Ikan hering

Ikan hering adalah ikan ternakan, kebanyakannya tergolong dalam keluarga Clupeidae.

Herring

Global commercial capture of herrings
in million tonnes reported by the FAO 1950–2010^[1]

Ikan hering sering bergerak dalamkawanan besar sekitar tebing ikan dan berhampiran pantai. Spesies yang paling banyak dan penting untuk pengkomersilan adalah genus Clupea, dijumpai terutamanya dalam perairan cetek suhu sederhana di Utara Pasifik dan Utara Atlantik, termasuk Laut Baltik, dan juga di luar pantai barat Amerika Selatan. Tiga spesies Clupea diiktiraf, dan menyediakan kira-kira 90% daripada semua ikan hering ditangkap dalam perikanan. Paling banyak sekali adalah ikan hering Atlantik, menyediakan lebih separuh daripada semua tangkapan ikan hering. Ikan yang dipanggil ikan hering juga terdapat di India, di Laut Arab, Lautan Hindi dan Teluk Bengal.

Ikan hering memainkan peranan penting dalam sejarah perikanan marin di Eropah,^[2] dan awal abad kedua puluh, kajian mereka menjadi asas kepada evolusi sains perikanan.^[3]^[4] Ikan berminyak ini^[5] juga mempunyai sejarah yang panjang sebagai penting ikan makanan, dan juga sering diasinkan, disalai, atau diperam.

"Malam Selasa lepas tiga lelaki berjumpa di Crown Inn, Everley, dan untuk taruhan remeh-temeh, memakan 60 ikan hering merah, dengan tiga setengah gelen roti, dan minum enam gelen bir"^[6] - 1792

Sebagai makanan

Ikan hering telah menjadi sumber ruji makanan sejak sekurang-kurangnya 3000 SM. Terdapat banyak cara ikan ini dihidangkan dan banyak resipi serantau: dimakan mentah, dipekasam, dijeruk, atau diawet dengan teknik-teknik lain, seperti salai.

Ikan hering adalah sangat tinggi dalam rantaian panjang asid lemak omega-3 EPA dan DHA.^[7]

Pencemaran air mempengaruhi jumlah ikan hering yang boleh diambil dengan selamat. Sebagai contoh, ikan hering Baltik besar mempunyai PCB dan dioksin dengan nilai sedikit melebihi had yang disyorkan, walaupun beberapa sumber menunjukkan bahawa kesan pengurangan barah asid lemak omega-3 adalah secara statistik lebih kuat daripada kesan penyebab barah yang disebabkan oleh PCB dan dioksin.^[8] Tahap bahan cemar bergantung kepada umur ikan yang boleh disimpulkan daripada saiz mereka. Ikan hering Baltik lebih besar daripada 17 cm boleh dimakan dua kali sebulan, manakala ikan hering lebih kecil daripada 17 cm boleh dimakan dengan bebas.^[9] Raksa dalam ikan juga mempengaruhi jumlah ikan yang selamat dimakan oleh wanita hamil atau merancang untuk hamil dalam masa satu atau dua tahun akan datang.

Lihat juga

Corak tulang hering

Rujukan

Catatan

^ Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets
^ Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.
^ Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama PaulyDarwin
^ "What's an oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. 2004-06-24.
^ Salisbury and Winchester Journal, 9 January 1792.
^ Cardiovascular Benefits Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reviewed
^ Risks and benefits are clarified by food risk assessment - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira
^ Dietary advice on fish consumption - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira

Bibliografi

Froese, Rainer dan Pauly, Daniel, ed. (2006). Spesies bagi Clupea dalam FishBase. Versi January 2006.
Dewhurst HW (1834) Clupea harengis or the common herring In: The Natural History of the Order Cetacea, Oxford University. Pages 232–246.
Geffen, Audrey J (2009) Advances in herring biology: from simple to complex, coping with plasticity and adaptability: ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66 (8): 1688–1695.
Gilpen JB (1867) "On the common herring (Clupea elongata)" Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova-Scotian Institute of Natural Science, 1 (1): 4–11.
O'Clair, Rita M. and O'Clair, Charles E., "Pacific herring," Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores: Animals. pg. 343-346. Plant Press: Auke Bay, Alaska (1998). ISBN 0-9664245-0-6
Stephenson RL (2001) The role of herring investigations in shaping fisheries science In F. Funk, J. Blackburn, D. Hay, A.J. Paul, R. Stephen- son, R. Toresen, and D. Witherell (eds.) Herrings: Expectations for a New Millennium, Alaska Sea Grant College Program. AK-SG-01-04. Pages 1–20. ISBN 1-56612-070-5.
Stephenson, R. L., Melvin, G. D., and Power, M. J. (2009) "Population integrity and connectivity in Northwest Atlantic herring: a review of assumptions and evidence" ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1733–1739.
Whitehead PJP, Nelson GJ and Wongratana T (1988) FAO species catalogue, volume 2: Clupeoid Fishes of the World, Suborder Clupeoidei FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Rome. ISBN 92-5-102340-9. Download ZIP (16 MB)

Bacaan lanjut

Baltic Fisheries Cooperation Committee (1995) Utilization and Marketing of Baltic Herring Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 9789291207749.
Bigelow HB and Schroeder WC (1953) Fishes of the Gulf of Maine Pages 88–100, Fishery Bulletin 74(53), NOAA. pdf version
Dodd JS (1752) An essay toward a natural history of the herring Original from the New York Public Library.
Mitchell JM (1864) The herring: its natural history and national importance Edmonston and Douglas. Original from the University of Wisconsin.
Postan MM, Miller E and Habakkuk HJ (1987) The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087094.
Poulsen B (2008) Dutch Herring: An Environmental History, C. 1600-1860 Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789052603049.
Samuel AM (1918) The herring: its effect on the history of Britain J. Murray. Original from the University of Michigan.
Stephenson F (2007) Herring Fishermen: Images of an Eastern North Carolina Tradition The History Press. ISBN 9781596292697.
Waters B (1809) Letters upon the subject of the herring fishery: addressed to the secretary of the Honourable the Board for the Herring Fishery at Edinburgh, to which is added, a petition to the lords of the treasury on the same subject Original from Harvard University.

Pautan luar

Herring "communicate" by flatulence from national geographic
Atlantic Herring from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute
Nutrition Facts for Herring
Prospecting herring waste - from ScienceNordic
PNAS Population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in Atlantic herring.

Templat:Herrings Templat:Commercial fish topics

[FAOdata-1] Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets

[2] Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.

[3] Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X

[PaulyDarwin-4] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama PaulyDarwin

[5] "What's an oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. 2004-06-24.

[6] Salisbury and Winchester Journal, 9 January 1792.

[7] Cardiovascular Benefits Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reviewed

[8] Risks and benefits are clarified by food risk assessment - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira

[9] Dietary advice on fish consumption - Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira

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