[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

វ៉ាក់សាំង៖ ភាពខុសគ្នារវាងកំណែនានា

កែប្រែតំណភ្ជាប់
ពីវិគីភីឌា
មើលប្រវត្តិបានរហ័ស
← កំណែប្រែមុននេះ
ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានលុបចោល ខ្លឹមសារដែលបានសរសេរបន្ថែម
តាមគំហើញអត្ថបទវិគី
តNo edit summary
No edit summary
ស្លាក: កែ​សម្រួល​តាម​ទូរស័ព្ទ កំណែប្រែពីអ៊ីនធើណិតចល័ត
 
(៣ intermediate revisions by ៣ users not shown)
បន្ទាត់ទី១៖ បន្ទាត់ទី១៖
''''''ថ្នាំបង្ការោគ ''''''ឬ '''វ៉ាក់សាំង''' (អក្សារឡាតាំង vaccine) គឺជាការរៀបចំជីវសាស្ត្រមួយដែលធ្វើឲ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវប្រព័ន្ធភាពសាុំទៅនឹង[[ជម្ងឺ]]ណាមួយ។ វ៉ាក់សាំង ជាទូទៅ មានផ្ទកនូវភ្នាក់ងារ that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's [[immune system]] to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
'''ថ្នាំបង្ការោគ''' ឬ '''វ៉ាក់សាំង''' (អក្សារឡាតាំង vaccine) គឺជាការរៀបចំជីវសាស្ត្រមួយដែលធ្វើឲ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវប្រព័ន្ធភាពសាុំទៅនឹង[[ជម្ងឺ]]ណាមួយ។ វ៉ាក់សាំង ជាទូទៅ មានផ្ទកនូវភ្នាក់ងារឫ
វ៉ាក់សាំងជាមេរោគខ្សោយឫមេរោគងាប់ឫបំណែកមេរោគដែលត្រូវបានចាក់បញ្ចូលទៅក្នុងសារពាង្គកាយដើម្បីបង្អាក់សកម្មភាពរបស់មេរោគឫវីរុសឫបាកតេរី


{{stub}}
Vaccines may be [[prophylaxis|prophylactic]] (example: to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future [[infection]] by any natural or "wild" [[pathogen]]), or [[Medication|therapeutic]] (e.g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated; see [[cancer vaccine]]).

The term ''vaccine'' derives from [[Edward Jenner]]'s 1796 use of ''[[cowpox|cow pox]]'' ([[Latin]] ''variola vaccinia'', adapted from the Latin ''vaccīn-us'', from ''vacca'', cow), to inoculate [[human]]s, providing them protection against [[smallpox]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stefan Riedel, MD, PhD | title = Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination |journal = Proceedings (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | volume=18 | issue=1 | year=2005 |month=January | pages=21–25 | pmc=1200696}}</ref>


===Landmarks in history of vaccines===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! ឆ្នាំ !! Landmark
|-
| 1000 || Chinese practicing [[variolation]]
|-
| 1545 || [[Smallpox]] epidemic in India
|-
| 1578 || Whooping cough epidemic in Paris
|-
| 1625 || Early smallpox in North America
|-
| 1633 || [[Colonial epidemic]]
|-
| 1661 || [[Kangxi Emperor]] gives royal support for inoculation.
|-
| 1676 || [[Thomas Sydenham]] documents [[Measles]] infection
|-
| 1676 || "The Indian Plague" in [[Iroquois]] documented by [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]]
|-
| 1694 || [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary II]] dies of smallpox on 28 December.
|-
| 1699 || Yellow Fever outbreak in the American Colonies.
|-
| 1718 || [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu|Lady Mary Montagu]] had her 6-year old son variolated in Constantinople by [[Charles Maitland (physician)|Dr. Charles Maitland]]
|-
| 1721 || [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu|Lady Mary Montagu]] had her 2-year old daughter variolated in England by [[Charles Maitland (physician)|Dr. Charles Maitland]]
|-
| 1736 || [[Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin’s]] 4-year-old son dies of smallpox.
|-
| 1740 || [[Friedrich Hoffmann]] gives first description of [[rubella]]
|-
| 1757 || [[Francis Home]] demonstrates infectious nature of [[measles]]
|-
| 1760 || [[Edward Jenner]] learns about smallpox protection from a milkmaid
|-
| 1796 || [[Edward Jenner]] introduces [[smallpox]] vaccine
|-
| 1800 || [[Benjamin Waterhouse]] brings smallpox vaccination to United States
|-
| 1817 || [[Cholera]] pandemic begins
|-
| 1817 || [[Peter Ludvig Panum|Panum]] studies epidemiology of measles in [[Faroe Islands]]
|-
| 1854 || [[Filippo Pacini]] isolates [[Vibrio cholerae]]
|-
| 1874 || A compulsory smallpox vaccination and revaccination law goes into in effect in Germany<ref>{{cite web|title=German Vaccination Law|url=http://archive.org/details/vaccinationlawa00germgoog|work=Internet Archive|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 1880 || [[Louis Pasteur]] develops attenuated fowl cholera vaccine
|-
| 1881 || [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[George Miller Sternberg|George Sternberg]] independently discover [[Pneumococcus]]
|-
| 1882 || [[Robert Koch|Koch]] isolates [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|tubercle bacilli]]
|-
| 1882 || [[Louis Pasteur]] successfully prevents rabies in [[Joseph Meister]] by post-exposure vaccination
|-
| 1888 || [[Pasteur Institute|Institut Pasteur]] inaugurated on 14 November
|-
| 1890 || [[Shibasaburo Kitasato]] and [[Emil Adolf von Behring|Emil von Behring]] immunize guinea pigs with heat-treated diphtheria toxin
|-
| 1892 || [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Pfeiffer]] discovers [[Haemophilus influenzae|Pfeiffer influenza bacillus]]
|-
| 1894 || First major documented polio outbreak in the United States occurs in Rutland County, Vermont
|-
| 1896 || [[Robert Koch|Koch]] discovers [[Vibrio cholerae|Cholera vibrio]]
|-
| 1899 || [[Yellow fever]] plagues [[Panama Canal]] workers resulting in transfer of project rights from France to United States
|-
| 1900 || [[Walter Reed]] discovers cause of yellow fever after studying it in [[Cuba]]
|-
| 1906 || [[Jules Bordet]] and [[Octave Gengou]] isolate [[Bordetella pertussis]]
|-
| 1908 || [[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Erwin Popper]] discover poliovirus
|-
| 1924 || [[Bacille Calmette-Guerin|BCG]] is introduced as live [[tuberculosis]] vaccine
|-
| 1935 || [[Max Theiler]] develops live attenuated 17D yellow fever vaccine
|-
| 1945 || Chick embryo allantoic fluid-derived [[influenza]] vaccine is developed
|-
| 1949 || [[John Enders]] cultivates [[poliovirus]] in [[tissue culture]]
|-
| 1955 || [[Jonas Salk]] introduces injectable [[Polio Vaccine|inactivated polio vaccine]]
|-
| 1961 || [[Albert Sabin]] develops oral [[Polio vaccine|live attenuated polio vaccine]]
|-
| 1960-1969 || Live attenuated vaccines for [[Measles]], [[Mumps]] and [[Rubella]] are developed
|-
| 1974-1984 || Polysaccharide vaccines for [[Meningococcus]], [[Pneumococcus]] and [[Hemophilus]] are developed
|-
| 1981 || Smallpox declared eradicated worldwide
|-
| 1981 || [[Hepatitis B]] vaccine is licenced
|-
| 1983 || [[Hemophilus influenzae]] carbohydrate-protein conjugate is developed
|-
| 1986 || Yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is licensed
|-
| 1994 || Polio declared eliminated from Americas
|-
| 2002 || Polio declared eradicated from Europe
|-
| 2006 || First [[HPV vaccine]] is licensed
|-
| 2012 || Polio declared eliminated from India
|}



==Trends==
Vaccine development has several trends:<ref name=Plotkin>{{cite journal |author=Plotkin SA |title=Vaccines: past, present and future |journal=Nat Med |volume=11 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S5–11 |year=2005 |pmid=15812490 |doi=10.1038/nm1209 }}</ref>
* Until recently,{{When|date=July 2011}} most vaccines were aimed at infants and children, but adolescents and adults are increasingly being targeted.<ref name=Plotkin/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Carlson B |year=2008 |title=Adults now drive growth of vaccine market |journal=Genet Eng Biotechnol News |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=22–3 |url=http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=2490 }}</ref>
* Combinations of vaccines are becoming more common; vaccines containing five or more components are used in many parts of the world.<ref name=Plotkin/> In 2013, Biofarma has released new product called Pentabio which is combination vaccine of [[Diptheria]], [[Tetanus]], [[Pertussis]], [[Hepatitis B]] and [[Haemophilus Influenzae]] Type B for baby/infant of [[Indonesia]] Immunization Program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.acnnewswire.com/press-release/english/13434/bio-farma-urges-oic-countries-to-become-self-reliant-in-vaccine |title=Bio Farma Urges OIC Countries to become Self-Reliant in Vaccine |date=June 18, 2013|accessdate=June 19, 2013}}</ref>
* New methods of administering vaccines are being developed,{{When|date=July 2011}} such as skin patches, aerosols via inhalation devices, and eating genetically engineered plants.<ref name=Plotkin/>
* Vaccines are being designed to stimulate innate immune responses, as well as adaptive.<ref name=Plotkin/>
* Attempts are being made to develop vaccines to help cure chronic infections, as opposed to preventing disease.<ref name=Plotkin/>
* Vaccines are being developed to defend against bioterrorist attacks such as anthrax, plague, and smallpox.<ref name=Plotkin/>
* Appreciation for sex and pregnancy differences in vaccine responses "might change the strategies used by public health officials".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A |title=The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=338–49 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20417416 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70049-9 |url=}}</ref>
* Scientists are now trying to develop synthetic vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a [[virus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/28/world/safer-vaccine-created-without-virus/#.UhTT55JSjNV |title=Safer vaccine created without virus |date=March 28, 2013|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref>
Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Spohn G, Bachmann MF |title=Exploiting viral properties for the rational design of modern vaccines |journal= Expert Rev Vaccines |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=43–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18251693 |doi=10.1586/14760584.7.1.43 }}</ref> For example, the experimental vaccine [[CYT006-AngQb]] has been investigated as a possible treatment for [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Samuelsson O, Herlitz H |title=Vaccination against high blood pressure: a new strategy |journal=Lancet |volume=371 |issue=9615 |pages=788–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18328909 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60355-4 }}</ref> Factors that have impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, [[demographics]], [[Regulatory Science|regulatory science]], political, cultural, and social responses.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Ovsyannikova IG |title=Trends affecting the future of vaccine development and delivery: the role of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and vaccinomics |journal=Vaccine |year=2009 |volume=27 |issue=25–26 |pages=3240–4 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.069 |pmc=2693340 |pmid=19200833 }}</ref>

==មើលផងដែរ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bacterin]]
* [[Flying syringe]]
* [[Jim (horse)|The Horse Named Jim]]
* [[Immunization registry]]
* [[Immunotherapy]]
* [[List of vaccine ingredients]]
* [[List of vaccine topics]]
* [[OPV AIDS hypothesis]], a refuted hypothesis that the AIDS pandemic emerged from polio vaccine manufacture.
* [[Reverse vaccinology]]
* [[TA-CD]], a vaccine which negates the effects of [[cocaine]]
* [[Virosome]]
{{div col end}}

==ឯកសារយោង==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ==
{{Z148}}<!-- {{No more links}}

Please be cautious adding more external links.

Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising.

Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed.

See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.

If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on
the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at
the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}.

-->
{{external media
| align = right
| width = 300px
| video1 = [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq-PgsVY-VU Modern Vaccine and Adjuvant Production and Characterization], [[Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News]]
}}
* {{dmoz|Health/Pharmacy/Drugs_and_Medications/Vaccines_and_Antisera|Vaccines and Antisera}}
* [http://www.emro.who.int/entity/vpi/ WHO Vaccine preventable diseases and immunization]
* [http://www.historyofvaccines.org/ The History of Vaccines], from the [[College of Physicians of Philadelphia]]
* [http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/professional/staticdetails.php?course=227 University of Oxford Vaccinology Programme: a series of short courses in vaccinology]

<!--Use two spaces after External links section, so navboxes don't bunch up. -->
{{Major Drug Groups}}
{{Vaccines}}

[[Category:Vaccination]]
[[Category:Virology]]
[[Category:Vaccines| ]]

កំណែថ្មីបំផុតនៅ ម៉ោង១១:២៩ ថ្ងៃពុធ ទី២៥ ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ២០២០

ថ្នាំបង្ការោគ ឬ វ៉ាក់សាំង (អក្សារឡាតាំង vaccine) គឺជាការរៀបចំជីវសាស្ត្រមួយដែលធ្វើឲ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវប្រព័ន្ធភាពសាុំទៅនឹងជម្ងឺណាមួយ។ វ៉ាក់សាំង ជាទូទៅ មានផ្ទកនូវភ្នាក់ងារឫ វ៉ាក់សាំងជាមេរោគខ្សោយឫមេរោគងាប់ឫបំណែកមេរោគដែលត្រូវបានចាក់បញ្ចូលទៅក្នុងសារពាង្គកាយដើម្បីបង្អាក់សកម្មភាពរបស់មេរោគឫវីរុសឫបាកតេរី

Stub icon អត្ថបទនេះគឺជាអត្ថបទខ្លីមិនពេញលេញ។ លោកអ្នកអាចជួយវីគីភីឌាដោយសរសេរពង្រីកបន្ថែម។
បានពី "https://km.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=វ៉ាក់សាំង&oldid=252465"