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Википедиа

Barak Obama

Barak Husejn Obama II (angl. Barack Hussein Obama II, tlaffuz [bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə] US Listeni/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn ɵˈbɑːmə ði ˈsɛkənd/; zod. 4 avgust 1961[3][4][5][…], Hunululu[3]) — 44-umin prezidenti Ijoloti Muttahidai Amriko az 20 janvari 2009 to 20 janvari 2017. Bori naxust Obama ba mansabi Prezidenti IMA nojabri 2008 va bori dujum nojabri 2017 intixob gardidaast. Obama uzvi Hizbi demokratiji IMA va avvalin prezidenti afriqoitabori kişvar bud. Xodimi davlatī va sijosatmadori amrikoī meboşad.

Barak Obama
angl. Barack Obama[1][2]
Prezidenti Ijoloti Muttahidai Amriko
20 janvar 2009 — 20 janvar 2017
Peşguzaşta Çorç Uoker Buş
Çonişin Donald Tramp
member of the State Senate of Illinois[d]
8 janvar 1997 — 4 nojabr 2004
Peşguzaşta Alice Palmer[d]
Çonişin Kwame Raoul[d]
United States senator[d]
3 janvar 2005 — 3 janvar 2007
Peşguzaşta Peter Fitzgerald[d]
United States senator[d]
3 janvar 2007 — 16 nojabr 2008
Çonişin Roland Burris[d]
President-elect of the United States[d]
4 nojabr 2008 — 20 janvar 2009
Peşguzaşta Çorç Uoker Buş
Çonişin Donald Tramp
Tavallud 4 avgust 1961(1961-08-04)[3][4][5][…] (63 sol)
Dudmon family of Barack Obama[d][1][2]
Nom hangomi tavallud angl. Barack Hussein Obama II[3]
Padar Barack Obama Sr.[d][3][6]
Modar Stanley Ann Dunham[d][3]
Hamsar Michelle Obama[d][7][8][6]
Farzandon Sasha Obama[d][1][2] va Malia Obama[d][1][2]
Hizb
Tahsilot
Daraçai ilmī korşinosi hunar[d][1][2] va doktori huquq[d][10]
Fa'olijat civil rights[d][1][2] va Huquqi asosī[1][2]
E'tiqod protestantizm, Congregational churches[d][11], congregationalist polity[d] va United Church of Christ[d]
Sojadast
Çoizaho
Vebgoh barackobama.com​(angl.)
Çojhoi kor
 Parvandaho dar Vikianbor
Logotipi Vikiteka Osor dar Vikiteka

Zindaginoma

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Obama 4 avgusti soli 1961,[14] dar Markazi tibbiji Kapolani baroi zanon va kūdakon dar Honolului ijolati Havajī ba dunjo omadaast.[15][16] Vaj jagona prezidentest, ki berun az 48 ijolati hamsoja tavallud şudaast.[17] Ū az modari amrikoī, avrupoiasl va padari afriqoiasl, ba dunjo omadaast. Modaraş Anna Danhem (1942—1995), dar Vicitai Kanzas tavallud şudaast; vaj asosan angliszoda bud,[18] bo kame irqijati olmoni, irlandī, şotlandī,[19][20][21][22][23] açdodoni şvejtsarī va uelsijaş.[24] Mohi ijuli soli 2012, bo ehtimoli zijod hads zad, ki Danhem az Çon Panc, mardi ƣulomi afriqoī, ki dar asri habdahum dar Kolonijai Virçinija zindagī mekard, ba dunjo omadaast.[25] Padari Obama Barak Obamai xurd (1936—1982),[26][27][28][29] Luo Kenija az Njangoma Kogelo oilador bud.[30] Volidajni Obama soli 1960 dar sinfi zaboni rusii Donişgohi Havajī dar Manoa, ki on ço padari ū jak donişçūi xoriçī bo stipendija bud, bo ham voxūrdand.[31][32] In çuft dar Vajlukui, Havajī, 2 fevrali soli 1961, şaş moh peş az tavalludi Obama bo ham izdivoç kardand.[33][34]

Dar oxirhoi mohi avgusti soli 1961, pas az cand haftai tavallud, Barak va modaraş ba Donişgohi Vaşington voqe' dar Sietl kūc bastand va dar on ço jak sol zindagī kardand. Dar on vaqt, Obama kalonī daraçai bakalavriji iqtisodiro dar Havajī ba itmom rasond va mohi ijuni soli 1962 onro xatm kard. Vaj baroi xatmi aspirantura bo stipendijai Donişgohi Harvard raft va dar on ço daraçai magistr dar iqtisodro ba dast ovard. Volidoni Obama mohi marti soli 1964 az ham çudo şudand.[35] Obamai kalonī ja'ne padar soli 1964 ba Kenija bargaşt va dar on ço bori sejum oilador şud va dar hukumati Kenija ba hajsi tahlilgari buzurgi iqtisodiji Vazorati molija kor kard.[36] Vaj pisari xudro dar Havajī tanho jak marotiba, dar Mavludi soli 1971 dida bud[37] Pason ū dar sadamai xudrav dar soli 1982, vaqte ki Obama 21 sola bud, ba halokat rasid.[38] Obama bo jodovarī az kūdakiji barvaqti xud cunin megūjad, «ki padari man ba odamoni atrof şabohat nadoşt — vaj sijohpūst bud, modaram boşad cun şir safed — (ki hamai inho)dar zehni man bazūr sabt şudaast.»[32] Vaj muborizahoi xudro hamcun jak çavoni kalonsol baroi muvofiqat kardani darki içtimoiji merosi gunogunmillataş tasvir kard.[39]

Dar soli 1963, Danhem bo Lolo Soetoro dar Donişgohi Havajī şinosoī pajdo kard; ū aspiranti Markazi Şarqu Ƣarbi Indonezija dar sohai çuƣrofijo bud. In çuft dar Molokaj 15 marti soli 1965 izdivoç kardand. Pas az du tamdidi jaksolai ravodidi J-1, Lolo soli 1966 ba Indonezija bargaşt. Zan va pisari notanijaş bo guzaşti şonzdah moh pas, az 1967 ba ū pajvastand. In oila avval dar mahallai Menteng Dalam dar nohijai Tebet dar çanubi Çakarta zindagī mekard. Az soli 1970, onho dar jak mahallai sarvatmandtar dar nohijai Mentengi markazi Çakarta zindagiro oƣoz kardand.

Pas az xatmi Donişgohi Kolumbija dar soli 1983, ū hamcun jak taşkilotciji çam'ijatī dar Cikago fa'olijat kardaast. Dar soli 1988, ū ba Maktabi huquqşinosiji Harvard nomnavis şud, ki dar on ço ū avvalin şaxsi sijohpūst bud, ki prezidenti naşrijai naqdi huquqiji Harvard bud. Pas az foriƣuttahsil şudan, ū ba hajsi advokati huquqhoi şahrvandī va akademik şud, az soli 1992 to 2004 dar dar Maktabi huquqşinosi donişgohi Cikago dars doda ast. Bo rūj ovardan ba sijosati intixobī, vaj az soli 1997 to 2004 ba Senati Illinojs, intixob şud, vaqte ki nomzadiji xudro ba Senati IMA peşbarī mekard, az havzai 13 namojandagī mekard. Obama tavaççuhi hamagoniro dar soli 2004 pas az rohxati mohi martaş ba Senat ba dast ovard. Hamcunin barnomai ma'rūzai ū dar hamoişi umumimilliji Hizbi demokratī, rohi ūro ba Senati IMA hamvor soxt.

Davrai fa'olijati prezidentiji Obama

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Dar soli 2008, Obamaro Hizbi demokratiji IMA pas az jak soli oƣozi ma'rakai peşazintixobotī va pas az ma'rakai ibtidoiji nazdik ba Hillari Klinton hamcun nomzad ba maqomi prezidentī peşbarī kard. Obama dar ma'rakai intixobotiji nojabri soli 2008, bar senatori çumhurixohon Çon MakKejn dar intixoboti sarosariji Prezidenti Ijoloti Muttahidai Amriko pirūz şud va ū bo hamtojaş Ço Bajden 20 janvari soli 2009 savgandi prezindentī jod kardand. Bo guzaşti nuh moh, az davrai rajosati çumhurijaş ūro barandai çoizai sulhi Nobel dar soli 2009 e'lon kardand.

Obama dar tūli du soli avvali koriaş bisjor sanadhoi muhimro imzo kard. Islohoti asosī, ki qabul karda şudand, Qonuni nigohubiniji dastrasro (ma'mulan ACA jo «Obamacare» nomida meşavad) dar bar megirand, garcande ki biduni intixobi suƣurtai tibbiji davlatī, Dodd-Frenk Uoll Strit va Qonuni Himojai Iste'molkunandagon va Napursed, Sanadi bekorkuniji soli 2010-ro nagūed niz vuçud doştand. Sanadi barqarorsozī va sarmojaguzoriji amrikoī dar soli 2009 va sabukiho dar borai andoz, barqarorkuniji suƣurtai bekorī va ta'sisi çojhoi navi korī dar soli 2010 hamcun tahavvuli iqtisodī dar bajni rukudi buzurg xidmat kardand. Pas az bahshoi tūlonī dar borai limiti qarzi millī, ū nazorati buça va sanadhoi sabukiji andozsuporandagoni amrikoiro imzo kard. Dar sijosati xoriçī, ū şumorai nerūhoi IMA dar Afƣonistonro afzoiş dod, silohi hastairo bo Ijoloti Muttahida — Rusija New START START kohiş dod va şirkati nizomī dar çangi Iroqro xotima baxşid. Vaj ba daxolati harbī alajhi davlati Libija farmon dod, to qat'nomai 1973 Şūroi Amnijati Sozmoni Milali Muttahid tatbiq şavad, darnatiça in boisi sarnagun kardani Muammar Kazzofī şud. Vaj incunin farmon rohandoziji amalijoti nizomī, alajhi Usoma bin Lodin va gumonbarşudai amrikoiji Alqoida Anvar al-Avlakī farmon dod ki boisi sarbanest şudani onho şud.

Pas az pirūzī dar intixoboti takrorī bo şikasti raqibi hizbi çumhurixoh Mitt Romnī, Obama baroi davrai duvvum dar soli 2013 savgand jod kard. Dar in davra, ū ba qonuni farogiriji umumiamrikoī dar mavridi digarboşoni çinsiro tasvib kard, ki munçar ba vurudi onho dar tamomi umur şud. Ma'murijati ū peşnihodero iroa karda, ki az Dodgohi Olī da'vat mekard, to man'i izdivoçi digarboşonoro hamcun xilofi qonuni asosiji kişvaraş; izdivoçi digarboşho dar sarosari IMA dar soli 2015 pas az hukmi dodgoh dar Obergefell qonunī karda şud. Vaj dar posux ba tirandoziji maktabi ibtidoiji Sendi Huk himojat az nazorati silohro nişon dod, ki az mamnū'ijati silohi hamlavar puştibonī mekunad va amalhoi vase'i içroiro dar robita ba garmoişi çahonī va muhoçirat sodir mekunad.

Dar sijosati xoriçī, Obama farmon dod, to daxolati nizomī dar Iroq bar ziddi peşravihoi DIIŞ pas az xuruç az Iroq 2011, idoma jobad. Ravandi xotima dodani amalijoti çangiji IMA dar Afƣoniston dar soli 2016 idoma dod, Pason bahsho dar mavridi taƣjirjobiji iqlim bahshoero ba mijon ovard, ki munçar ba imzoi sozişnomai Pariƶ (soli 2015) dar borai taƣjirjobiji iqlim şud, ki dar sathi çahonī taƣjirot ba vuçud ovard. Pas az voqeahoi soli 2014 dar Ukroina va mudoxilai duborai Rusija dar intixoboti 2016, az çonibi IMA tahrimot alajhi Rusija oƣoz şud.

Obama az jake cehrahoi asoiji sozişnomai hastaiji JCPOA bo Eron meboşad ki munosiba bo Eronro ba e'tidol ovard va munosibathoi IMA bo Kubaro ba sathi oddī bargardond. Obama daftari koriro mohi janvari soli 2017 tark kard va holo boşad dar Vaşington, Okrugi Kolumbija zindagī mekunad[40][41]

Dar davrai rajosati Obama, e'tibori Ijoloti Muttahida dar sathi bajnalmilalī bolo raft va incunin iqtisodi Amriko ba tavri nazarras behtar şud.[42] Rajosati Obamaro metavon dar maçmū' musbat arzjobī kard va arzjobiji davrai rajosati çumhurī dar bajni ta'rixnigoron, sijosatşinoson va ahli çomea ūro zud-zud dar qatori boloii prezidenthoi Amriko çoj medihad.

Ezoh

viroiş
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 https://www.gala.fr/stars_et_gotha/barack_obama
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 https://www.voici.fr/bios-people/barack-obama
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 svidetelьstvo o roƶdeniji Baraka Obamы(angl. amr.) — 2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Barack Obama
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Barack H. Obama Facts
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Katalog Nemetskoj natsionalьnoj biblioteki (nem.)
  7. ↑ Kantor J. The Obamas’ Marriage (ingl.) — The New York Times, 2009.
  8. ↑ Barack Obama's Marriage License : President Barack Obama - Fact And Fiction
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hoffman R. LinkedIn (ingl.) — 2003.
  10. ↑ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/
  11. ↑ http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html
  12. ↑ http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513
  13. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110708222043/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/
  14. ↑ President Barack Obama. The White House (2008). 12 Dekabri 2008 sançida şud. Bargirifta az sarcaşmai avval 26 oktjabri 2009.
  15. ↑ Maraniss, David. Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible, The Washington Post (August 24, 2008), str. A22. Provereno 28 oktjabri 2008.
  16. ↑ Nakaso, Dan. Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years, The Honolulu Advertiser (December 22, 2008), str. B1. Provereno 22 Janvar 2011.
  17. ↑ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; Richard L. O'Bryant (November 12, 2013). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-317-93715-9. Retrieved May 8, 2017. 
  18. ↑ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.
  19. ↑ Scotland and the USA | Scotland.org. Scotland. 24 marti 2021 sançida şud. Bargirifta az sarcaşmai avval 27 marti 2021.
  20. ↑ The US presidents with the strongest Scottish roots, The Scotsman.
  21. ↑ Obama discovers his Scots-Irish roots to tackle Trump (July 30, 2016).
  22. ↑ Sellers. Our first black president plays up his Scots-Irish heritage — and it has everything to do with Trump, The Washington Post.
  23. ↑ Obama's Scotch-Irish ancestry speech '˜clever bid to boost Hillary'. www.newsletter.co.uk. 24 marti 2021 sançida şud. Bargirifta az sarcaşmai avval 28 oktjabri 2020.
  24. ↑ Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). «The quest for Obama's Irish roots». Ancestry 26 (6): 46–47, 49. ISSN 1075-475X. Sançida şud December 20, 2011.
  25. ↑ Hennessey, Kathleen. «Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say», Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2012.
  26. ↑ Kipkemboi. Kenyans Enthusiastic About Obama, The Baltimore Sun (June 1, 2008). Bojgonī şudaast 22 fevrali 2020  sol. Provereno 16 Janvar 2020.
  27. ↑ Jacobs. President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life', NPR (July 6, 2011). Provereno 16 Janvar 2020.
  28. ↑ Swaine. Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s', Telegraph (April 29, 2011). Provereno 16 Janvar 2020.
  29. ↑ Rachel L. Swarns. Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son—The New York Times, The New York Times. Provereno 16 Janvar 2020.
  30. ↑ David R Arnott. From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election, NBC News. Provereno 16 Janvar 2020.
  31. ↑ Jones, Tim. Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator, Chicago Tribune (March 27, 2007), str. 1 (Tempo). Bojgonī şudaast 7 fevrali 2017  sol.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9-10.
  33. ↑ Ripley, Amanda. The story of Barack Obama's mother, Time (April 9, 2008). Provereno 9 apreli 2007.
  34. ↑ Scott (2011), p. 86.
  35. ↑ Scott (2011), pp. 87-93.
  36. ↑ Obama «Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance»
  37. ↑ Scott (2011), pp. 142—144.
  38. ↑ Ochieng, Philip. From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found, The EastAfrican (November 1, 2004). Bojgonī şudaast 27 sentjabri 2007  sol.
  39. ↑ Serrano, Richard A.. Obama's peers didn't see his angst, Los Angeles Times (March 11, 2007), str. A20. Bojgonī şudaast 8 nojabri 2008  sol. Provereno 13 marti 2007.
  40. ↑ Jones. Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%, Gallup (February 15, 2018). Provereno 8 fevrali 2021.
  41. ↑ Rottinghaus. Opinion | How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?, The New York Times (February 19, 2018). Provereno 8 fevrali 2021.
  42. ↑ Wan. Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did, The Washington Post (November 18, 2016). Provereno 8 fevrali 2021.


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