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'''''' |
'''ថ្នាំបង្ការោគ''' ឬ '''វ៉ាក់សាំង''' (អក្សារឡាតាំង vaccine) គឺជាការរៀបចំជីវសាស្ត្រមួយដែលធ្វើឲ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវប្រព័ន្ធភាពសាុំទៅនឹង[[ជម្ងឺ]]ណាមួយ។ វ៉ាក់សាំង ជាទូទៅ មានផ្ទកនូវភ្នាក់ងារឫ |
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វ៉ាក់សាំងជាមេរោគខ្សោយឫមេរោគងាប់ឫបំណែកមេរោគដែលត្រូវបានចាក់បញ្ចូលទៅក្នុងសារពាង្គកាយដើម្បីបង្អាក់សកម្មភាពរបស់មេរោគឫវីរុសឫបាកតេរី |
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Vaccines may be [[prophylaxis|prophylactic]] (example: to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future [[infection]] by any natural or "wild" [[pathogen]]), or [[Medication|therapeutic]] (e.g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated; see [[cancer vaccine]]). |
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The term ''vaccine'' derives from [[Edward Jenner]]'s 1796 use of ''[[cowpox|cow pox]]'' ([[Latin]] ''variola vaccinia'', adapted from the Latin ''vaccīn-us'', from ''vacca'', cow), to inoculate [[human]]s, providing them protection against [[smallpox]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stefan Riedel, MD, PhD | title = Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination |journal = Proceedings (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | volume=18 | issue=1 | year=2005 |month=January | pages=21–25 | pmc=1200696}}</ref> |
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===Landmarks in history of vaccines=== |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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! ឆ្នាំ !! Landmark |
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| 1000 || Chinese practicing [[variolation]] |
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| 1545 || [[Smallpox]] epidemic in India |
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| 1578 || Whooping cough epidemic in Paris |
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| 1625 || Early smallpox in North America |
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| 1633 || [[Colonial epidemic]] |
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| 1661 || [[Kangxi Emperor]] gives royal support for inoculation. |
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| 1676 || [[Thomas Sydenham]] documents [[Measles]] infection |
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| 1676 || "The Indian Plague" in [[Iroquois]] documented by [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]] |
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| 1694 || [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary II]] dies of smallpox on 28 December. |
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| 1699 || Yellow Fever outbreak in the American Colonies. |
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| 1718 || [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu|Lady Mary Montagu]] had her 6-year old son variolated in Constantinople by [[Charles Maitland (physician)|Dr. Charles Maitland]] |
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| 1721 || [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu|Lady Mary Montagu]] had her 2-year old daughter variolated in England by [[Charles Maitland (physician)|Dr. Charles Maitland]] |
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| 1736 || [[Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin’s]] 4-year-old son dies of smallpox. |
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| 1740 || [[Friedrich Hoffmann]] gives first description of [[rubella]] |
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| 1757 || [[Francis Home]] demonstrates infectious nature of [[measles]] |
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| 1760 || [[Edward Jenner]] learns about smallpox protection from a milkmaid |
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| 1796 || [[Edward Jenner]] introduces [[smallpox]] vaccine |
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| 1800 || [[Benjamin Waterhouse]] brings smallpox vaccination to United States |
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| 1817 || [[Cholera]] pandemic begins |
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| 1817 || [[Peter Ludvig Panum|Panum]] studies epidemiology of measles in [[Faroe Islands]] |
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| 1854 || [[Filippo Pacini]] isolates [[Vibrio cholerae]] |
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| 1874 || A compulsory smallpox vaccination and revaccination law goes into in effect in Germany<ref>{{cite web|title=German Vaccination Law|url=http://archive.org/details/vaccinationlawa00germgoog|work=Internet Archive|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> |
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| 1880 || [[Louis Pasteur]] develops attenuated fowl cholera vaccine |
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| 1881 || [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[George Miller Sternberg|George Sternberg]] independently discover [[Pneumococcus]] |
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| 1882 || [[Robert Koch|Koch]] isolates [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|tubercle bacilli]] |
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| 1882 || [[Louis Pasteur]] successfully prevents rabies in [[Joseph Meister]] by post-exposure vaccination |
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| 1888 || [[Pasteur Institute|Institut Pasteur]] inaugurated on 14 November |
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| 1890 || [[Shibasaburo Kitasato]] and [[Emil Adolf von Behring|Emil von Behring]] immunize guinea pigs with heat-treated diphtheria toxin |
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| 1892 || [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Pfeiffer]] discovers [[Haemophilus influenzae|Pfeiffer influenza bacillus]] |
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| 1894 || First major documented polio outbreak in the United States occurs in Rutland County, Vermont |
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| 1896 || [[Robert Koch|Koch]] discovers [[Vibrio cholerae|Cholera vibrio]] |
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| 1899 || [[Yellow fever]] plagues [[Panama Canal]] workers resulting in transfer of project rights from France to United States |
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| 1900 || [[Walter Reed]] discovers cause of yellow fever after studying it in [[Cuba]] |
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| 1906 || [[Jules Bordet]] and [[Octave Gengou]] isolate [[Bordetella pertussis]] |
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| 1908 || [[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Erwin Popper]] discover poliovirus |
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| 1924 || [[Bacille Calmette-Guerin|BCG]] is introduced as live [[tuberculosis]] vaccine |
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| 1935 || [[Max Theiler]] develops live attenuated 17D yellow fever vaccine |
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| 1945 || Chick embryo allantoic fluid-derived [[influenza]] vaccine is developed |
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| 1949 || [[John Enders]] cultivates [[poliovirus]] in [[tissue culture]] |
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| 1955 || [[Jonas Salk]] introduces injectable [[Polio Vaccine|inactivated polio vaccine]] |
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| 1961 || [[Albert Sabin]] develops oral [[Polio vaccine|live attenuated polio vaccine]] |
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| 1960-1969 || Live attenuated vaccines for [[Measles]], [[Mumps]] and [[Rubella]] are developed |
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| 1974-1984 || Polysaccharide vaccines for [[Meningococcus]], [[Pneumococcus]] and [[Hemophilus]] are developed |
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| 1981 || Smallpox declared eradicated worldwide |
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| 1981 || [[Hepatitis B]] vaccine is licenced |
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| 1983 || [[Hemophilus influenzae]] carbohydrate-protein conjugate is developed |
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| 1986 || Yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is licensed |
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| 1994 || Polio declared eliminated from Americas |
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| 2002 || Polio declared eradicated from Europe |
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| 2006 || First [[HPV vaccine]] is licensed |
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| 2012 || Polio declared eliminated from India |
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==Trends== |
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Vaccine development has several trends:<ref name=Plotkin>{{cite journal |author=Plotkin SA |title=Vaccines: past, present and future |journal=Nat Med |volume=11 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S5–11 |year=2005 |pmid=15812490 |doi=10.1038/nm1209 }}</ref> |
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* Until recently,{{When|date=July 2011}} most vaccines were aimed at infants and children, but adolescents and adults are increasingly being targeted.<ref name=Plotkin/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Carlson B |year=2008 |title=Adults now drive growth of vaccine market |journal=Genet Eng Biotechnol News |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=22–3 |url=http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=2490 }}</ref> |
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* Combinations of vaccines are becoming more common; vaccines containing five or more components are used in many parts of the world.<ref name=Plotkin/> In 2013, Biofarma has released new product called Pentabio which is combination vaccine of [[Diptheria]], [[Tetanus]], [[Pertussis]], [[Hepatitis B]] and [[Haemophilus Influenzae]] Type B for baby/infant of [[Indonesia]] Immunization Program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.acnnewswire.com/press-release/english/13434/bio-farma-urges-oic-countries-to-become-self-reliant-in-vaccine |title=Bio Farma Urges OIC Countries to become Self-Reliant in Vaccine |date=June 18, 2013|accessdate=June 19, 2013}}</ref> |
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* New methods of administering vaccines are being developed,{{When|date=July 2011}} such as skin patches, aerosols via inhalation devices, and eating genetically engineered plants.<ref name=Plotkin/> |
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* Vaccines are being designed to stimulate innate immune responses, as well as adaptive.<ref name=Plotkin/> |
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* Attempts are being made to develop vaccines to help cure chronic infections, as opposed to preventing disease.<ref name=Plotkin/> |
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* Vaccines are being developed to defend against bioterrorist attacks such as anthrax, plague, and smallpox.<ref name=Plotkin/> |
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* Appreciation for sex and pregnancy differences in vaccine responses "might change the strategies used by public health officials".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A |title=The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=338–49 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20417416 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70049-9 |url=}}</ref> |
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* Scientists are now trying to develop synthetic vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a [[virus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/28/world/safer-vaccine-created-without-virus/#.UhTT55JSjNV |title=Safer vaccine created without virus |date=March 28, 2013|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref> |
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Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Spohn G, Bachmann MF |title=Exploiting viral properties for the rational design of modern vaccines |journal= Expert Rev Vaccines |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=43–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18251693 |doi=10.1586/14760584.7.1.43 }}</ref> For example, the experimental vaccine [[CYT006-AngQb]] has been investigated as a possible treatment for [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Samuelsson O, Herlitz H |title=Vaccination against high blood pressure: a new strategy |journal=Lancet |volume=371 |issue=9615 |pages=788–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18328909 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60355-4 }}</ref> Factors that have impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, [[demographics]], [[Regulatory Science|regulatory science]], political, cultural, and social responses.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG |title=Trends affecting the future of vaccine development and delivery: the role of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and vaccinomics |journal=Vaccine |year=2009 |volume=27 |issue=25–26 |pages=3240–4 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.069 |pmc=2693340 |pmid=19200833 }}</ref> |
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==មើលផងដែរ== |
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{{div col|3}} |
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* [[Bacterin]] |
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* [[Flying syringe]] |
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* [[Jim (horse)|The Horse Named Jim]] |
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* [[Immunization registry]] |
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* [[Immunotherapy]] |
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* [[List of vaccine ingredients]] |
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* [[List of vaccine topics]] |
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* [[OPV AIDS hypothesis]], a refuted hypothesis that the AIDS pandemic emerged from polio vaccine manufacture. |
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* [[Reverse vaccinology]] |
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* [[TA-CD]], a vaccine which negates the effects of [[cocaine]] |
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* [[Virosome]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==ឯកសារយោង== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ== |
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{{Z148}}<!-- {{No more links}} |
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{{external media |
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| video1 = [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq-PgsVY-VU Modern Vaccine and Adjuvant Production and Characterization], [[Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News]] |
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}} |
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* {{dmoz|Health/Pharmacy/Drugs_and_Medications/Vaccines_and_Antisera|Vaccines and Antisera}} |
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* [http://www.emro.who.int/entity/vpi/ WHO Vaccine preventable diseases and immunization] |
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* [http://www.historyofvaccines.org/ The History of Vaccines], from the [[College of Physicians of Philadelphia]] |
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* [http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/professional/staticdetails.php?course=227 University of Oxford Vaccinology Programme: a series of short courses in vaccinology] |
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{{Major Drug Groups}} |
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{{Vaccines}} |
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[[Category:Vaccination]] |
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[[Category:Virology]] |
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[[Category:Vaccines| ]] |
កំណែថ្មីបំផុតនៅ ម៉ោង១១:២៩ ថ្ងៃពុធ ទី២៥ ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ២០២០
ថ្នាំបង្ការោគ ឬ វ៉ាក់សាំង (អក្សារឡាតាំង vaccine) គឺជាការរៀបចំជីវសាស្ត្រមួយដែលធ្វើឲ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវប្រព័ន្ធភាពសាុំទៅនឹងជម្ងឺណាមួយ។ វ៉ាក់សាំង ជាទូទៅ មានផ្ទកនូវភ្នាក់ងារឫ វ៉ាក់សាំងជាមេរោគខ្សោយឫមេរោគងាប់ឫបំណែកមេរោគដែលត្រូវបានចាក់បញ្ចូលទៅក្នុងសារពាង្គកាយដើម្បីបង្អាក់សកម្មភាពរបស់មេរោគឫវីរុសឫបាកតេរី
អត្ថបទនេះគឺជាអត្ថបទខ្លីមិនពេញលេញ។ លោកអ្នកអាចជួយវីគីភីឌាដោយសរសេរពង្រីកបន្ថែម។ |