Општа теорија релативности
Општа релативност или општа теорија релативности (ОТР) је геометријска теорија гравитације коју је Алберт Ајнштајн објавио у чланку Основе опште теорије релативности (нем. Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie), 1915. године у Annalen der Physik.[1][2] Теорија представља релативистичко поопштење специјалне релативности и Њутнове теорије гравитације. Она пружа уједињени опис гравитације као геометријског својства простора и времена, или простор-времена. Специфично, закривљеност простор-времена је директно повезана са енергијом и моментом независно од тога која материја и радијација су присутне. Однос је специфициран у Ајнштајновим једначинама поља, систему парцијалних диференцијалних једначина.
Нека од предвиђања опште релативности се знатно разликују од класично физичких ставова, посебно у погледу протока времена, геометрије простора, кретања тела при слободном паду, и простирања светлости. Примери тих разлика обухватају гравитациону дилатацију времена, гравитациона сочива, Гравитациони црвени помак светлости, и гравитационо временско кашњење. Предвиђања теорије опште релативности су до сад била потврђена у свим опажањима и експериментима. Мада општа релативност није једина релативистичка теорија гравитације, она је најједноставнија теорија која је конзистентна са експерименталним подацима. Међутим, питања без одговора остају, најфундаменталније од којих је усаглашавање опште релативности са законима квантне физике којим би се произвела комплетна и усаглашена теорија квантне гравитације.
Ајнштајнова теорија има важне астрофизичке импликације. На пример, из ње проистиче могућност постојања црних рупа — просторних региона у којима су простор и време закривљени на такав начин да ништа, чак ни светлост, не може да побегне — као крајњег стадијума масивних звезда. Постоји обиље доказа да је интензивна радијација коју емитују поједине врсте астрономских објеката узрокована црним рупама; на пример, микроквазари и активна галактика језгра су резултат присуства звезданих црних рупа и црних рупа далеко масивнијег типа. Савијање светлости дејством гравитације може да доведе до феномена гравитационог сочива, услед којег су вишеструке слике истог удаљеног астрономског објекта видљиве на небу. Општа релативност такође предвиђа постојање гравитационих таласа, који су индиректно уочени; директна мерења су циљ пројеката као што су ЛИГО (енгл. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) и НАСА/ЕСА (енгл. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) и разних низова за пулсарске временске прорачуне. Поред тога, општа релативност је основа данашњих космолошких модела конзистентно експандирајућег свемира.
Постулати и структура теорије
[уреди | уреди извор]За разлику од класичног, Њутновог описа гравитације као силе која се јавља међу масивним телима на позадини апсолутног простор-времена, у ОТР улогу гравитације узима само простор-време. Њега сада описујемо помоћу метричког тензора () који је решење Ајнштајнових једначина:
где је Ричијев тензор, Ричијев скалар, а тензор енергије-импулса. Константе у једначини су , брзина светлости и , гравитацијска константа. Утицај гравитације на честице дефинисан је закривљеношћу простор-времена (тј. његовом геометријом) коју дефинишу масе и сва физичка поља (осим гравитационог).
Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Albert Einstein: Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. U: Annalen der Physik. 49, 1916, S. 769–822 (Faksimil Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (23. август 2006), PDF)
- ^ O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson (1996), "General relativity". Mathematical Physics index, School of Mathematics and Statistics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (5. децембар 2015), University of St. Andrews, Scotland, May, 1996. Приступљено 2015-02-04.
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- NCSA Spacetime Wrinkles – produced by the numerical relativity group at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, with an elementary introduction to general relativity
- Einstein's General Theory of Relativity на сајту YouTube (lecture by Leonard Susskind recorded September 22, 2008 at Stanford University).
- Series of lectures on General Relativity given in 2006 at the Institut Henri Poincaré (introductory/advanced).
- General Relativity Tutorials by John Baez.
- Brown, Kevin. „Reflections on relativity”. Mathpages.com. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 12. 2015. г. Приступљено 29. 5. 2005.
- Carroll, Sean M. „Lecture Notes on General Relativity”. Приступљено 5. 1. 2014.
- Moor, Rafi. „Understanding General Relativity”. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 12. 2015. г. Приступљено 11. 7. 2006.
- Waner, Stefan. „Introduction to Differential Geometry and General Relativity”. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 19. 04. 2015. г. Приступљено 05. 04. 2015.