"OneVsRestClassifier",

"OneVsOneClassifier",

"OutputCodeClassifier",

"""Fit a single binary estimator."""

unique_y = np.unique(y)

if len(unique_y) == 1:

if classes is not None:

if y[0] == -1:

c = 0

else:

c = y[0]

warnings.warn(

"Label %s is present in all training examples." % str(classes[c])

)

estimator = _ConstantPredictor().fit(X, unique_y)

else:

estimator = clone(estimator)

estimator.fit(X, y, **fit_params)

"""Make predictions using a single binary estimator."""

if is_regressor(estimator):

return estimator.predict(X)

try:

score = np.ravel(estimator.decision_function(X))

except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):

# probabilities of the positive class

score = estimator.predict_proba(X)[:, 1]

"""Threshold for predictions from binary estimator."""

if hasattr(estimator, "decision_function") and is_classifier(estimator):

return 0.0

else:

# predict_proba threshold

"""Helper predictor to be used when only one class is present."""

def fit(self, X, y):

check_params = dict(

force_all_finite=False, dtype=None, ensure_2d=False, accept_sparse=True

)

self._validate_data(

X, y, reset=True, validate_separately=(check_params, check_params)

)

self.y_ = y

return self

def predict(self, X):

check_is_fitted(self)

self._validate_data(

X,

force_all_finite=False,

dtype=None,

accept_sparse=True,

ensure_2d=False,

reset=False,

)

return np.repeat(self.y_, _num_samples(X))

def decision_function(self, X):

check_is_fitted(self)

self._validate_data(

X,

force_all_finite=False,

dtype=None,

accept_sparse=True,

ensure_2d=False,

reset=False,

)

return np.repeat(self.y_, _num_samples(X))

def predict_proba(self, X):

check_is_fitted(self)

self._validate_data(

X,

force_all_finite=False,

dtype=None,

accept_sparse=True,

ensure_2d=False,

reset=False,

)

y_ = self.y_.astype(np.float64)

"""Check if self.estimator or self.estimators_[0] has attr.

If `self.estimators_[0]` has the attr, then its safe to assume that other

estimators have it too. We raise the original `AttributeError` if `attr`

does not exist. This function is used together with `available_if`.

"""

def check(self):

if hasattr(self, "estimators_"):

getattr(self.estimators_[0], attr)

else:

getattr(self.estimator, attr)

return True

MultiOutputMixin,

ClassifierMixin,

MetaEstimatorMixin,

BaseEstimator,

):

"""One-vs-the-rest (OvR) multiclass strategy.

Also known as one-vs-all, this strategy consists in fitting one classifier

per class. For each classifier, the class is fitted against all the other

classes. In addition to its computational efficiency (only `n_classes`

classifiers are needed), one advantage of this approach is its

interpretability. Since each class is represented by one and one classifier

only, it is possible to gain knowledge about the class by inspecting its

corresponding classifier. This is the most commonly used strategy for

multiclass classification and is a fair default choice.

OneVsRestClassifier can also be used for multilabel classification. To use

this feature, provide an indicator matrix for the target `y` when calling

`.fit`. In other words, the target labels should be formatted as a 2D

binary (0/1) matrix, where [i, j] == 1 indicates the presence of label j

in sample i. This estimator uses the binary relevance method to perform

multilabel classification, which involves training one binary classifier

independently for each label.

Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <ovr_classification>`.

Parameters

----------

estimator : estimator object

A regressor or a classifier that implements :term:`fit`.

When a classifier is passed, :term:`decision_function` will be used

in priority and it will fallback to :term:`predict_proba` if it is not

available.

When a regressor is passed, :term:`predict` is used.

n_jobs : int, default=None

The number of jobs to use for the computation: the `n_classes`

one-vs-rest problems are computed in parallel.

``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.

``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`

for more details.

.. versionchanged:: 0.20

`n_jobs` default changed from 1 to None

verbose : int, default=0

The verbosity level, if non zero, progress messages are printed.

Below 50, the output is sent to stderr. Otherwise, the output is sent

to stdout. The frequency of the messages increases with the verbosity

level, reporting all iterations at 10. See :class:`joblib.Parallel` for

more details.

.. versionadded:: 1.1

Attributes

----------

estimators_ : list of `n_classes` estimators

Estimators used for predictions.

classes_ : array, shape = [`n_classes`]

Class labels.

n_classes_ : int

Number of classes.

label_binarizer_ : LabelBinarizer object

Object used to transform multiclass labels to binary labels and

vice-versa.

multilabel_ : boolean

Whether a OneVsRestClassifier is a multilabel classifier.

n_features_in_ : int

Number of features seen during :term:`fit`. Only defined if the

underlying estimator exposes such an attribute when fit.

.. versionadded:: 0.24

feature_names_in_ : ndarray of shape (`n_features_in_`,)

Names of features seen during :term:`fit`. Only defined if the

underlying estimator exposes such an attribute when fit.

.. versionadded:: 1.0

See Also

--------

OneVsOneClassifier : One-vs-one multiclass strategy.

OutputCodeClassifier : (Error-Correcting) Output-Code multiclass strategy.

sklearn.multioutput.MultiOutputClassifier : Alternate way of extending an

estimator for multilabel classification.

sklearn.preprocessing.MultiLabelBinarizer : Transform iterable of iterables

to binary indicator matrix.

Examples

--------

>>> import numpy as np

>>> from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier

>>> from sklearn.svm import SVC

>>> X = np.array([

... [10, 10],

... [8, 10],

... [-5, 5.5],

... [-5.4, 5.5],

... [-20, -20],

... [-15, -20]

... ])

>>> y = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2])

>>> clf = OneVsRestClassifier(SVC()).fit(X, y)

>>> clf.predict([[-19, -20], [9, 9], [-5, 5]])

array([2, 0, 1])

"""

_parameter_constraints = {

"estimator": [HasMethods(["fit"])],

"n_jobs": [Integral, None],

"verbose": ["verbose"],

}

def __init__(self, estimator, *, n_jobs=None, verbose=0):

self.estimator = estimator

self.n_jobs = n_jobs

self.verbose = verbose

@_fit_context(

# OneVsRestClassifier.estimator is not validated yet

prefer_skip_nested_validation=False

)

def fit(self, X, y, **fit_params):

"""Fit underlying estimators.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

y : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_classes)

Multi-class targets. An indicator matrix turns on multilabel

classification.

**fit_params : dict

Parameters passed to the ``estimator.fit`` method of each

sub-estimator.

.. versionadded:: 1.4

Only available if `enable_metadata_routing=True`. See

:ref:`Metadata Routing User Guide <metadata_routing>` for more

details.

Returns

-------

self : object

Instance of fitted estimator.

"""

_raise_for_params(fit_params, self, "fit")

routed_params = process_routing(

self,

"fit",

**fit_params,

)

# A sparse LabelBinarizer, with sparse_output=True, has been shown to

# outperform or match a dense label binarizer in all cases and has also

# resulted in less or equal memory consumption in the fit_ovr function

# overall.

self.label_binarizer_ = LabelBinarizer(sparse_output=True)

Y = self.label_binarizer_.fit_transform(y)

Y = Y.tocsc()

self.classes_ = self.label_binarizer_.classes_

columns = (col.toarray().ravel() for col in Y.T)

# In cases where individual estimators are very fast to train setting

# n_jobs > 1 in can results in slower performance due to the overhead

# of spawning threads. See joblib issue #112.

self.estimators_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose)(

delayed(_fit_binary)(

self.estimator,

X,

column,

fit_params=routed_params.estimator.fit,

classes=[

"not %s" % self.label_binarizer_.classes_[i],

self.label_binarizer_.classes_[i],

],

)

for i, column in enumerate(columns)

)

if hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "n_features_in_"):

self.n_features_in_ = self.estimators_[0].n_features_in_

if hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "feature_names_in_"):

self.feature_names_in_ = self.estimators_[0].feature_names_in_

return self

@available_if(_estimators_has("partial_fit"))

@_fit_context(

# OneVsRestClassifier.estimator is not validated yet

prefer_skip_nested_validation=False

)

def partial_fit(self, X, y, classes=None, **partial_fit_params):

"""Partially fit underlying estimators.

Should be used when memory is inefficient to train all data.

Chunks of data can be passed in several iterations.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

y : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_classes)

Multi-class targets. An indicator matrix turns on multilabel

classification.

classes : array, shape (n_classes, )

Classes across all calls to partial_fit.

Can be obtained via `np.unique(y_all)`, where y_all is the

target vector of the entire dataset.

This argument is only required in the first call of partial_fit

and can be omitted in the subsequent calls.

**partial_fit_params : dict

Parameters passed to the ``estimator.partial_fit`` method of each

sub-estimator.

.. versionadded:: 1.4

Only available if `enable_metadata_routing=True`. See

:ref:`Metadata Routing User Guide <metadata_routing>` for more

details.

Returns

-------

self : object

Instance of partially fitted estimator.

"""

_raise_for_params(partial_fit_params, self, "partial_fit")

routed_params = process_routing(

self,

"partial_fit",

**partial_fit_params,

)

if _check_partial_fit_first_call(self, classes):

self.estimators_ = [clone(self.estimator) for _ in range(self.n_classes_)]

# A sparse LabelBinarizer, with sparse_output=True, has been

# shown to outperform or match a dense label binarizer in all

# cases and has also resulted in less or equal memory consumption

# in the fit_ovr function overall.

self.label_binarizer_ = LabelBinarizer(sparse_output=True)

self.label_binarizer_.fit(self.classes_)

if len(np.setdiff1d(y, self.classes_)):

raise ValueError(

(

"Mini-batch contains {0} while classes " + "must be subset of {1}"

).format(np.unique(y), self.classes_)

)

Y = self.label_binarizer_.transform(y)

Y = Y.tocsc()

columns = (col.toarray().ravel() for col in Y.T)

self.estimators_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)(

delayed(_partial_fit_binary)(

estimator,

X,

column,

partial_fit_params=routed_params.estimator.partial_fit,

)

for estimator, column in zip(self.estimators_, columns)

)

if hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "n_features_in_"):

self.n_features_in_ = self.estimators_[0].n_features_in_

return self

def predict(self, X):

"""Predict multi-class targets using underlying estimators.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

Returns

-------

y : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_classes)

Predicted multi-class targets.

"""

check_is_fitted(self)

n_samples = _num_samples(X)

if self.label_binarizer_.y_type_ == "multiclass":

maxima = np.empty(n_samples, dtype=float)

maxima.fill(-np.inf)

argmaxima = np.zeros(n_samples, dtype=int)

for i, e in enumerate(self.estimators_):

pred = _predict_binary(e, X)

np.maximum(maxima, pred, out=maxima)

argmaxima[maxima == pred] = i

return self.classes_[argmaxima]

else:

thresh = _threshold_for_binary_predict(self.estimators_[0])

indices = array.array("i")

indptr = array.array("i", [0])

for e in self.estimators_:

indices.extend(np.where(_predict_binary(e, X) > thresh)[0])

indptr.append(len(indices))

data = np.ones(len(indices), dtype=int)

indicator = sp.csc_matrix(

(data, indices, indptr), shape=(n_samples, len(self.estimators_))

)

return self.label_binarizer_.inverse_transform(indicator)

@available_if(_estimators_has("predict_proba"))

def predict_proba(self, X):

"""Probability estimates.

The returned estimates for all classes are ordered by label of classes.

Note that in the multilabel case, each sample can have any number of

labels. This returns the marginal probability that the given sample has

the label in question. For example, it is entirely consistent that two

labels both have a 90% probability of applying to a given sample.

In the single label multiclass case, the rows of the returned matrix

sum to 1.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Input data.

Returns

-------

T : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes)

Returns the probability of the sample for each class in the model,

where classes are ordered as they are in `self.classes_`.

"""

check_is_fitted(self)

# Y[i, j] gives the probability that sample i has the label j.

# In the multi-label case, these are not disjoint.

Y = np.array([e.predict_proba(X)[:, 1] for e in self.estimators_]).T

if len(self.estimators_) == 1:

# Only one estimator, but we still want to return probabilities

# for two classes.

Y = np.concatenate(((1 - Y), Y), axis=1)

if not self.multilabel_:

# Then, probabilities should be normalized to 1.

Y /= np.sum(Y, axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]

return Y

@available_if(_estimators_has("decision_function"))

def decision_function(self, X):

"""Decision function for the OneVsRestClassifier.

Return the distance of each sample from the decision boundary for each

class. This can only be used with estimators which implement the

`decision_function` method.

Parameters

----------

X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Input data.

Returns

-------

T : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes) or (n_samples,) for \

binary classification.

Result of calling `decision_function` on the final estimator.

.. versionchanged:: 0.19

output shape changed to ``(n_samples,)`` to conform to

scikit-learn conventions for binary classification.

"""

check_is_fitted(self)

if len(self.estimators_) == 1:

return self.estimators_[0].decision_function(X)

return np.array(

[est.decision_function(X).ravel() for est in self.estimators_]

).T

@property

def multilabel_(self):

"""Whether this is a multilabel classifier."""

return self.label_binarizer_.y_type_.startswith("multilabel")

@property

def n_classes_(self):

"""Number of classes."""

return len(self.classes_)

def _more_tags(self):

"""Indicate if wrapped estimator is using a precomputed Gram matrix"""

return {"pairwise": _safe_tags(self.estimator, key="pairwise")}

def get_metadata_routing(self):

"""Get metadata routing of this object.

Please check :ref:`User Guide <metadata_routing>` on how the routing

mechanism works.

.. versionadded:: 1.4

Returns

-------

routing : MetadataRouter

A :class:`~sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.MetadataRouter` encapsulating

routing information.

"""

router = (

MetadataRouter(owner=self.__class__.__name__)

.add_self_request(self)

.add(

estimator=self.estimator,

method_mapping=MethodMapping()

.add(caller="fit", callee="fit")

.add(caller="partial_fit", callee="partial_fit"),

)

)

"""Fit a single binary estimator (one-vs-one)."""

cond = np.logical_or(y == i, y == j)

y = y[cond]

y_binary = np.empty(y.shape, int)

y_binary[y == i] = 0

y_binary[y == j] = 1

indcond = np.arange(_num_samples(X))[cond]

fit_params_subset = _check_method_params(X, params=fit_params, indices=indcond)

return (

_fit_binary(

estimator,

_safe_split(estimator, X, None, indices=indcond)[0],

y_binary,

fit_params=fit_params_subset,

classes=[i, j],

),

indcond,

"""Partially fit a single binary estimator(one-vs-one)."""

cond = np.logical_or(y == i, y == j)

y = y[cond]

if len(y) != 0:

y_binary = np.zeros_like(y)

y_binary[y == j] = 1

partial_fit_params_subset = _check_method_params(

X, params=partial_fit_params, indices=cond

)

return _partial_fit_binary(

estimator, X[cond], y_binary, partial_fit_params=partial_fit_params_subset

)

"""One-vs-one multiclass strategy.

This strategy consists in fitting one classifier per class pair.

At prediction time, the class which received the most votes is selected.

Since it requires to fit `n_classes * (n_classes - 1) / 2` classifiers,

this method is usually slower than one-vs-the-rest, due to its

O(n_classes^2) complexity. However, this method may be advantageous for

algorithms such as kernel algorithms which don't scale well with

`n_samples`. This is because each individual learning problem only involves

a small subset of the data whereas, with one-vs-the-rest, the complete

dataset is used `n_classes` times.

Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <ovo_classification>`.

Parameters

----------

estimator : estimator object

A regressor or a classifier that implements :term:`fit`.

When a classifier is passed, :term:`decision_function` will be used

in priority and it will fallback to :term:`predict_proba` if it is not

available.

When a regressor is passed, :term:`predict` is used.

n_jobs : int, default=None

The number of jobs to use for the computation: the `n_classes * (

n_classes - 1) / 2` OVO problems are computed in parallel.

``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.

``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`

for more details.

Attributes

----------

estimators_ : list of ``n_classes * (n_classes - 1) / 2`` estimators

Estimators used for predictions.

classes_ : numpy array of shape [n_classes]

Array containing labels.

n_classes_ : int

Number of classes.

pairwise_indices_ : list, length = ``len(estimators_)``, or ``None``

Indices of samples used when training the estimators.

``None`` when ``estimator``'s `pairwise` tag is False.

n_features_in_ : int

Number of features seen during :term:`fit`.

.. versionadded:: 0.24

feature_names_in_ : ndarray of shape (`n_features_in_`,)

Names of features seen during :term:`fit`. Defined only when `X`

has feature names that are all strings.

.. versionadded:: 1.0

See Also

--------

OneVsRestClassifier : One-vs-all multiclass strategy.

OutputCodeClassifier : (Error-Correcting) Output-Code multiclass strategy.

Examples

--------

>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

>>> from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsOneClassifier

>>> from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC

>>> X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)

>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(

... X, y, test_size=0.33, shuffle=True, random_state=0)

>>> clf = OneVsOneClassifier(

... LinearSVC(random_state=0)).fit(X_train, y_train)

>>> clf.predict(X_test[:10])

array([2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1])

"""

_parameter_constraints: dict = {

"estimator": [HasMethods(["fit"])],

"n_jobs": [Integral, None],

}

def __init__(self, estimator, *, n_jobs=None):

self.estimator = estimator

self.n_jobs = n_jobs

@_fit_context(

# OneVsOneClassifier.estimator is not validated yet

prefer_skip_nested_validation=False

)

def fit(self, X, y, **fit_params):

"""Fit underlying estimators.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)

Multi-class targets.

**fit_params : dict

Parameters passed to the ``estimator.fit`` method of each

sub-estimator.

.. versionadded:: 1.4

Only available if `enable_metadata_routing=True`. See

:ref:`Metadata Routing User Guide <metadata_routing>` for more

details.

Returns

-------

self : object

The fitted underlying estimator.

"""

_raise_for_params(fit_params, self, "fit")

routed_params = process_routing(

self,

"fit",

**fit_params,

)

# We need to validate the data because we do a safe_indexing later.

X, y = self._validate_data(

X, y, accept_sparse=["csr", "csc"], force_all_finite=False

)

check_classification_targets(y)

self.classes_ = np.unique(y)

if len(self.classes_) == 1:

raise ValueError(

"OneVsOneClassifier can not be fit when only one class is present."

)

n_classes = self.classes_.shape[0]

estimators_indices = list(

zip(

*(

Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)(

delayed(_fit_ovo_binary)(

self.estimator,

X,

y,

self.classes_[i],

self.classes_[j],

fit_params=routed_params.estimator.fit,

)

for i in range(n_classes)

for j in range(i + 1, n_classes)

)

)

)

)

self.estimators_ = estimators_indices[0]

pairwise = self._get_tags()["pairwise"]

self.pairwise_indices_ = estimators_indices[1] if pairwise else None

return self

@available_if(_estimators_has("partial_fit"))

@_fit_context(

# OneVsOneClassifier.estimator is not validated yet

prefer_skip_nested_validation=False

)

def partial_fit(self, X, y, classes=None, **partial_fit_params):

"""Partially fit underlying estimators.

Should be used when memory is inefficient to train all data. Chunks

of data can be passed in several iteration, where the first call

should have an array of all target variables.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix) of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)

Multi-class targets.

classes : array, shape (n_classes, )

Classes across all calls to partial_fit.

Can be obtained via `np.unique(y_all)`, where y_all is the

target vector of the entire dataset.

This argument is only required in the first call of partial_fit

and can be omitted in the subsequent calls.

**partial_fit_params : dict

Parameters passed to the ``estimator.partial_fit`` method of each

sub-estimator.

.. versionadded:: 1.4

Only available if `enable_metadata_routing=True`. See

:ref:`Metadata Routing User Guide <metadata_routing>` for more

details.

Returns

-------

self : object

The partially fitted underlying estimator.

"""

_raise_for_params(partial_fit_params, self, "partial_fit")

routed_params = process_routing(

self,

"partial_fit",

**partial_fit_params,

)

first_call = _check_partial_fit_first_call(self, classes)

if first_call:

self.estimators_ = [

clone(self.estimator)

for _ in range(self.n_classes_ * (self.n_classes_ - 1) // 2)

]

if len(np.setdiff1d(y, self.classes_)):

raise ValueError(

"Mini-batch contains {0} while it must be subset of {1}".format(

np.unique(y), self.classes_

)

)

X, y = self._validate_data(

X,

y,

accept_sparse=["csr", "csc"],

force_all_finite=False,

reset=first_call,

)

check_classification_targets(y)

combinations = itertools.combinations(range(self.n_classes_), 2)

self.estimators_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs)(

delayed(_partial_fit_ovo_binary)(

estimator,

X,

y,

self.classes_[i],

self.classes_[j],

partial_fit_params=routed_params.estimator.partial_fit,

)

for estimator, (i, j) in zip(self.estimators_, (combinations))

)

self.pairwise_indices_ = None

if hasattr(self.estimators_[0], "n_features_in_"):

self.n_features_in_ = self.estimators_[0].n_features_in_

return self

def predict(self, X):

"""Estimate the best class label for each sample in X.

This is implemented as ``argmax(decision_function(X), axis=1)`` which

will return the label of the class with most votes by estimators

predicting the outcome of a decision for each possible class pair.

Parameters

----------

X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Data.

Returns

-------

y : numpy array of shape [n_samples]

Predicted multi-class targets.

"""

Y = self.decision_function(X)

if self.n_classes_ == 2:

thresh = _threshold_for_binary_predict(self.estimators_[0])

return self.classes_[(Y > thresh).astype(int)]

return self.classes_[Y.argmax(axis=1)]

def decision_function(self, X):

"""Decision function for the OneVsOneClassifier.

The decision values for the samples are computed by adding the

normalized sum of pair-wise classification confidence levels to the

votes in order to disambiguate between the decision values when the

votes for all the classes are equal leading to a tie.

Parameters

----------

X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Input data.

Returns

-------

Y : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes) or (n_samples,)

Result of calling `decision_function` on the final estimator.

.. versionchanged:: 0.19

output shape changed to ``(n_samples,)`` to conform to

scikit-learn conventions for binary classification.

"""

check_is_fitted(self)

X = self._validate_data(

X,

accept_sparse=True,

force_all_finite=False,

reset=False,

)

indices = self.pairwise_indices_

if indices is None:

Xs = [X] * len(self.estimators_)

else:

Xs = [X[:, idx] for idx in indices]

predictions = np.vstack(

[est.predict(Xi) for est, Xi in zip(self.estimators_, Xs)]

).T

confidences = np.vstack(

[_predict_binary(est, Xi) for est, Xi in zip(self.estimators_, Xs)]

).T

Y = _ovr_decision_function(predictions, confidences, len(self.classes_))

if self.n_classes_ == 2:

return Y[:, 1]

return Y

@property

def n_classes_(self):

"""Number of classes."""

return len(self.classes_)

def _more_tags(self):

"""Indicate if wrapped estimator is using a precomputed Gram matrix"""

return {"pairwise": _safe_tags(self.estimator, key="pairwise")}

def get_metadata_routing(self):

"""Get metadata routing of this object.

Please check :ref:`User Guide <metadata_routing>` on how the routing