction is not given, aus is the normal choice: Dieser Zug kommt aus Köln. – “This train is coming from Cologne.” The phrase: Dieser Zug kommt von Köln is not wrong but has a colloquial ring to it.
  • (of): The preposition von is used to replace possessive and partitive genitives, sometimes also prepositions that govern the genitive. Such replacement can be obligatory, optional, or restricted to the colloquial register:
It is obligatory if the genitive cannot be expressed grammatically, which is the case with common nouns not preceded by any declinable articles, determiners, or adjectives: die Rechte von Kindern (“children’s rights”); der Geschmack von Käse (“the taste of cheese”). This is also true of most singular, demonstrative pronouns and often true of all personal pronouns: der Geschmack von diesem (“the taste of this”); ein Freund von mir (“a friend of mine”); *ein Freund meiner is archaic in modern German.
The replacement is optional in cases such as the following:
1.) with those pronouns that do have an applicable genitive form, chiefly plurals: die Arbeit vieler = die Arbeit von vielen (“the work of many”);
2.) with fixed genitive pronoun expressions such as unser aller or ihrer beider, for example: für unser aller Zukunft = für die Zukunft von uns allen (“for the future of us all”), or when selbst follows the personal pronoun in the sense of oneself: ein Teil meiner selbst = ein Teil von mir (selbst) (“a part of myself”);
3.) with the numeral genitives zweier and dreier (see the Declension sections of zwei and drei);
4.) with proper nouns, particularly geographical names: die Kirchen Roms = die Kirchen von Rom (“the churches of Rome”);
5.) with common nouns preceded only by an adjective: die Rechte kleiner Kinder = die Rechte von kleinen Kindern (“small children’s rights”).
The replacement is colloquial in most other cases. Any possessive or partitive genitive can, per se, be replaced with a von-phrase, which is normal in speech, and virtually obligatory in colloquial speech. In formal writing, however, it is generally considered incorrect and unusual. This is one of the gravest grammatical differences between colloquial and literary German.
  • In older usage, Latin nouns often occurred in the ablative case after von. This is now obsolete, Latin case inflections never being used in contemporary German (except the genitives of a few personal names).

Derived terms

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See also

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Further reading

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Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈvon]
  • Hyphenation: von
  • Rhymes: -on

Etymology 1

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Of unknown origin.[1]

Verb

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von

  2. (transitive) to pull, draw, attract
    Synonym: húz
    Félrevonta a barátját. ― He/she drew/pulled his/her friend aside.
    Magához vonta a lányt. ― He drew/pulled her closer to himself.
    Magára vonta a tanára figyelmét. ― He drew/attracted his teacher’s attention.
  3. (transitive) to cover, envelop, enclose, encircle, surround
    Synonyms: fed, befed, beborít
    Csokoládéval vonta be a felszínét. ― She covered its surface with chocolate.
    Élőláncot vontak az épület köré. ― They formed a human chain around the building. (literally, “they enclosed the building with…”)
    A varázsló pajzsot vont maga köré. ― The wizard surrounded himself with a shield.
Usage notes
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Many terms formed with von are rendered in English with -tract, e.g. elvon (“to abstract”), összevon (“to contract”), levon (“to detract”), elvon (“to distract”), kivon (“to extract, subtract”), and visszavon (“to retract”).

Conjugation
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conjugation of von
Click for archaic forms 1st person sg 2nd person sg
informal 		3rd person sg,
2nd p. sg formal 		1st person pl 2nd person pl
informal 		3rd person pl,
2nd p. pl formal


Indica­tive
mood 		Pre­sent Indef. vonok vonsz von vonunk vontok vonnak
Def. vonom vonod vonja vonjuk vonjátok vonják
2nd-p. o. vonlak ―
Past Indef. vontam vontál vont vontunk vontatok vontak
Def. vontam vontad vonta vontuk vontátok vonták
2nd-p. o. vontalak ―
Future Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. vonni fog.
Archaic
Preterit 		Indef. vonék vonál vona vonánk vonátok vonának
Def. vonám vonád voná vonánk vonátok vonák
2nd-p. o. vonálak ―
Archaic Past Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. von vala, vont vala/volt.
Archaic
Future 		Indef. vonandok vonandasz vonand vonandunk vonandotok vonandanak
Def. vonandom vonandod vonandja vonandjuk vonandjátok vonandják
2nd-p. o. vonandalak ―
Condi­tional
mood 		Pre­sent Indef. vonnék vonnál vonna vonnánk vonnátok vonnának
Def. vonnám vonnád vonná vonnánk
(or vonnók) 		vonnátok vonnák
2nd-p. o. vonnálak ―
Past Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. vont volna
Sub­junc­tive
mood 		Pre­sent Indef. vonjak vonj or
vonjál 		vonjon vonjunk vonjatok vonjanak
Def. vonjam vond or
vonjad 		vonja vonjuk vonjátok vonják
2nd-p. o. vonjalak ―
(Archaic) Past Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. vont légyen
Infinitive vonni vonnom vonnod vonnia vonnunk vonnotok vonniuk
Other
forms 		Verbal noun Present part. Past part. Future part. Adverbial participle Causative
vonás vonó vont vonandó vonva (vonván) vonat (or vontat)
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular
(and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs).
potential conjugation of von
Click for archaic forms 1st person sg 2nd person sg
informal 		3rd person sg,
2nd p. sg formal 		1st person pl 2nd person pl
informal 		3rd person pl,
2nd p. pl formal
Indica­tive
mood 		Pre­sent Indef. vonhatok vonhatsz vonhat vonhatunk vonhattok vonhatnak
Def. vonhatom vonhatod vonhatja vonhatjuk vonhatjátok vonhatják
2nd-p. o. vonhatlak ―
Past Indef. vonhattam vonhattál vonhatott vonhattunk vonhattatok vonhattak
Def. vonhattam vonhattad vonhatta vonhattuk vonhattátok vonhatták
2nd-p. o. vonhattalak ―
Archaic
Preterit 		Indef. vonhaték vonhatál vonhata vonhatánk vonhatátok vonhatának
Def. vonhatám vonhatád vonhatá vonhatánk vonhatátok vonhaták
2nd-p. o. vonhatálak ―
Archaic Past Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. vonhat vala, vonhatott vala/volt.
Archaic
Future 		Indef. vonhatandok
or vonandhatok 		vonhatandasz
or vonandhatsz 		vonhatand
or vonandhat 		vonhatandunk
or vonandhatunk 		vonhatandotok
or vonandhattok 		vonhatandanak
or vonandhatnak
Def. vonhatandom
or vonandhatom 		vonhatandod
or vonandhatod 		vonhatandja
or vonandhatja 		vonhatandjuk
or vonandhatjuk 		vonhatandjátok
or vonandhatjátok 		vonhatandják
or vonandhatják
2nd-p. o. vonhatandalak
or vonandhatlak 		―
Condi­tional
mood 		Pre­sent Indef. vonhatnék vonhatnál vonhatna vonhatnánk vonhatnátok vonhatnának
Def. vonhatnám vonhatnád vonhatná vonhatnánk
(or vonhatnók) 		vonhatnátok vonhatnák
2nd-p. o. vonhatnálak ―
Past Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. vonhatott volna
Sub­junc­tive
mood 		Pre­sent Indef. vonhassak vonhass or
vonhassál 		vonhasson vonhassunk vonhassatok vonhassanak
Def. vonhassam vonhasd or
vonhassad 		vonhassa vonhassuk vonhassátok vonhassák
2nd-p. o. vonhassalak ―
(Archaic) Past Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. vonhatott légyen
Inf. (vonhatni) (vonhatnom) (vonhatnod) (vonhatnia) (vonhatnunk) (vonhatnotok) (vonhatniuk)
Positive adjective vonható Neg. adj. vonhatatlan Adv. part. (vonhatva / vonhatván)
Derived terms
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(With verbal prefixes):

Expressions

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from Korean 원 (won, also 圓 in hanja), from Sinitic 圓／圆 (yuán, “circle” > “round coin”).

Noun

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von

  2. won (currency)
Declension
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Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative von vonok
accusative vont vonokat
dative vonnak vonoknak
instrumental vonnal vonokkal
causal-final vonért vonokért
translative vonná vonokká
terminative vonig vonokig
essive-formal vonként vonokként
essive-modal — —
inessive vonban vonokban
superessive vonon vonokon
adessive vonnál vonoknál
illative vonba vonokba
sublative vonra vonokra
allative vonhoz vonokhoz
elative vonból vonokból
delative vonról vonokról
ablative vontól vonoktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		voné vonoké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		vonéi vonokéi
Possessive forms of von
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. vonom vonjaim
2nd person sing. vonod vonjaid
3rd person sing. vonja vonjai
1st person plural vonunk vonjaink
2nd person plural vonotok vonjaitok
3rd person plural vonjuk vonjaik

References

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  1. ^ von in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Further reading

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  • von in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Icelandic

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Etymology

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From Old Norse ván, from Proto-Germanic *wēniz.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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von f (genitive singular vonar, nominative plural vonir)

  1. hope
  2. expectation

Declension

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declension of von
f-s2 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative von vonin vonir vonirnar
accusative von vonina vonir vonirnar
dative von voninni vonum vonunum
genitive vonar vonarinnar vona vonanna

Derived terms

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse ván, vón, ón, from Proto-Germanic *wēniz.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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von f (definite singular vona, indefinite plural voner, definite plural vonene)

  1. hope
  2. expectation
  3. likelyhood, eventuality
  4. something that is showing promise
  5. (fishing) a place where one hopes to make a good catch
Synonyms
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Etymology 2

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From the Old Norse preposition án (“without”).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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von (singular and plural von)

  1. (rare) which one can make do without

Etymology 3

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From German von. Doublet of van. The noun is derived from the preposition.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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von

  1. Used in German surnames.
    Synonyms: av, de, di, of, van

Noun

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von m (definite singular vonen, indefinite plural vonar, definite plural vonane)

  1. (rare) a person with the preposition von in their name

Etymology 4

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

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von

  1. imperative of vone

References

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Slovak

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъnъ.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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von

  1. out, outwards

Further reading

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  • “von”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Swedish

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Etymology

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Borrowed from German von.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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von

  1. of; only used in surnames of nobility
    Synonyms: af, de
    Carl von Linné
    Carl Linnaeus

Anagrams

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Vlax Romani

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Pronoun

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von

  1. they
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