George Armstrong Custer

George Armstrong Custer (5 Disember, 1839 – 25 Jun, 1876) adalah seorang pegawai Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat dan komander kavalri semasa Perang Saudara Amerika dan Perang Indian Amerika. Beliau dibesarkan telah di Michigan dan Ohio. Custer menyertai West Point pada tahun 1857, di mana beliau adalah orang terakhir ditauliahkan dari kelas beliau pada tahun 1861. Apabila Perang Saudara meletus, Custer telah dipanggil untuk berkhidmat dengan Tentera Darat Kesatuan.

George Armstrong Custer
Kelahiran	(1839-12-05)5 Disember 1839 New Rumley, Ohio
Meninggal dunia	25 Jun 1876(1876-06-25) (umur 36) Little Bighorn, Montana
Tempat pengkebumian	awalnya di medan pertempuran; kemudian dipindahkan ke Perkuburan West Point
Kesetiaan	Amerika Syarikat Kesatuan
Perkhidmatan	Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat Tentera Darat Kesatuan
Tahun perkhidmatan	1861–1876
Pangkat	Leftenan Kolonel Mejar Jeneral Brevet
Arahan	Briged Michigan Divisyen Kavalri ke-3 Divisyen Kavalri ke-2 Rejimen Kavalri ke-7
Pertempuran	Perang Saudara Amerika Pertempuran Bull Run Pertama Kempen Semenanjung Pertempuran Antietam Pertempuran Chancellorsville Kempen Gettysburg Pertempuran Gettysburg Kempen Darat Pertempuran Wilderness Pertempuran Yellow Tavern Pertempuran Stesen Trevilian Kempen Lembah 1864 Pengepungan Petersburg Kempen Appomattox Perang Indian Amerika Pertempuran Sungai Washita Pertempuran Little Bighorn  †
Pasangan	Elizabeth Bacon Custer
Hubungan	Thomas Custer, saudara lelaki Boston Custer, saudara lelaki James Calhoun, ipar lelaki
Tandatangan

Custer mendapat reputasi semasa Perang Saudara. Beliau telah terlibat dalam pertempuran besar pertama yang dikenali dengan Pertempuran Bull Run Pertama pada 21 Julai, 1861, berdekatan dengan Washington, D.C.. Hubungan beliau dengan beberapa para pegawai penting banyak membantu karier beliau, sepertimana kejayaan beliau sebagai seorang komander kavalri yang cekap. Semasa perang, Custer telah dinaikkan pangkat ke Kapten dalam Tentera Darat A.S (Mei 1864), dan pangkat sementara Mejar Jeneral (brevet) di dalam tentera darat (Mac 1865) dan mejar jeneral dalam Sukarelawan A.S. (April 1865) pada umur 25. Pada akhir Kempen Appomattox, di mana beliau dan pasukan beliau memainkan peranan penting, Custer telah hadir semasa penyerahan diri Jeneral Robert E. Lee kepada Jeneral Ulysses S. Grant pada 9 April, 1865.

Selepas Perang Saudara, Custer kekal memegang pangkat sebagai mejar jeneral di dalam pasukan Sukarelawan A.S sehingga mereka dikerah semula pada Februari 1866. Beliau diundurkan ke pangkat kekal sebagai seorang kapten dan telah dilantik sebagai Leftenan Kolonel dalam Rejimen Kavalri ke-7 A.S pada bulan Julai 1866. Beliau menuju ke barat pada tahun 1867 untuk berjuang di dalam Perang Indian Amerika. Pada 25 Jun, 1876, semasa mengetuai pasukan beliau di dalam Pertempuran Little Bighorn di Montana menentang pasukan sekutu puak-puak asli Amerika, beliau dan kesemua anggota beliau termasuk dua adik beliau telah terbunuh. Pertempuran ini dikenali dalam sejarah Amerika sebagai "Custer's Last Stand". Custer dan rejimen beliau telah kalah teruk di Little Bighorn yang mana telah menenggelamkan kejaayaan beliau yang terdahulu.

Bibliografi

• Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996 [1975]). Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-47966-2.
• Barnett, Louise (1996) Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer New York, Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0803262663
• Boulard, Garry (2006) The Swing Around the Circle: Andrew Johnson and the Train Ride that Destroyed a Presidency ISBN 9781440102394
• Caudill, Edward and Paul Ashdown (2015). Inventing Custer: The Making of An American Legend. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 9781442251861
• Connell, Evan S. (1984). Son Of The Morning Star. San Francisco, California: North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-160-6.
• Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
• Goodrich, Thomas. Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. ISBN 081171523X
• Gray, John S. (1993). Custer's Last Campaign: Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Remembered. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7040-2.
• Grinnell, George Bird (1915). The Fighting Cheyennes. The University of Oklahoma Press reprint 1956. m/s. 296–307. ISBN 0-7394-0373-7.
• Longacre, Edward G. (2000). Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1049-1.
• Mails, Thomas E. (1972). Mystic Warriors of the Plains. Doubleday. ISBN 038504741X
• Marshall, Joseph M. III. (2007). The Day the World Ended at Little Bighorn: A Lakota History. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 9780670038534
• Merington, Marguerite, Ed. The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General Custer and his Wife Elizabeth. (1950) OCLC 1027056
• Michno, Gregory F. (1997). Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat. Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87842-349-4.
• Perrett, Bryan. Last Stand: Famous Battles Against the Odds. London: Arms & Armour, 1993. ISBN 0304350559
• Scott, Douglas D.; Fox, Richard A.; Connor, Melissa A.; Harmon, Dick (1989). Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3292-2.
• Punke, Michael, "Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West", Smithsonian Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-06-089782-6
• Robbins, James S. The Real Custer: From Boy General to Tragic Hero. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-62157-209-1
• Tagg, Larry. (1988). The Generals of Gettysburg. Diarkibkan 2014-10-22 di Wayback Machine Savas Publishing. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
• Urwin, Gregory J. W., Custer Victorious, University of Nebraska Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-8032-9556-8.
• Utley, Robert M. (2001). Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier, revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3387-2.
• Vestal, Stanley. Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1934. OCLC  250280757
• Warner, Ezra J. (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.
• Welch, James, with Paul Stekler. (2007 [1994]). Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
• Wert, Jeffry D. Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. ISBN 0-684-83275-5.
• Wittenberg, Eric J. (2001). Glory Enough for All : Sheridan's Second Raid and the Battle of Trevilian Station. Brassey's Inc. ISBN 1-57488-353-4.

Pautan luar

• Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield
• Custer Battlefield Museum
• Little Big Horn Associates
• Little Bighorn History Alliance
• Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Harold G. Andersen Library, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Diarkibkan 2013-05-14 di Wayback Machine
• Gallery of Custer images
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -Custer, George Armstrong
• "Custer, George Armstrong" . Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. ke-11). 1911.
• Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (1900). "Custer, George Armstrong" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (dalam bahasa Inggeris).
• Karya oleh Gen. George A. Custer di LibriVox (buku audio domain awam)

Bacaan lanjut

• Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (1999-05-19). Boots and Saddles: Or, Life in Dakota with General Custer. Harper & Brothers, NY., 1885. ISBN 978-1-58218-126-4. Dicapai pada 2010-11-04.
• Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (1999-06-19). Tenting on the Plains: General Custer in Kansas and Texas. Charles I.Webster & Co, 1887. ISBN 978-1-58218-051-9. Dicapai pada 2010-11-04.
• Finerty, J.F (1890). War-path and bivouac: or, The conquest of the Sioux: a narrative of stirring personal experiences and adventures in the Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition of 1876, and in the campaign on the British border, in 1879. Donohue Brothers.
• Kraft, Louis (2008). "Custer: The Truth Behind the Silver Screen Myth". American History (Feb): 26–33.
• Newsom, T.M. (2007). Thrilling scenes among the Indians. With a graphic description of Custer's last fight with Sitting Bull. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-548-62988-8. Dicapai pada 2012-07-17.
• Victor, F.F. (1877). Eleven years in the Rocky Mountains and life on the frontier also a history of the Sioux war, and a life Gen. George A. Custer, with a full account of his last battle. Columbian book company.
• Whittaker, F. (1876). A complete life of Gen. George A. Custer : Major-General of Volunteers; Brevet Major-General, U.S. Army; and Lieutenant-Colonel, Seventh U.S. Cavalry. Sheldon and Company.
• Donovan, J. (2009). A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn – The Last Great Battle of the American West. Little, Brown & Company. ISBN 978-0-316-06747-8.
• "'Booknotes' interview with Louise Barnett". Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer. October 13, 1996. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-04-21. Dicapai pada 2016-06-25.