Isroil sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Isroil_info}}
'''Isroil''' ({{lang-he|יִשְׂרָאֵל}}, {{lang-ar|إسرائيل‎}}) — [[Yaqin Sharq]] oʻlkasida, [[Osiyo]]ning gʻarbiy qismida, [[Oʻrta dengiz]]ning janubi-sharqiy boʻyida joylashgan davlat. Asosiy va rasmiy maydoni 22,072 km{{sup|2}}<ref>[[BMT Bosh Assambleyasi]]ning 1947-yil 29-noyabr qarori bilan belgilangan hudud</ref>. Aholisi soni 2024-yilgi maʼlumotlarga koʻra 9,883,520 kishi. Poytaxti — [[Tel-Aviv]]. Asosiy iqtisodiy, siyosiy va madaniy markazi — [[Iyerusalim]] va [[Tel-Aviv]]. Rasmiy tili — [[ivrit]]. Tan olingan til — [[arabcha]].

== Davlat tuzumi ==
Isroil — respublika. Mamlakatda yagona [[konstitutsiya]] yoʻq. Uning oʻrnini bosuvchi bir qancha qonunlar bor. Eng muhimlari: Qonun chiqaruvchi va ijrochi idoralarni tashkil etish toʻgʻrisida 1948-yilgi Qonun va Maʼmuriy farmon, 1949-yilgi Muvaqqat qonun, Qaytib kelish toʻgʻrisida 1950-yilgi Qonun, Fuqarolik haqida 1952-yilgi Qonun, Knesset toʻgʻrisida 1958-yilgi Asosiy qonun va boshqalar.

1947-yil 29-noyabrda [[BMT]] Bosh Assambleyasi koʻpchilik ovoz bilan (33 va 13) Falastinni ikki davlatga boʻlish toʻgʻrisida qaror qabul qildi.

Davlat boshligʻi — prezident (2021-yildan Isaak Herzog), u knesset (bir palatali parlament) tomonidan 7 yil muddatga saylanadi, ikkinchi muddatga qayta saylanish huquqiga ega emas. Qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat — knesset, uning 120 deputati umumiy toʻgʻri yashirin ovoz berish yoʻli bilan 4 yil muddatga saylanadi. Ijroiya hokimiyatni hukumat amalga oshiradi, hukumat knesset tomonidan tasdiqlanadi.

== Tabiati ==
Isroil Yaqin Sharqning Levant qismida joylashgan davlat. Mamlakat O'rtayer dengizining sharqiy qismida joylashgan bo'lib, shimolda Livan, shimoli-sharqda Suriya, sharqda Iordaniya va G'arbiy Sohil, janubi-g'arbda esa Misr va G'azo sektori bilan chegaralangan. U  29° va 34° N kengliklari hamda 34° va 36° E uzunliklari orasida joylashgan.

Isroil davlatining suveren hududi (1949-yilgi O't ochishni to'xtatish kelishuvlari chegarasiga ko'ra va 1967-yilgi Olti kunlik urush davomida egallangan yerlarni hisobga olmaganda) tahminan 20,770 kvadrat kilometr va hududning ikki foiz qismi suvdan iborat. Biroq Isroil hududining shakli shu qadar torki (g'arbdan sharqqa eng keng joyi 100 kilometr, lekin shimoldan janubga 400 kilometr), O'rta yer dengizidagi eksklyuziv iqtisodiy zona hajmi mamlakat hududidan ikki karra kattadir. Isroil qonunlari amal qiluvchi hudud, Sharqiy Iyerusalim va Golan tepaliklarini ham qo'shib hisoblaganda 22,072 kvadrat kilometr va Isroil nazorati ostida bo'lgan hudud, jumladan harbiy nazorat ostida bo'lgan, qisman Falastinliklar tomonidan boshqariladigan G'arbiy Sohil bilan qo'shib hisoblaganda 27,799 kvadrat kilometr.

Hajmi kichikligiga qaramasdan, Isroil turfaxil geografiyaga ega bo'lib, janubda Negev sahrosi, markazda Isroil vodiysi, Jalila, Karmel tog' tizmalari va shimolda Golan tepaliklari mavjud. Aholining asosiy qismi O'rtayer dengizi bo'yidagi Isroil qirg'oqbo'yi tekisliklarida istiqomat qiladi. Markaziy tog'liklardan sharqda Iordaniya vodiysi joylashgan bo'lib, Hermon tog'idan Hula vodiysigacha, Jalila dengizidan O'lik dengizgacha qamrab oluvchi ushbu hudud Yer yuzidagi dengiz sathidan  eng past nuqta hisoblanadi. Janubroqda Arava cho'li va Isroilning eng janubiy nuqtasi hisoblanmish Qizil dengizidagi Eilat bo'g'ozi joylashgan. Negev cho'li va Sinay yarim orolining o'ziga xos jihatlaridan biri unda joylashgan yer eroziyasi ko'rinishlaridan biri, yoki "maxtesh" yarim-doiralari bo'lib, ulardan eng yirigi 38 kilometrga cho'zilgan Ramon maxteshidir. Isroilga O'rta yer dengizi basseynida joylashgan mamlakatlar ichida har bir kvadrat metr uchun eng ko'p sonli o'simlik turlari to'g'ri keladi. Isroil to'rt eko-mintaqadan iborat: Sharqiy O'rtayer dengizi archazorlari, Janubiy Anatoliya archazor o'rmonlar, Arab sahrosi va Mesopotamiya sahrosi butazorlari.

1948-yilda o'rmonlar Isroil hududining 2 foizini tashkil qilgan bo'lsa, Yahudiy Milliy fondi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan keng ko'lamli daraxt o'tqazish dasturlari tufayli 2016-yilda o'rmonlar davlat hududining 8.5 foizini tashkil qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=All the Trees of the Forest |author=Tal, Alon |year=2013 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300189506 |page=5, 66}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.jnf.org/our-work/forestry-green-innovations |sarlavha=FORESTRY & GREEN INNOVATIONS |qaralgan sana=19.08.2024}}</ref>

Isroilning dengiz boʻyi qismi kambar pasttekislik, sharqiy qismi balandligi 500–1000 metrli plato boʻlib, uning sharqiy chekkasi tor, chuqur Hor botigʻiga tik tushgan. [[Xula]] va [[Tiveriad]] koʻllari, [[oʻlik dengiz]], janubda [[Negev choʻli]] bor. [[Fosforit]], [[toshtuz]], [[marmar]], [[mis]], [[temir rudasi]], [[neft]], [[gaz]] konlari topilgan.

Iqlimi [[subtropik]], janubda va soyliklarda [[chala choʻl ]]va [[choʻl]] iqlimi. Yozi issiq (24–36°), qishi iliq (6–18°). Yillik yogʻin 100–800&nbsp;mm. Shimoli-sharqidan Iordan daryosining yuqori qismi oʻtadi. Daryo suvidan sugʻorishda foydalaniladi. Tuprogʻi qoʻngʻir, togʻ boʻz-qoʻngʻir, boʻz, janubdagi choʻllarda boʻz-qoʻngʻir. Togʻlarda [[makvis]], [[gariga]], doim yashil eman, [[qaragʻay]] va boshqalar usadi. [[Sirtlon]], [[chiyaboʻri]], [[daman]], [[kemiruvchi]] va [[sudralib yuruvchilar]] koʻp. [[Qushlar]]ning choʻl va dashtga xos turlari uchraydi.

Aholisining 82%i [[yahudiylar]], 16%i [[arablar]], qolgan qismi [[armanlar]], [[druzlar]]. Isroil yahudiylarining yarmidan koʻprogʻi boshqa mamlakatlardan kelgan muhojirlardir. Rasmiy til — ivrit va arab tillari. Koʻpchilik aholi [[yahudiylik]], qolganlari [[musulmon]] va [[xristian]] dinida. Aholining 90%i shahar va shaharchalarda yashaydi. Yirik shaharlari: [[Tel-Aviv]], [[Xayfo]], [[Quddus]] (gʻarbiy qismi), [[Ramat-Gan]].

== Tarixi ==
[[Gominidlar|Gominidlarning]] [[Afrika|Afrika qit'asini]] tark etib, qadimgi Levant hududiga ko'chib kelishi 1.5 million yil oldinga borib taqaladi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Tchernov |first=Eitan |date=1988 |title=The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant |magazine=Paléorient |volume=2 |issue=14 |pages=63-65 |doi=10.3406/paleo.1988.4455}}</ref> Miloddan avvalgi 10 mingyillikda Janubiy Levantda [[Natuf madaniyati]] yuzaga kelgan bo'lsa,<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Bar-Yosef |first=Ofer |date=1998 |title=The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf |magazine=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=6 |issue=5 |page= |pages=159–177 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7}}</ref> miloddan avvalgi 4500-yillarda [[Gxassul madaniyati]] yuzaga kelgan.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Steiglitz |first=Robert |date=1992 |title=Migrations in the Ancient Near East |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101_3_263/_pdf |magazine=Anthropological Science |volume=3 |issue=101 |page=263}}</ref> 

=== Bronza va Temir davrlari ===
[[Fayl:JW IMG 4893.JPG|left|thumb|Kan'on davridagi Iyerusalim devori. [[Dovud|Dovud shahri]].]]
[[Fayl:Merenptah Israel Stele Cairo.jpg|thumb|[[Merpehtah Stele]] (miloddan avvalgi l XIII asr). Ko'pchilik Bibliya tadqiqotchilari tosh bitikdagi ba'zi [[Iyerogliflar|ierogliflarni]] 'Isroil' deb tarjima qilishadi. Bu 'Isroil' so'zining birinchi marta ishlatilishidir.]]
[[Kanʼon|Kanʼonliklarning]] kelib chiqishi [[Bronza davri|O'rta Bronza davriga]] (m.av. 2100-1550-yillar) borib taqaladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction |author=Jonathan M. Golden |year=2009 |pages=3-4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC&pg=PA3}}</ref> Bronza davri yakunida Kan'on hududining katta qismida [[Qadimgi Misr|Qadimgi Misrdagi Yangi podsholikka]] o'lpon to'lovchi [[Vassallik|vassal-davlatlar]] mavjud bo'lgan.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Braunstein |first=Susan L. |date=2011 |title=The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell el-Farʿah (South) |magazine=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=364 |issue=364 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001 |jstor=10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001}}</ref> Bronza davri yakunidagi inqirozlar oqibatida Kan'onni tartibsizliklar qamrab oldi va misrliklarning hudud ustidan nazorati butkul qo'ldan chiqdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Beyond the Texts |author=Dever, William G. |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature Press |year=2017 |pages=89-93}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Richard |first=S. |date=1987 |title=Archaeological sources for the history of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The rise and collapse of urbanism |magazine=The Biblical Archaeologist}}</ref> Hududdagi [[Hazor]], [[Beit She'an]], [[Megiddo]], [[Ekron (Isroil)|Ekron]], [[Ashdod]] va [[Ashkelon]] kabi aholi punktlari vayron bo'lgan yoki zarar ko'rgan.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Knapp |first=A. Bernard |last2=Manning |first2=W. Sturt |date=2016 |title=Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean |magazine=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=1 |issue=120 |page=130 |doi=10.3764/aja.120.1.0099 |issn=0002-9114}}</ref> 

Isroil nomli xalq haqidagi dastlabki ma'lumotlar tahminan miloddan avvalgi 1200-yillarga borib taqaluvchi [[Merneptah Stele]] nomli Qadimgi Misr toshbitigida yozilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion |author=K.L. Noll |publisher=A&C Black |year=2012 |pages=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMeRK7B1EsMC&pg=PA139}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources |author=Thomas L. Thompson |publisher=Brill |year=2000 |pages=275–276 |quote=They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different signification. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&pg=PA275}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Israelites in History and Tradition |author=Lemche, Niels Peter |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC&pg=PAPA35 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |pages=35 |isbn=978-0-664-22727-2}}</ref><!-- Erkakcha kishiga qo'yiluvchi "Isroil" nomi ancha oldin, Ebla manzilgohidan topilgan manbada uchraydi. Hasel, Michael G. --> Isroilliklar ajdodlari ushbu hududlarda yashagan [[Somiylar|somiy]] tillarida so'zlashuvchi xalqlar bo'lgani haqida ma'lumot bor.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah |author=Miller, James Maxwell |coauthors=Hayes, John Haralson |year=1986 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-21262-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mill}}</ref> Zamonaviy arxeologik kuzatuvlarga ko'ra, Isroilliklar va ularning madaniyati Kan'onliklar va ularning madaniyatidan ajralib, tobora [[Yahova|Yahvega]] asoslanuvchi avvaliga [[Monolatrizm|monolatristik]], keyinchalik [[Monoteizm|monoteistik]] din va madaniyat shakllana boshlaydi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel |author=Smith, Mark |year=2002 |publisher=Eerdmans |pages=6–7 |quote=Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period. |isbn=9781467427630 |url=https://www.google.co.uz/books/edition/The_Early_History_of_God/1yM3AuBh4AsC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=The+Early+History+of+God:+Yahweh+and+Other+Deities+of+Ancient+Israel&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Israel without the Bible |author=Rendsberg, Gary |editor=Frederick E. Greenspahn |edition=The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship |publisher=NYU Press |pages=3–5 |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel |url=https://archive.org/details/noothergodsemerg0000gnus |author=Gnuse, Robert Karl |year=1997 |location=England |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press Ltd. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/noothergodsemerg0000gnus/page/28 28]-31 |isbn=978-1-85075-657-6}}</ref> Ushbu xalq Bibliyaviy ivrit deb ataluvchi ivrit tilida so'zlashgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Ancient Hebrew |year=1997 |author=Steiner, Richard C. |editor=Hetzron, Robert |edition=The Semitic Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=145–173 |isbn=978-0-415-05767-7}}</ref> Tahminan shu davrda [[filistimliklar]] janubdagi qirg'oqbo'yi tekisliklariga o'rnashishgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E. |author=Killebrew, Ann E. |year=2005 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |isbn=978-1-58983-097-4 |pages=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Palestine: A Guide |author=Shahin, Mariam |year=2005 |publisher=Interlink Books |isbn=978-1-56656-557-8 |pages=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestine00mari}}</ref>

Zamonaviy arxeologik topilmalar [[Tavrot|Tavrotda]] keltirilgan otalar, Chiqish va Joshua kitobidagi istilo haqidagi fikrlarning tarixiy asosga ega emasligini ko'rsatib, ularni Isroil davlatining milliy afsonalari qatoriga qo'shilishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? |author=Dever, William |year=2001 |publisher=Eerdmans |isbn=978-3-927120-37-2 |pages=98–99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |quote=After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.}}</ref> Biroq, ushbu an'analarning ba'zi elementlari tarixiy asoslarga egadir.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Exodus Group |author=Faust, Avraham |editor=Levy, Thomas E.; Schneider, Thomas; Propp, William H. C. |edition=Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-04768-3 |page=476}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Literary and Historical Character of the Exodus Narrative |author=Redmount, Carol A. |editor=Coogan, Michael D. |edition=The Oxford History of the Biblical World |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988148-2 |pages=61 |year=2001}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

[[Isroil podsholigi|Qadimgi Isroil]] va [[Yahudiy podsholigi|Yahudiy podsholiklarining]] ko'lami va qudrati borasida turli bahs-munozaralar mavjud. Birlashgan Isroil podsholigi mavjudligi aniq bo'lmasada,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The History of Israel in the Biblical Period |year=2014 |author=Lipschits, Oded |editor=Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi |edition=The Jewish Study Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Ancient Near East |author=Kuhrt, Amiele |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |pages=438 |isbn=978-0-415-16762-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438}}</ref> miloddan avvalgi 900-yillar atrofiga kelib shimolda Isroil podsholigi,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |author=Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |pages=169–195 |year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=David, King of Judah (Not Israel) |author=Wright, Jacob L. |publisher=The Bible and Interpretation |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164250/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml}}</ref> m.av. 850-yillar atrofiga kelib esa Yahudiy podsholigi yuzaga keladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem |author=Finkelstein, Israel |editor=Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, Kristin Weingart |edition=Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives |publisher=SBL Press |location=Atlanta, GA |page=48 |quote=They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33}}</ref> Ikki podsholik orasida Isroil podsholigi badavlatroq bo'lib, tezda mintaqaviy qudratli davlatga aylanadi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |author=Finkelstein, Israel |coauthors=Silberman, Neil Asher |year=2002 |pages=146–147 |quote=Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}}</ref> Omridlar sulolasi davrida podsholik [[Samariya]], [[Galileya]], [[Iordan (daryo)|Iordan vodiysi yuqori qismi]], Sharon va [[Transiordaniya|Transiordaniyaning]] katta qismlari ustidan nazorat o'rnatgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The forgotten kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |author=Israel, Finkelstein |pages=74 |isbn=978-1-58983-910-6 |oclc=949151323 |year=2013}}</ref> Poytaxt [[Samariya|Samariyada]] Temir davri Levant mintaqasidagi eng yirik inshootlar barpo etilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |author=Finkelstein, Israel |year=2013 |pages=65–66, 73, 78, 87–94 |isbn=978-1-58983-911-3 |oclc=880456140}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=2011 |title=Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria |magazine=Tel Aviv |volume=2 |issue=38 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1179/033443511x13099584885303 |issn=0334-4355}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg|thumb|M.av. IX asrdagi [[Isroil podsholigi|Isroil]] va [[Yahudiy podsholigi|Yahudiy podsholiklari]] xaritasi. (inglizcha)]]

Tahminan m.av. 720-yillarda Isroil podsholigi [[Ossuriya|Yangi Ossuriya podsholigi]] tomonidan istilo etiladi va barham topadi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |author=Broshi, Maguen |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2001 |pages=174 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174}}</ref> [[Iyerusalim|Iyerusalimni]] poytaxt qilgan Yahudiy podsholigi esa avvaliga Yangi Ossuriya podsholigiga, keyinchalik [[Yangi Bobil imperiyasi|Yangi Bobil imperiyasiga]] qaram davlatga aylanadi. [[Temir davri|Temir davrida]] mintaqada 400 000 kishi yashagani haqida ma'lumotlar mavjud.<ref name=":3">{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Broshi |first=M. |last2=Finkelstein |first2=I. |date=1992 |title=The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II |url=https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 |magazine=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=(1) |issue=287 |pages=47–60}}</ref> M.av. 587/6-yilda Iuda qo'zg'olonidan keyin podsho [[Navuxodonosor II]] Iyerusalimni qamal qilgan, [[Sulaymon ibodatxonasi|Sulaymon ibodatxonasini]] vayron qilgan,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |author=Finkelstein, Israel |coauthors=Silberman, Neil Asher |year=2002 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6 |page=307 |quote=Intensive excavations throughout Jerusalem have shown that the city was indeed systematically destroyed by the Babylonians. The conflagration seems to have been general. When activity on the ridge of the City of David resumed in the Persian period, the-new suburbs on the western hill that had flourished since at least the time of Hezekiah were not reoccupied.}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Lipschits, Oded |date=1999 |title=The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule |magazine=Tel Aviv |issue=26 (2) |pages=155–190 |doi=10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155 |issn=0334-4355}}</ref> podsholikni tugatib, Yahudiya zodagonlarining katta qismini [[Bobil|Bobilga]] surgun qilgan. Aynan shu davrdan [[Yahudiylar|yahudiy xalqining]] Bobildagi tutqunligi davri boshlanadi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Wheeler |first=P. |date=2017 |title=Review of the book Song of Exile: The Enduring Mystery of Psalm 137, by David W. Stowe |magazine=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |issue=79 (4) |pages=696–697 |doi=10.1353/cbq.2017.0092}}</ref> Yahudiyaning ushbu mag'lubiyati Bobil solnomalarida ham qayd etilgan.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1896-0409-51 "British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE)"]. Qaraldi: 14-oktyabr, 2023-yil.</ref> Miloddan avvalgi 539-yilda Bobilni zabt etgan [[Ahamoniylar davlati|Ahamoniylar]] davlati asoschisi [[Kir II Buyuk|Kir II]] quvg'inga uchragan Yahudiya aholisini o'z vatanlariga qaytishlariga ruxsat beruvchi farmon e'lon qiladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Harper's Bible Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/harpersbibledict00tion |editor=Achtemeier |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |year=1985 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harpersbibledict00tion/page/103 103]}}</ref> O'z vataniga qaytgan yahudiy aholisiga o'z-o'zini boshqarish va ibodatxona qurish huquqi beriladi. 

=== Antik davr ===
[[:ru:Второй_храм|Ikkinchi ibodatxona]] m.av. 520-yilda qurib bitkaziladi. Forslar hududni Yehud viloyati sifatida boshqarishadi va viloyat aholisi miloddan avvalgi V va IV asrlarda tahminan 30 000 kishini tashkil qiladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. |author=Grabbe, Lester L. |isbn=978-0-567-08998-4 |pages=355 |publisher=T & T Clark |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PAPA355&dq=%22gave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%22}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |author=Finkelstein, Israel |coauthors=Silberman, Neil Asher |edition=1st Touchstone ed. |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-684-86912-4 |pages=308 }}</ref>
[[Fayl:Mountain top fortress of Masada.jpg|thumb|Masada qal'asi. Rimliklar tomonidan I asrda qamal qilingan.]]
Miloddan avvalgi 332-yilda [[Aleksandr]] o'zining [[Ahamoniylar davlati|Ahamoniylar davlatiga]] qarshi yurishi davomida hududni istilo qiladi. Uning o'limidan keyin hudud [[Ptolemeylar]] va [[Salavkiylar]] sulolalari tomonidan [[:en:Coele-Syria|Kelesuriya]] hududining bir qismi sifatida boshqariladi. Keyingi asrlarda hududda olib borilgan [[Ellinizm|ellinlashtirish]] siyosati oqibatida kelib chiqqan ijtimoiy-madaniy nizolar Salavkiylar podshohi [[Antiox IV]] davrida o'z cho'qqisiga chiqdi va m.av. 167-yilda [[Makkabiylar]] qo'zg'oloni sodir bo'ldi. Hududdagi tartibsizliklar Salavkiylar hokimiyatini kuchsizlantirdi va miloddan avvalgi II asr oxirida yarim mustaqil Yahudiy-Hasmoniylar podsholigi vujudga keldi. Podsholik oxir-oqibatda to'la mustaqillikka erishdi va qo'shni hududlarni ham o'ziga qo'shib oldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era |series=The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts |author=Helyer, Larry R. |coauthors=McDonald, Lee Martin |year=2013 |editor=Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin |publisher=Baker Academic |pages=45–47 |isbn=978-0-8010-9861-1 |oclc=961153992 |quote=The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of the Jewish People |author=Ben-Sasson, H.H. |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=226 |quote=The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain... The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus... it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea, Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border... and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity |author=Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal |year=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |page=13 |isbn=978-0-520-29360-1 |oclc=1103519319 |quote=From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.}}</ref>

[[Rim Respublikasi]] hududni miloddan avvalgi 63-yilda istilo qilib, dastlab [[:ru:Третья_Митридатова_война|Suriya ustidan nazorat o'rnatadi]] va keyinchalik [[:en:Hasmonean_Civil_War|Hasmoniy fuqarolar urushiga]] aralashadi. Yahudiyadagi Rim Respublikasi va Parfiya tarafdorlari orasidagi kurashlar oxir-oqibatda [[:en:Herod_the_Great|Herodning]] Rim Respublikasi vassali sifatida Yahudiy podshosi rutbasiga ko'tarilishiga sabab bo'ladi. Milodiy 6-yilda hudud rimliklar tomonidan to'la-to'kis anneksiya qilinib, [[:ru:Иудея_(римская_провинция)|Judaea provinsiyasiga]] aylantiriladi va bu oxir-oqibatda katta vayronagarchiliklar keltirgan [[:en:Jewish–Roman_wars|Rim-Yahudiya urushlariga]] sabab bo'ladi. [[Milod|Milodiy]] 66–73-yillarda sodir bo'lgan [[:en:First_Jewish–Roman_War|Birinchi Rim-Yahudiya urushi]] oqibatida [[:en:Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)|Iyerusalim va Ikkinchi Ibodatxona vayron etiladi]], aholining sezilarli qismi esa halok bo'ladi, yoki ko'chirib yuboriladi.<ref name=":1">{{Kitob manbasi |title=The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientjewsfroma0000schw |author=Schwartz, Seth |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientjewsfroma0000schw/page/85 85]–86 |isbn=978-1-107-04127-1 |oclc=863044259 |quote=The year 70 CE marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. [...] The Revolt's failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. [...] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, only sixty years later, there was a large enough population in the Judaean countryside to stage a massively disruptive second rebellion; this one appears to have ended, in 135, with devastation and depopulation of the district.}}</ref>

Yahudiylarning Rim Respublikasiga qarshi ikkinchi qo'zg'oloni [[:ru:Восстание_Бар-Кохбы|Bar Koxba qo'zg'oloni]] deb nomlanib, u 132–136-yillarda sodir bo'ladi. Dastlabki muvaffaqiyatdan ruhlangan yahudiylar Yahudiyada mustaqil davlat tuzishadi, biroq rimliklar katta qo'shin to'plab qo'zg'olonni shafqatsizlik bilan bostiradi va Yahudiya hududi aholisi qirg'in qilinadi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Eck |first=Werner |date=2013 |title=Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen |magazine=Novum Testamentum |issue=55 |pages=1–21}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Raviv |first=Dvir |last2=Ben David |first2=Chaim |date=2021 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |url=https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271 |magazine=Journal of Roman Archaeology |volume=2 |issue=34 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |quote=Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Mor |first=Menahem |date=2016 |title=The Second Jewish Revolt |magazine=BRILL |publisher=BRILL |pages=483–484. |doi=10.1163/9789004314634 |isbn=978-90-04-31463-4 |quote=Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society |author=Oppenheimer, A'haron |coauthors=Oppenheimer, Nili |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2005 |page=2}}</ref> Iyerusalim [[:en:Aelia_Capitolina|Aelia Capitolina]] nomi ostida Rim koloniyasi sifatida qayta quriladi, Yahudiya provinsiyasi nomi esa [[:en:Syria_Palaestina|Syria Palaestina]] deb o'zgartiriladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of the Jewish People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv |author=H.H. Ben-Sasson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/334 334] |quote=In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofanc0000lewi |author=Ariel Lewin |year=2005 |publisher=Getty Publications |page=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofanc0000lewi/page/33 33] |quote=It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land. |isbn=978-0-89236-800-6}}</ref> [[Iyerusalim]] hududi atrofida yashovchi yahudiylar o'z uylaridan quvib chiqariladi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Ecclesiastical History |author=Eusebius |chapter=4:6 |pages=3-4}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> va butun imperiya bo'ylab sochilib ketadi.<ref name=":4">{{Kitob manbasi |title=An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations |author=Edward Kessler |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=72 |isbn=978-0-521-70562-2 |quote=Jews probably remained in the majority in Palestine until some time after the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. [...] In Babylonia, there had been for many centuries a Jewish community which would have been further strengthened by those fleeing the aftermath of the Roman revolts. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72}}</ref> Biroq, quvg'inlarga qaramasdan, hududda muntazam ravishda yahudiylar istiqomat qilgan va [[Galileya]] yahudiylarning hududdagi diniy markaziga aylangan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Atlas of Jewish History |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis0000cohn |author=Cohn-Sherbok, Dan |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofjewishhis0000cohn/page/58 58] |isbn=978-0-415-08800-8}}</ref> Shuningdek, yahudiy jamoalari [[:he:הר_חברון|Hebron tepaliklari]] janubida va qirg'oqbo'yi tekisliklarida istiqomat qilishgan.<ref name=":2" />

=== O'rta asrlar ===
[[Fayl:Ruins of the Ancient Synagogue at Bar'am.jpg|thumb|[[Galileya|Galileyadagi]] Kfar Bar'am sinagogasi, III asr.]]
[[Imperator]] [[Konstantin I|Konstantin]] davrida keng tarqalgan [[Xristianlik|Xristianlik dini]] Yahudiyada oldindan mavjud bo'lgan [[Majusiylik|Rim ma'jusiyligi]] o'rnini egallay boshladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World |url=https://archive.org/details/darkeningagechri0000nixe |author=Catherine Nixey |year=2018}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Jurnal manbasi |last=הר |first=משה דוד |date=2022 |title=היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית |trans-title=Nasroniy Rim Imperiyasi davrida Isroil zaminidagi yahudiylar |magazine=ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים |language=Ivritcha |location=רושלים |publisher=ד יצחק בן-צב |volume=1 |pages=210–212 |isbn=978-965-217-444-4}}</ref> IV asrda [[Konstantin I|Konstantinning]] Xristian diniga o'tishi bilan Yahudiylar uchun vaziyat "yanada murakkablashdi".<ref name=":4" /> Yahudiylar va [[Yahudiylik|yahudiylik dinini]] ta'qiqlovchi bir qancha qonunlar qabul qilindi va yahudiylar [[Cherkov]] va hokimiyat vakillarining ta’qibiga duchor boʻldi.<ref name=":5" /> Koʻplab yahudiylar oʻzga mamlakatlarda shakllangan va tobora rivojlanayotgan [[Diaspora|diasporalarga]] ko'chib ketishdi<ref name=":6">{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 |author=Ehrlich, Michael |year=2022 |location=Leeds |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |isbn=978-1-64189-222-3 |oclc=1302180905 |pages=3–4 |quote=The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.}}</ref> va Isroil hududiga esa Xristianlarning ko'chib kelishi va aholining Xristian diniga o'tishi davom etdi. V asr o'rtalariga kelib aholi sonida xristianlar koʻpchilikni tashkil qila boshladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638 |author=David Goodblatt |year=2006 |editor=Steven Katz |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. IV |pages=404–430 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |quote=Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority.}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Bar |first=Doron |date=2003 |title=The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity |magazine=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=401–421 |doi=10.1017/s0022046903007309 |issn=0022-0469 |quote=The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.}}</ref> V asr oxiriga kelib Samariylar qo'zg'oloni boshlandi va [[samariylar]] aholi sonining keskin qisqarishiga olib kelgan ushbu qo'zg'olon VI asrga qadar davom etdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire |author=Kohen, Elli |year=2007 |publisher=University Press of America |pages=26–31 |isbn=978-0-7618-3623-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-9qJRP20MIC&pg=PA26}}</ref> Iyerusalimning [[Sosoniylar davlati|Sosoniylar]] tomonidan zabt etilishi va 614-yildagi [[Herakleios|Herakleiosga qarshi qo'zg'olondan]] so'ng yana hudud 628-yilda [[Vizantiya imperiyasi]] nazorati ostiga o'tdi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine |sarlavha=Roman Palestine |qaralgan sana=23.10.2023}}</ref>

634–641-yillar oralig'ida [[Rashidun xalifaligi]] Levantni istilo qildi.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Kitob manbasi |title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem |author=Ellenblum, Ronnie |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |oclc=958547332 |isbn=978-0-511-58534-0 |quote=From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Jurnal manbasi |last=לוי-רובין |first=מילכה |date=2006 |title=הכיבוש כמעצב מפת היישוב של ארץ-ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה (Kafedra: Eretz Isroil tarixi va unga o'rnashish) |trans-title=Musulmon hukmronligi davrida Falastin hududida aholi o'rnashishining o'ziga xosliklari |magazine=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |language=Ivritcha |issue=121 |pages=78-53 |issn=0334-4657 |jstor=23407269}}</ref> Keyingi olti asr davomida hudud [[Umaviylar]], [[Abbosiylar]], [[Fotimiylar xalifaligi|Fotimiylar xalifaliklari]], undan keyin [[Saljuqiylar imperiyasi|Saljuqlar]] va [[Ayyubiylar davlati|Ayyubiylar]] sulolalari qo'lida talash bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |author=Gil, Moshe |year=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9}}</ref> Ushbu asrlar davomida hudud aholisi keskin qisqarib, Rim va Vizantiya davridagi 1 million kishidan [[Usmonlilar imperiyasi|Usmonlilar]] hokimiyati boshlanishiga kelib tahminan 300 000 ga tushib qoldi. Aholi soni qisqarishi bilan bir qatorda hududda muntazam ravishda mahalliy aholining ko'chirib yuborilishi, musulmonlarning ko'chib kelishi, [[:ru:Арабизация|arablashuv]], [[Islomning tarqalishi|islomiylashuv]] va aholining [[Islom|Islomga]] o'tishi sodir bo'ldi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Broshi |first=Magen |date=1979 |title=The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period |magazine=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=236 |issue=236 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/1356664 |issn=0003-097X |jstor=1356664}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> XI asr oxirida [[Salib yurishlari]] va [[Rim Papasi|Papa]] yo'riqnomasi asosida hududga xristianlarning kirib kelishi, shuningdek [[Iyerusalim]] hamda [[:en:Holy_Land|Muqaddas zaminni]] musulmonlardan tortib olib, [[Salibchilarning davlatlari|Salibchi davlatlar]] shakllanishi sodir bo'ldi. [[Ayyubiylar davlati|Ayyubiylar]] bosqinchi salibchilarga qarshi kurashni boshladi va 1291-yilga kelib [[Mamluklar davlati|Misrdagi mamluklar davlati]] hudud ustidan to'la nazorat o'rmatdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel |author=Kramer, Gudrun |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=376 |isbn=978-0-691-11897-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/376}}</ref> 

=== Yangi davr va Sionizmning yuzaga kelishi ===
[[Fayl:Jews at Western Wall by Felix Bonfils, 1870s.jpg|thumb|Yahudiylar [[Yigʻi devori ibodatxonasi|G'arbiy devor]] ostida, 1870-yillar.]]
1516-yilda hudud [[Usmonlilar imperiyasi|Usmonlilar saltanati]] tomonidan istilo qilingan va keyingi to'rt asr davomida Usmonli Suriyasining bir qismi sifatida boshqarilgan. 1660-yildagi [[Druzlar|Darziylar]] qo'zg'oloni Safed va Tiberiasning vayron bo'lishiga olib keldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882, vol. 2. |author=Joel Rappel |quote=In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned... |year=1980 |pages=531}}</ref> XVIII asr oxirida mahalliy arab shayxi Zohir al-Umar Jalilada de facto mustaqil Amirlikka asos soladi. Usmonlilarning Shayx ustidan nazorat o'rnatishga urinishlari bekor ketdi, biroq Zohirning o'limidan keyin hudud ustidan yana Usmonlilar nazorati o'rnatildi. 1799-yilda hudud gubernatori (voliysi) Jazzar Posha [[Napoleon]] tomondan [[Akko|Akkoga]] bo'lgan hujumni qaytardi va bu fransuzlarning Suriya yurishini bekor qilishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine#ref45065 |sarlavha=Palestine – Ottoman rule}}</ref> 1834-yilda Falastinlik arab dehqonlarining [[Muhammad Ali (Misr)|Muhammad Ali]] hukmronligi ostidagi [[Misr Xadivligi|Misr]] armiyasiga safarbarlik tartiblariga va og'ir soliqlarga qarshi qo'zg'oloni bostirildi; Muhammad Ali qo'shinlari chekindi va 1840-yilda [[Britaniya imperiyasi|Britaniya Imperiyasi]] ko'magi ostida hududda yana Usmonlilar hokimiyati tiklandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Modern Inhabitants of Palestine |author=Macalister, R. A. Stewart; Masterman, E. W. G. |year=1906 |series=Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund: 40.}}</ref> Tez orada butun Usmonlilar saltanati bo'ylab [[Tanzimat farmoni|Tanzimot islohotlari]] boshlandi.

Butun dunyo bo'ylab yahudiy diasporasi mavjud bo'lganidan buyon ko'plab yahudiylar o'z vatanlariga, "Sion" ga qaytishga umid qilishgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism |author=Rosenzweig, Rafael |year=1997 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-09147-4 |quote=Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ...}}</ref> Isroilda Usmonlilar hokimiyati boshlanishidan [[Sionizm]] harakatiga qadar hududda yahudiy aholisi ozchilikni tashkil qilib, raqamlar o'zgarib turgan. XVI asrda to'rt muqaddas shahar — [[Iyerusalim]], Tiberias, Hebron va Safedda yahudiy jamoalariga asos solingan va 1697-yilda ravvin Yehuda Hachasid 1,500 yahudiyni Iyerusalim tomon boshlab borgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present |url=https://archive.org/details/miraculousjourne0000eise |author=Eisen, Yosef |year=2004 |publisher=Targum Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/miraculousjourne0000eise/page/700 700] |isbn=978-1-56871-323-6.}}</ref> XVIII asrning ikkinchi yarmida Hasidizmga qarshi bo'lgan, Perushim deb nomlangan [[Sharqiy Yevropa]] yahudiylari Falastin hududlariga kelib o'rnashgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Hastening redemption: Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel |year=2006 |author=Morgenstern, Arie |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530578-4 |page=304}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine |author=Barnai, Jacob |year=1992 |publisher=University Alabama Press |page=320 |isbn=978-0-8173-0572-7}}</ref>
[[Fayl:THEODOR HERZL AT THE FIRST ZIONIST CONGRESS IN BASEL ON 25.8.1897. תאודור הרצל בקונגרס הציוני הראשון - 1897.8.25D443-027.jpg|thumb|Birinchi Sionist Kongressi, [[Bazel|Bazel, Shveytsariya]], 1897-yil.]]
Usmonlilar qo'li ostidagi Falastinga 1881-yilda yahudiylarning birinchi bora ko'chib kelishi Birinchi Aliya deb nomlanib, bunga Sharqiy Yevropada yahudiylarga qarshi amalga oshirilgan pogromlar sabab bo'lgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Zionism and the creation of a new society |url=https://archive.org/details/zionismcreationo0000halp |author=Halpern, Ben |year=1998 |editor=Reinharz, Jehuda |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=44960036 |isbn=978-0-585-18273-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/zionismcreationo0000halp/page/53 53]–54}}</ref> [[Rossiya imperiyasi|Rossiya Imperiyasida]] 1882-yilda qabul qilingan qonunlar "May qonunlari" deb nomlanib, bu qonunlar yahudiylarning qayerda yashashi mumkinligini belgilab, ularga nisbatan iqtisodiy ayirmachilikni aks ettirardi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Mandel |first=Neville J. |date=1974 |title=Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I |magazine=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=10 (3) |page=312–332 |doi=10.1080/00263207408700278 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Russian Jews and the 1917 Revolution |author=Levine, Aaron |year=2014 |page=14}}</ref> Bunga javoban siyosiy Sionizm shakllana boshladi va faollar tomonidan Bilu va Sion Mahbublari (Hibbat Sion) kabi tashkilotlarga asos solindi. Leon Pinsker tomonidan esa yahudiylarni milliy mustaqillik tomon undovchi "Avto-emansipatsiya" ("''Auto-Emancipation''") pamfleti chop etildi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://sites.rutgers.edu/jewish-agriculture/a-world-of-jewish-farming/early-zionist-settlement-in-palestine/ |sarlavha=Early Zionist Settlement in Palestine |qaralgan sana=12.04.2024 |nashriyot=Rutgers University}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/auto-emancipation-leo-pinsker-1882 |sarlavha=Auto-Emancipation, Leo Pinsker (1882) |qaralgan sana=12.04.2024 |muallif=Leibovitz, Liel |yil=2013 |nashriyot=Tablet}}</ref> [[Theodor Herzl]] tomonidan Isroil hududida Yahudiy davlatiga asos solish orqali [[Yevropa]] davlatlaridagi "Yahudiylar masalasi"ga yechim berishni targ'ib qiluvchi siyosiy Sionizm harakatiga asos solindi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism |author=Kornberg, Jacques |year=1993 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33203-5 |quote=How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Jewish State |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishstate0000theo_s7e1 |author=Herzl, Theodor |year=1946 |publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council |isbn=978-0-486-25849-2}}</ref> 1896-yilda Herzl ''Der Judenstaat'' ''("Yahudiy davlati")'' asarini yozdi; keyingi yilda esa u Birinchi Sionist Kongressiga prezidentlik qildi. Kishinyov pogromidan keyin esa Ikkinchi Aliya (1904-1914) boshlandi; tahminan 40,000 yahudiy kelib o'rnashdi, biroq ularning salkam yarmi oxir-oqibatda qaytib ketishdi. Migrantlarning birinchi va ikkinchi to'lqinida kelganlarning asosiy qismi Ortodoksal yahudiylar bo'lsa-da,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel |author=Stein, Leslie |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-275-97141-0}}</ref> Ikkinchi Aliyada Sionist [[Sotsializm|sotsialist]] guruhlari ham bo'lib, ular faqatgina yahudiy mehnatiga asoslangan yahudiy iqtisodiyotini yaratish uchun kibbutz harakatini boshlashdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 - 2001 |author=Moris, Beni |year=2001 |edition=1. Vintage Books ed. |location=New York, NY |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=9780679744757 |quote=Many of these newcomers possessed a mixture of socialist and nationalist values, and they eventually succeeded in setting up a separate Jewish economy, based wholly on Jewish labor}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A Historical Atlas of Israel |author=Romano, Amy |year=2003 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3978-7}}</ref> Keyinchalik Yishuv (Yahudiy jamoalari) yetakchilariga aylanuvchi Ikkinchi Aliyada kelgan yahudiylar yahudiy iqtisodiyotining [[Arablar|arab]] ishchi kuchiga asoslanmasligi kerakligini tushunib yetishdi. Ushbu "ishchi kuchi istilosi" keyinchalik arab aholisi bilan dushmanlik kayfiyatining asosiy sababiga aylandi. Yangi jamoalardagi [[Millatchilik|millatchi mafkura]] ham oldingi sotsialist mafkurani siqib chiqara boshladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 - 2001 |author=Moris, Beni |year=2001 |edition=1. Vintage Books ed. |location=New York, NY |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=9780679744757 |quote=Another major cause of antagonism was the labor controversy. The hard core of Second Aliyah socialists, who were to become the Yishuv's leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that the settler economy must not depend on or exploit Arab labor... But, in reality, rather than "meshing," the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos... There were other reasons for the "conquest of labor." The socialists of the Second Aliyah used the term to denote three things: overcoming the Jews' traditional remove from agricultural labor and helping them transform into the "new Jews"; struggling against employers for better conditions; and replacing Arabs with Jews in manual jobs.}}</ref> Garchi Ikkinchi Aliyada kelgan migrantlar asosan jamoaviy yahudiy qishloq xo'jaligi manzilgohlariga asos solishni maqsad qilgan bo'lsada, aynan shu davrda, 1909-yilda [[Tel-Aviv]] birinchi reja asosida barpo etilgan yahudiy shaharchasiga aylandi. Aynan shu davrda birinchi yahudiy qurolli partizanlar guruhlari tashkil topa boshladi. Bularning birinchisi 1907-yilda yuzaga kelgan "Bar-Giora" bo'lsa, ikki yil o'tib, u yirikroq Hashomer tashkilotiga almashtirildi.

=== Britaniya Falastin mandati ===
Chaim Weizmann tomonidan Britaniya hukumatining [[Sionizm]] harakatini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga erishishga bo'lgan urinishlar oxir-oqibatda 1917-yilda [[Balfour deklaratsiyasi (1917)|Balfour Deklaratsiyasining]] e'lon qilinishi bilan yakunlandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |author=Gelvin, James |year=2014 |edition=3 ed. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85289-0 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&pg=PA81&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923 |year=1987 |author=Yapp, M.E. |publisher=Longman |isbn=ISBN 978-0-582-49380-3 |page=290 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp/page/290/mode/2up}}</ref> Britaniya Tashqi ishlar kotibi Arthur Balfour deklaratsiyani Britaniya yahudiylari jamoasi yetakchilaridan biri Lord Rothschild'ga yo'llab, Britaniya hukumatining Falastinda o'zlari uchun "milliy vatan" yaratishlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Macintyre |first=Donald |date=26.05.2005 |title=The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history |work=The Independent |url=http://maof.rjews.net/english/37-english/19351-the-birth-of-modern-israel-a-scrap-of-paper-that-changed-history}}</ref> Weizmann talqini bo'yicha deklaratsiyada bo'lg'usi davlat yaratilishi bo'yicha kelishuvlar bevosita Britaniya va yahudiylar orasida bo'lib, arablarning vakilligi hisobga olinmagandi. Uning Parij tinchlik konferensiyasidagi mashhur "Xuddi Angliya inglizlar yurti bo'lgani kabi, Falastinni ham yahudiy yurtiga aylantirish" maqsadini e'lon qilishi xuddi shu talqin bilan bog'liq edi. Keyingi yillarda yahudiy-arab munosabatlari keskin tarzda yomonlashib ketdi.<ref name=":9">{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Iron Wall |author=Avi Shlaim |chapter=PROLOGUE: THE ZIONIST FOUNDATIONS |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-32112-8 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBBbY9rMxSAC&pg=PA}}</ref>

1918-yilda asosan yahudiy ko'ngillilaridan iborat Yahudiy Legioni Britaniya tomonidan Falastinning istilo etilishiga ko'maklashdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Jewish Legion |author=Schechtman, Joseph B. |series=Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 11 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |year=2007 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCX2587510141 |page=304}}</ref> 1920-yilda hudud mandat tizimi asosida Britaniya va [[Fransiya]] orasida bo'lib olindi va Britaniya qo'li ostidagi hudud (jumladan bugungi Isroil hududi) Falastin Mandati ([[Ingliz tili|ing.]]: ''Mandatory Palestine'') deb nomlandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel |author=Kramer, Gudrun |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=376 |isbn=978-0-691-11897-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 11 |year=1972 |page=862 |publisher=Keter Publishing House |location=Jerusalem |chapter=Mandate for Palestine}}</ref> Britaniya hukmronligiga va yahudiy immigratsiyasiga qarshi arablarning qarshiligi 1920-yilda Falastin qo'zg'olonlariga va Haganah ([[Ivrit tili|ivrit]]: הַהֲגָנָה; Mudofaa) nomli yahudiy partizan tashkiloti tuzilishiga sabab bo'ldi. Bu tashkilot oldingi Hashomer tashkilotining shaxobchalaridan biri bo'lib, keyinchalik undan Irgun va Lehi yarim-harbiy guruhlari ajralib chiqqan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Understanding Jewish History |author=Scharfstein, Sol |year=1996 |publisher=KTAV Publishing House |isbn=978-0-88125-545-4 |page=269 |quote=During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements ... In 1920, Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah ("The Defense") was established.}}</ref> 1922-yilda [[Millatlar ligasi|Millatlar Ligasi]] Falastin Mandatini Balfour deklaratsiyasini ham o'z ichiga oluvchi shartlar asosida Britaniyaga berdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Modern History Sourcebook. 24 July 1922. |year=1922 |chapter=League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922 |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1922mandate.asp}}</ref> Hudud aholisining asosiy qismi arab va musulmonlar bo'lib, yahudiylar aholining tahminan 11% ni,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. I |author=Shaw, J. V. W. |year=1991 |chapter=Chapter VI: Population |edition=Reprint ed. |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies |isbn=978-0-88728-213-3 |oclc=311797790 |page=148}}</ref> arab xristianlari esa 9.5% ni tashkil qilgan.<ref name=":9" />
[[Fayl:"Jews and Arabs in Grim Struggle for Holy Land" article (1938).jpg|left|thumb|"Yahudiylar va arablar Muqaddas Zamin uchun tortishmoqda", 1938-yil gazeta maqolasi. ]]
Uchinchi va To'rtinchi Aliyalar Falastinga qo'shimcha 100,000 yahudiylarni olib keldi.1930-yillarda Yevropada [[Natsizm|natsizmning]] kuchayishi va yahudiylarga nisbatan ayirmachilikning zo'rayishi oqibatida Beshinchi Aliya sodir bo'ldi va hududga tahminan chorak million yahudiy ko'chib keldi. Bu 1936-1939-yillardagi arab qo'zg'olonlarining asosiy sababi edi. Qo'zg'olonda arablar orasida o'zaro to'qnashuvlar ham bo'lib, oxir-oqibatda Britaniya kuchlari va Sionist ko'ngillilari qo'z'golonni bostirishdi. Bir necha yuz britan harbiylari va yahudiylar o'ldirildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel |author=Walter Laqueur |year=2009 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-53085-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEt5PWCTMJMC&q=irgun%2520and%2520haganah%2520in%2520the%25201936+riots&pg=PAPA374}}</ref> Arablar orasida o'ldirilganlar esa 5,000 mingdan ortiq edi.

Britaniya hukumati 1939-yilgi "Oq qog'oz" siyosati bilan Falastinga yahudiylarning ko'chib kelishiga cheklovlar joriy qildi. Butun dunyo [[Holokost|Holokostdan]] qochayotgan yahudiylardan yuz o'girayotgan bir paytda yahudiylarni Falastinga olib kelishni maqsad qilgan "Aliyah Bet" nomli yashirin tashkilot tuzildi. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi yakuniga kelib Falastin aholisining 30% yahudiy edi.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Village Statistics, 1945.</ref> Britaniya hukumati yahudiy immigratsiyasiga cheklov siyosati oqibatida bir tomondan yahudiy partizan harakatlari qarshiligiga, ikkinchi tomondan cheklov darajasi bo'yicha arab jamoatchiligi bilan tortishuvlarga duch keldi. Haganah Irgun va Lehi tashkilotlari bilan qo'shilib, Britaniya hukumatiga qarshi qurolli kurash boshladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict |author=Fraser, T.G. |year=2004 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Limited |isbn=978-1-4039-1338-8 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=IBJrQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |page=27}}</ref> Ayni paytda yuz minglab Holokostdan omon qolgan yahudiylar o'zlarining Yevropadagi vayron bo'lgan jamiyatlaridan uzoqda, Falastinda yangi hayot topdilar. Haganah Aliyah Bet nomli dasturga ko'ra kema orqali o'n minglab yahudiylarni Falastinga olib kelishga urindi. Kemalarning asosiy qismi Britaniya Qirollik harbiy-dengiz floti tomonidan ushlandi va qochqinlar [[Qibris|Kiprga]] va Falastindagi Atlit qochqinlar lagerlariga joylandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Palestine Between Politics and Terror, 1945–1947 |author=Motti Golani |year=2013 |publisher=UPNE |page=130 |isbn=978-1-61168-388-2 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=Mp7BAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Britain's Moment in Palestine:Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948 |author=Cohen, Michael J. |year=2014 |edition=1st ed. |publisher=Routledge |page=474 |isbn=978-0-415-72985-7 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=DLPpAgAAQBAJ&q=British%2520detention%2520camps%2520at%2520atlit%2520and+cyprus&pg=PAPA474&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=British%2520detention%2520camps%2520at%2520atlit%2520and%20cyprus&f=false}}</ref>
[[Fayl:UN Palestine Partition Versions 1947.jpg|thumb|"Palestine plan of partition with economic union" BMT xaritasi]]
1946-yil 22-iyulda Irgun Falastindagi Britaniya ma'muriyati binosini portlatib, 91 kishi o'limiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismaheadco0000smit |author=Paul J. Smith, M.E. Sharpe |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismaheadco0000smit/page/27 27]}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism |author=William Roger Louis |year=1986 |page=430}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Kitob manbasi |title=By Blood and Fire |author=Clarke, Thurston |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1981}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Palestine Triangle |author=Bethell, Nicholas |year=1979 |publisher=Andre Deutsch}}</ref> Hujum dastlab Haganah tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Bu Agatha Operatsiyasiga (britanlar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan bir necha reydlar; ulardan biri Yahudiy Agentligi — notijorat tashkilotiga qarshi o'tkazilgan) qarshi javob bo'lib, Mandat davridagi Britaniya hukumatiga qarshi qaratilgan eng qonli harakat edi.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Britaniya harbiylari va Falastin Mandati politsiyasining birlashgan say-harakatlariga qaramasdan, 1946-1947-yillarda yahudiylar qarshilik harakatlari davom etdi. Britaniyaning yahudiy va arab vakillari orasidagi kelishuvlarga vositachilik qilishga urinishlari ham bekor ketdi, chunki yahudiylar yahudiy davlati tuzilishini o'z ichiga olmaydigan har qanday yechimga qarshi chiqishdi va Falastinda bir-biridan mustaqil yahudiy va arab davlatlarini tuzishni taklif qilishdi. Arablar esa Falastinning har qanday qismida yahudiy davlati tashkil etilishiga qarshi bo'lib, yagona yechim sifatida arablar boshqaruvi ostidagi birlashgan Falastin davlatining tashkil etilishini ko'rishdi. 1947-yil fevral oyida Britaniya hukumati Falastin masalasini yangi tashkil etilgan [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotiga]] yo'lladi. 1947-yil 15-mayda [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh Assambleyasi|BMT Bosh Assambleyasi]] "Falastin masalasi bo'yicha raport ... tayyorlash" uchun Maxsus Qo'mita tuzishga qaror qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A/RES/106 (S-1) 15 May 1947 |series=General Assembly resolution |publisher=United Nations |year=1947}}</ref> Qo'mita Raportida Britaniya Mandati tizimini "Mustaqil Arab davlati, mustaqil Yahudiy davlati va Xalqaro boshqaruv ostida bo'luvchi [[Iyerusalim|Iyerusalim Shahri]]" bilan almashtirish rejasini taklif qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A/364. Special Committee on Palestine. 3 September 1947 |publisher=United Nations |year=1947}}</ref> Orada Falastinda yahudiy qurolli qarshilik harakati davom etdi va 1947-yil iyul oyida keng ko'lamli partizan reydlari va "Serjantlar ishi" mojarosi bilan o'z cho'qqisiga chiqdi. Unda Irgun ikki britan serjantlarini asirga olib, uch Irgun operativlarining rejalashtirilgan qatl etilishini oldini olishga urindi. Qatl etilish marosimi baribir amalga oshirilgani tufayli Irgun ikkala serjantni ham o'ldirdi, ularning tanasini daraxtlarga ilib qo'yib, atrofni esa minalashtirdi. Bu esa bir britan askarining yaralanishiga sabab bo'ldi. Bu voqea Britaniyada keng ko'lamli norozilikka sabab bo'ldi.<ref name=":12">{{Kitob manbasi |title=Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917-1947 |author=Hoffman, Bruce |year=2015 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |pages=618 |isbn=9780307594716 |url=https://www.google.co.uz/books/edition/_/kpXooAEACAAJ?hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-1reciL2FAxXUBhAIHf5bCokQ8fIDegQIFhAG}}</ref> 1947-yil sentyabr oyida Britaniya hukumati shtabi Falastinni tark etishga qaror qildi, chunki endi Mandat ustidan nazorat butkul yo'qotilgan edi.<ref name=":12" />

1947-yil 29-noyabrda BMT Bosh Assambleyasi 181 (II) Rezolyutsiyasini qabul qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine. 29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |year=1947}}</ref> Rezolyutsiyaga ilova qilingan reja mohiyatan 3-sentyabrdagi raportda taklif qilingan rejaning o'zi edi. Yahudiylarning tan olingan vakillik tashkiloti hisoblanmish Yahudiy Agentligi rejani qabul qildi. Rejaga ko'ra Falastin Mandati hududining 55-56% yahudiylar uchun ajratilishi ko'rsatilgan edi. O'sha vaqtda yahudiylar aholining tahminan uchdan birini tashkil qilib, hududning 67-% ga egalik qilishar edi. Arablar ko'pchilikni tashkil qilib, yerlarning 20% ga egalik qilishgan. Qolgan yerlar esa Mandat hokimiyati va chet ellik yer egalariga tegishli bo'lgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878–1948 |url=https://archive.org/details/claimofdisposses00avne_0 |author=Avneri, Aryeh L. |year=1984 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-87855-964-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/claimofdisposses00avne_0/page/224 224]}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939.  Press. ISBN . pp. , |author=Stein, Kenneth W. |year=1987 |origyear=1984 |publisher=University of North Carolina |isbn=978-0-8078-4178-5 |pages=3-4 |page=247}}</ref> <ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Only Language They Understand: Forcing Compromise in Israel and Palestine |author=Nathan Thrall |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-627-79710-8 |pages=41-227 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=1oXZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Imseis |first=Ardi |date=2021 |title=The United Nations Plan of Partition for Palestine Revisited: On the Origins of Palestine's International Legal Subalternality" (PDF). .: . |url=https://law.queensu.ca/sites/lawwww/files/files/Professors/UN%20Plan%20of%20Partition%20Revisited.pdf |magazine=Stanford Journal of International Law |volume=57 (1) |pages=13–14 |quote=As to territorial boundaries, under the plan the Jewish State was allotted approximately 57 percent of the total area of Palestine even though the Jewish population comprised only 33 percent of the country. In addition, according to British records relied upon by the ad hoc committee, the Jewish population possessed registered ownership of only 5.6 percent of Palestine, and was eclipsed by the Arabs in land ownership in every one of Palestine's 16 sub-districts. Moreover, the quality of the land granted to the proposed Jewish state was highly skewed in its favour. UNSCOP reported that under its majority plan "[t]he Jews will have the more economically developed part of the country embracing practically the whole of the citrus-producing area"—Palestine's staple export crop—even though approximately half of the citrus-bearing land was owned by the Arabs. In addition, according to updated British records submitted to the ad hoc committee's two sub-committees, "of the irrigated, cultivable areas" of the country, 84 per cent would be in the Jewish State and 16 per cent would be in the Arab State".}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War |author=Morris, Benny |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ |quote=The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv's settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community. |page=75}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War |author=Morris, Benny |page=396 |quote=The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal. |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref> [[Arab ligasi|Arab Ligasi]] va Falastin Arab Oliy qo'mitasi rejani rad etishdi<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Imseis |first=Ardi |date=2021 |title=The United Nations Plan of Partition for Palestine Revisited: On the Origins of Palestine's International Legal Subalternality |url=https://law.queensu.ca/sites/lawwww/files/files/Professors/UN%20Plan%20of%20Partition%20Revisited.pdf |magazine=Stanford Journal of International Law |volume=57 (1) |pages=14-15 |quote=Although the Zionists had coveted the whole of Palestine, the Jewish Agency leadership pragmatically, if grudgingly, accepted Resolution 181(II). Although they were of the view that the Jewish national home promised in the Mandate was equivalent to a Jewish state, they well understood that such a claim could not be maintained under prevailing international law..Based on its own terms, it is impossible to escape the conclusion that the partition plan privileged European interests over those of Palestine's indigenous people and, as such, was an embodiment of the Eurocentricity of the international system that was allegedly a thing of the past. For this reason, the Arabs took a more principled position in line with prevailing international law, rejecting partition outright . .This rejection has disingenuously been presented in some of the literature as indicative of political intransigence,69 and even hostility towards the Jews as Jews}}</ref> va har qanday bo'linish rejasiga qarshi ekanliklarini bildirishdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War |author=Morris, Benny |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |quote=p. 66: at 1946: "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews.", p. 67: at 1947 "The League's Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression," "without mercy." The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition.", p. 72: at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. |page=66 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg |page=40-41}}</ref> 1947-yil 1-dekabrda Arab Oliy qo'mitasi uch kunlik zabastovka e'lon qilishdi va Iyerusalimda qo'zg'olonlar boshlandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Palestine 1948 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestine1948war0000gelb |author=Gelber, Yoav |year=2006 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/palestine1948war0000gelb/page/17 17] |isbn=978-1-902210-67-4}}</ref> Vaziyat izdan chiqib, fuqarolar urushi boshlandi; BMT ovoz berish natijalari e'lon qilinganidan atigi ikki hafta o'tib, Mustamlakalar bo'yicha davlat kotibi Arthur Creech Jones Britaniya Mandati 1948-yil 15-mayda yakunlanishini va shu paytdan Britaniya hukumati Mandatni tark etishini e'lon qildi. Arab qurolli to'dalari yahudiy hududlariga hujum qilib, asosan Haganah va kichikroq Irgun va Lehi guruhlari bilan to'qnashishdi. 1948-yilda Haganah hujumga o'tdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War |author=Morris, Benny |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy |author=Tal, David |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |page=471 |isbn=978-0-7146-5275-7}}</ref> Ushbu davrda turli sabablarga ko'ra 250,000 Falastinlik arablar hududni tark etishgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War |author=Morris, Benny |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref>

=== Isroil davlati ===

==== Asos solinishi va dastlabki yillar ====
[[Fayl:Declaration of State of Israel 1948 1blue.jpg|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]] 1948-yil 14-mayda Isroil davlatining tuzilganini e'lon qilmoqda.]]
Britaniya Mandati yakunlanishidan bir kun oldin, 1948-yil 14-mayda Yahudiy Agentligi boshlig'i [[David Ben-Gurion]] "Isroil zaminida Isroil davlati deb nomlanuvchi yahudiylar davlati tuzilganini" e'lon qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Counsel to the President: A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/counseltopreside00clar |year=1991 |author=Clifford, Clark |page=[https://archive.org/details/counseltopreside00clar/page/20 20]}}</ref> Deklaratsiya matnida yangi davlat chegaralari o'rnida faqatgina ''[[Isroil|Eretz Israel]]'' ([[Ivrit tili|ivrit]]: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל; transl.: ''Erets Israel'') ya'ni Isroil zamini nomi ishlatilgan. Keyingi kuni, to'rt arab davlatlari - [[Misr]], [[Suriya]], [[Transiordaniya amirligi|Transiordaniya]] va [[Iroq]] — armiyalari sobiq Britaniya Falastin Mandati hududiga bostirib kirdi va 1948-yilgi Arab—Isroil urushi boshlanib ketdi. [[Yaman]], [[Marokash]], [[Saudiya Arabistoni]] va [[Sudan]] davlatlaridan harbiy qismlar urushga qo'shildi. Bosqindan maqsad yahudiy davlati yaratilishining oldini olish edi. Ba'zi arab davlatlari yetakchilari "yahudiylarni dengizga haydash" haqida so'zlashardi. Benny Morris fikricha, yahudiylar bostirib kirgan arab armiyalari ularni qatliom qilish niyatida ekanidan xavotir olishgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War. Yale University Press |author=Morris, Benny |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Arab davlatlari uyushmasi|Arab Ligasi]] esa bosqin tartibni tiklash va qon to'kilishini oldini olish maqsadida amalga oshirilgan edi.

Bir yillik to'qnashuvlardan keyin o't ochishni to'xtatish e'lon qilindi va Yashil chiziq deb nom chiqargan vaqtinchalik chegaralar belgilandi. Iordaniya keyinchalik [[Iordan daryosining Gʻarbiy sohili|G'arbiy sohil]] nomi bilan tanilgan hududni, jumladan Iyerusalimni, Misr esa [[Gʻazo sektori|G'azo sektorini]] egalladi. BMTga ko'ra 700,000 falastinlik arablar hududdan qochib chiqqan, yoki haydab chiqarilgan. Bu voqea arab tilida Nakba, yoki fojea deb ataladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofpalestini0000morr_e6e3 |author=Morris, Benny |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthofpalestini0000morr_e6e3/page/602 602]}}</ref> 156,000 arablar esa o'z uylarida qolishdi va Isroilning arab fuqarolariga aylanishdi. 
[[Fayl:Raising the Ink Flag at Umm Rashrash (Eilat).jpg|thumb|254x254px|1949-yil 10-mart kuni, 1948-yilgi urush yakunida, Isroil bayrog'i ko'tarilmoqda]]
1949-yil 11-may kuni Isroil BMT a'zosi sifatida qabul qilindi. Isroil va Iordaniya orasida kelishuvga urinish bo'ldi, lekin Misrning reaksiyasdan xavotir olgan Britaniya hukumati Iordaniya hukumatiga o'z qarshiligini bildirganidan keyin bu shartnoma ham bekor bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism |author=William Roger Louis |year=1984 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-822960-5 |quote=The transcript makes it clear that British policy acted as a brake on Jordan. "King Abdullah was personally anxious to come to agreement with Israel", Kirkbride stated, "and in fact it was our restraining influence which had so far prevented him from doing so". Knox Helm confirmed that the Israelis hoped to have a settlement with Jordan, and that they now genuinely wished to live peacefully within their frontiers, if only for economic reasons. |page=579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PAPA579}}</ref> Davlatning dastlabki yillarida David Ben-Gurion yetakchiligidagi Mehkatkash Sionist partiyasi mamlakat siyosatida hukmron mavqega ega edi. 

1940-yillar oxiri va 1950-yillar boshlaridagi Isroilga immigratsiya say-harakatlariga Isroil Immigratsiya idorasi hamda Mossad LeAliyah Bet (tarjimasi: "''B Immigratsiya Instituti''") tomonidan ko'mak berildi. Ushbu tashkilot ayniqsa [[Yaqin Sharq]] va [[Sharqiy Yevropa]] kabi, yahudiylarning hayotiga xavf tug'ilishi mumkin bo'lgan, yoki tark etish mushkul bo'lgan mamlakatlardagi yahudiylarni olib chiqishga ko'maklashish uchun ushbu davlatlarda maxfiy operatsiyalar o'tkazdi. Mossad LeAliyah Bet 1953-yilga kelib tarqatildi. Immigratsiya ishlari Bir Million rejasiga ko'ra amalga oshirilib, unga ko'ra 18 oy ichida mamlakatga bir million yahudiy immigrantlari olib kirilishiga erishish maqsad qilingandi. Ba'zi immigrantlar sionistik qarashlarga ega bo'lishgan, yoki yaxshi hayot istab Isroilga kelishgan bo'lsa, boshqalari ta'qibdan qochishgan, yoki shunchaki o'z mamlakatlaridan haydalgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands |author=Shulewitz, Malka Hillel |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8264-4764-7 |publisher=Continuum}}</ref> 

Isroil mavjudligining dastlabki uch yilida Holokostdan omon qolgan va arab-musulmon davlatlarini tark etgan yahudiylarning mamlakatga kirishi natijasida mamlakat ichidagi yahudiylar soni 700,000 dan 1,400,000 ga ko'paydi. 1948-1970-yillar oralig'ida esa tahminan 1,150,000 yahudiylar Isroilga ko'chib kelishdi. Ba'zi yangi migrantlar qochqin sifatida kelgan bo'lib, ular ma'abarot nomli vaqtinchalik lagerlarga joylangan. 1952-yilga kelib bunday chodir shaharlarda 200,000 dan ortiq kishi istiqomat qilmoqda edi. Odatda Yevropa davlatlaridan kelgan yahudiylar Yaqin Sharq yoki [[Shimoliy Afrika|Shimoliy Afrikalik]] yahudiylarga nisbatan yaxshiroq munosabat ko'rishgan. Odatda Yevropalik yahudiy-migrantlarga o'zgalar uchun ajratilgan xonadonlar ulashilib, odatda arab mamlakatidan kelgan yahudiylar vaqtinchalik lagerlarda ko'proq qolib ketgan. Oziq-ovqat, kiyim-kechak va mebellar ratsion asosida bu davr keyinchalik "yo'qchilik davri" deb nom oldi. Ushbu inqirozni bartaraf etish ehtiyoji Ben-Gurionning [[Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (1949—1990)|G'arbiy Germaniya]] hukumati bilan reparatsiya bo'yicha shartnoma imzolashga majbur qildi. Holokost uchun bunday moliyaviy kompensatsiya olish g'oyasi esa yahudiylarni g'azabga keltirib, mamlakatda ommaviy noroziliklar va namoyishlar o'tkazildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream |url=https://archive.org/details/landbeyondpromis0000shin |author=Shindler, Colin |year=2002 |publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers |isbn=978-1-86064-774-1}}</ref>

==== Arab-Isroil nizosi ====
1950-yillarda Isroil Falastinlik jangarilarning ko'plab hujumlariga uchradi va hujumlar asosan Misr qo'li ostidagi G'azo sektoridan asosan tinch fuqarolarga nisbatan uyushtirildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=(). The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict (). . ISBN . |author=Gilbert, Martin |year=2005 |edition=8th ed. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35900-9 |page=58}}</ref> Bu esa Isroilning bir necha qarshi hujumlariga sabab bo'ldi. 1956-yilda Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Misr hukumati tomonidan milliylashtirilgan [[Suvaysh kanali|Suvaysh kanal]]<nowiki/>i ustidan nazoratni qayta o'rnatishga urinib ko'rishdi. Suvaysh kanali va Tiran bo'g'ozining Isroil kemalari uchun blokada qilinishi, qolaversa Falastinlik jangarilarning janubdagi tinch aholiga hujumi va Arab davlatlarining tahdidlari birgalikda Isroilning Misrga hujum qilishiga sabab bo'ldi. Isroil sirli ravishda Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya bilan ittifoq tuzdi va Suvaysh inqirozi paytida Sinay yarimorolini egalladi. Lekin BMT bosimi bilan, Isroil kemalari uchun kanalning ochilishi kafolat berilishi evaziga qo'shinlarini nizoli hududlardan olib chiqib ketdi. Urush Isroil chegaralari buzilishining qisqarishiga olib keldi.
[[Fayl:1961-04-13 Tale Of Century - Eichmann Tried For War Crimes.ogv|thumb|Adolf Eichmann sud jarayonidan lavha. AQSH axborot xizmati tasviri]]
1960-yillar boshida natsist urush jinoyatchisi Adolf Eichmann [[Argentina|Argentinada]] Isroil maxfiy xizmatlari tomonidan qo'lga tushirildi va sud uchun Isroilga keltirildi. Eichmann Isroil hududida Isroil fuqarolik sudi tomonidan o'limga hukm qilingan yagona insonligicha qolmoqda. 1963-yil bahor va yozida Isroil yadroviy dasturi AQSH va Isroil orasidagi diplomatik munosabatlarning sovuqlashishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Cohen |first=Avner |date=2019 |title=How a Standoff with the U.S. Almost Blew up Israel's Nuclear Program |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-05-03/ty-article-magazine/.premium/how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israels-nuclear-program/0000017f-e2f7-df7c-a5ff-e2ffc00d0000}}</ref>

1964-yildan buyon Isroilning [[Iordan (daryo)|Iordan daryosi]] suvlarini qirg'oqbo'yi tekisliklariga burishidan xavotir olgan Arab davlatlari Isroilni suv resurslaridan quruq qoldirish maqsadida daryo suvlari boshlanish nuqtalarini boshqa tomonga burishga urinishdi va bu bir tomonda Isroil va ikkinchi tomonda Suriya va [[Livan]] o'rtasida kelishmovchiliklarga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East |year=1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofmiscal00park |author=Richard B. Parker |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofmiscal00park/page/38 38] |publisher=Indiana University Press}}</ref> Misr prezidenti [[Jamol Abdul Nosir]] boshchiligida arab millatchilari Isroil mustaqilligini tan olishdan bosh tortishdi va uni vayron qilishga chaqirishdi.1966-yilga kelib munosabatlar shunchalar sovuqlashgan ediki, Isroil va Arab davlatlari harbiylari orasida to'qnashuvlar kelib chiqishi boshlangandi. 
[[Fayl:Six Day War Territories.svg|thumb|1967-yilda "6 kunlik urush" oqibatida Isroil egallagan hududlar ]]
1967-yil may oyida Misr o'z armiyasini Isroil chegarasiga to'pladi, 1957-yildan buyon [[Sinay yarim oroli|Sinay yarimoroliga]] joylashtirilgan BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlarini mamlakatdan haydab chiqardi va Isroilning [[Qizil dengiz|Qizil dengizga]] chiqish yo'lini to'sib qo'ydi. Isroil esa bu xatti-harakatlarni casus belli sifatida qabul qildi va 5-iyun kuni Misrga qarshi oldini oluvchi hujum boshladi. Iordaniya, Suriya va Iroq Isroilga hujum boshladi. Olti kunlik urush nomi bilan tanilgan to'qnashuvda Isroil Iordan daryosining G'arbiy qirg'og'ini Iordaniyadan, G'azo sektori va Sinay yarimorolini Misrdan va [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklarini]] Suriyadan tortib oldi va egalladi. Iyerusalim chegaralari kengaytirilib, unga Sharqiy Iyerusalim ham qo'shildi va 1949-yilgi Yashil chiziq Isroil va egallangan hududlar o'rtasida chegara etib belgilandi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Shlay |first=Anne B. |last2=Rosen |first2=Gillad |date=2010 |title=Making Place: The Shifting Green Line and the Development of "Greater" Metropolitan Jerusalem |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01344.x |magazine=City & Community |volume=9 (4) |pages=358–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01344.x |issn=1535-6841}}</ref>

1967-yilgi urush va Arab ligasining "Uchta yo'q" qaroridan keyin Isroil Sinay yarimorolida 1967-1970-yillarda misrliklar hujumiga, egallangan hududlarda falastinlik guruhlarning isroilliklariga hujumiga duch keldi. Turli falastinlik va arab guruhlari orasida 1964-yilda tashkil etilgan va dastlab o'zini "vatanni himoya qilishning yagona yo'li sifatida qurolli qarshilikni" tanlagan guruh sifatida tanishtirgan [[Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti|Falastin Ozodlik tashkiloti]] eng muhimi edi. 1960-yillar oxiri va 1970-yillar boshida falastinlik guruhlar butun dunyo bo'ylab Isroillik va yahudiy manzillarga hujumlar uyushtirishdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures |author=Silke, Andrew |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-8273-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSpfNJQ4CbAC&q=palestinian+terror+1970s&pg=PA149}}</ref> Bunga misol sifatida 1972-yilgi [[1972-yilgi Yozgi Olimpiada oʻyinlari medallar jadvali|Myunxen yozgi olimpiadasida]] Isroillik sportchilarning qatliom qilinishini keltirish mumkin. Isroil hukumati esa bunga qatliom tashkilotchilarini o'ldirish kampaniyasini uyushtirish, Livandagi FOT shtabiga reyd uyushtirish va uni portlatish bilan javob berdi.

1973-yil 6-oktyabr kuni [[Misr]] va [[Suriya]] armiyalari [[Sinay yarim oroli|Sinay yarimoroli]] va [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklarida]] Isroil armiyasiga qarshi kutilmagan hujum uyushtirishdi va bu Yom Kippur urushiga sabab bo'ldi. 25-oktyabrda urush tugadi va tahminan 20 kun davomida 35,000 kishi qurbon bo'lgan urushda Isroil 2,500 askarini yo'qotdi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2514000/2514317.stm |sarlavha=1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces". On This Day |sana=1973 |nashriyot=BBC News}}</ref> Ichki tekshiruvlar hukumatning urushdan oldingi va urush davridagi muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga javobgarlikdan xalos qildi, biroq jamoatchilik g'azabi Bosh vazir Golda Meir'ni istefoga chiqishga majburladi. 1976-yilda Isroildan [[Fransiya|Fransiyaga]] uchayotgan samolyot Falastinlik jangarilar tomonidan qo'lga olindi va Ugandadagi Entebbe xalqaro aeroportiga qo'ndirildi. Isroil kommandolari 106 isroillik asirdan 102 tasini qutqarishga erishdi.

=== Tinchlik jarayoni ===
1977-yilgi [[Knesset]] saylovlari oqibatida Mehnat partiyasi hokimiyatdan ketib, Menachem Begin boshchiligidagi [[Likud]] partiyasi hokimiyatga kelishi Isroil siyosiy tarixidagi muhim burilish nuqtasi bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg |quote=In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point ... |page=169-170}}</ref> Shu yil oxirida Misr prezidenti [[Anvar Sadat]] Isroilga tashrif buyurdi va Sadatning Knessetda nuqt so'zlashi Isroilning birinchi arab davlati rahbari tomonidan tan olinishini bildirar edi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up |page=171-174}}</ref> Sadat va Begin 1978-yilda Camp David shartnomasini va 1979-yilda Misr-Isroil tinchlik shartnomasini tuzishdi.<ref name=":13">{{Kitob manbasi |title=(). A History of Israel. . ISBN . |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |page=186-187}}</ref> Evaziga Isroil Sinaydan qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi va [[Iordan daryosining Gʻarbiy sohili|G'arbiy Sohil]] hamda [[Gʻazo sektori|G'azo sektoridagi]] falastinliklarning muxtoriyati masalasi bo'yicha kelishuvlarga kirishdi.<ref name=":13" />

1978-yil 11-mart kuni [[Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti|FOT]] partizanlarining [[Livan|Livandan]] Isroilga bostirib kirishi Qirg'oqbo'yi qatliomiga sabab bo'ldi. Isroil esa Janubiy Livanga bostirib kirib, FOT bazalarini yakson qilish bilan javob qaytardi. Ko'pchilik FOT askarlari qochib ketishdi, biroq Isroil BMT qo'shinlari va Livan armiyasi nazoratni qo'lga olgancha Livan janubini barqaror saqlab turishga erishdi. FOT tez orada o'zining Isroilga qarshi partizanlar urushini davom ettira boshladi. Keyingi bir necha yil davomida FOT janubga kirib keldi va chegara bo'ylab tarqoq [[artilleriya]] zarbalarini berishda davom etdi. Isroil ham bir necha hujumlar bilan javob qaytardi.

Orada Begin hukumati G'arbiy Sohilga isroilliklarning ko'chib kirishi va yerlarni egallashi uchun rag'bat yaratish orqali shu joyda falastinliklar bilan munosabatlar keskinlashishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A history of the modern Middle East |author=Cleveland, William L. |year=1999 |publisher=Westview Press |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/356/mode/2up |page=356 |isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9}}</ref> 1980-yilda qabul qilingan "[[Iyerusalim]] to'g'risidagi qonun" ba'zilar fikricha 1967-yilgi Isroilning shaharni qo'shib olish to'g'risidagi qarorini mustahkamladi va shaharning maqomi bo'yicha xalqaro munozaralarni yanada keskinlashtirdi. Zero, hech bir qonun Isroil hududini aniq belgilamagan va hech qanday bo'lim orqali Sharqiy Iyerusalim unga kiritilgan edi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Lustick |first=Ian |date=1997 |title=Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem? |magazine=Middle East Policy |volume=V (1) |page=34–45 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x |issn=1061-1924 |oclc=4651987544}}</ref> 1981-yilda Isroil amalda [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklarini]] o'ziga qo'shib oldi. Xalqaro hamjamiyat ushbu xatti-harakatlarni inkor etdi va [[BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi|BMT Xavfsizlik kengashi]] Iyerusalim to'g'risidagi qonunni ham, Golan tepaliklari to'g'risidagi qonunni ham bekor deb e'lon qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |author=Hillier, T. |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-35366-7 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=DmuPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Fluctuating Borders: Speculations about Memory and Emergence |author=Monacella, R.; Ware, S.A. |year=2007 |publisher=RMIT University Press |isbn=978-1-921166-48-8 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=q7r4wd57FqIC&pg=RA1-PA62&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> 1980-yillardan buyon bir necha yahudiy immigrantlari to'lqini Isroilga keldi va 1990-1994-yillar oralig'ida post-Sovet davlatlari hududidan kelgan immigrantlar oqimi Isroil aholisini 12% ga oshishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Friedberg |first=Rachel M. |date=2001 |title=The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market |magazine=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=116 (4) |page=1373–1408 |doi=10.1162/003355301753265606}}</ref>

1981-yil 7-iyunda, [[Eron-Iroq urushi]] davrida, [[Iroq|Iroqning]] yadro qurollari dasturiga to'sqinlik qilish maqsadida Isroil harbiy xavo kuchlari Iroqning [[Bagʻdod|Bag'dod]] tashqarisida qurilayotgan yagona yadro reaktorini yakson qildi. 1982-yildagi bir necha [[Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti|FOT]] hujumlaridan keyin Isroil Livanga bostirib kirdi va FOT bazalarini yakson qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up |page=199}}</ref> Urushning dastlabki olti kunida Isroil FOT harbiy kuchlarini yengib, Suriya kuchlarini batamom yakson qildi. Keyinchalik Isroil hukumati tomonidan o'tkazilgan Kahan komissiyasi Begin va bir necha Isroil generallarini Sabra va Shatila qatliomlari uchun bilvosita javobgar, Mudofaa vaziri [[Ariel Sharon|Ariel Sharonni]] esa "shaxsan javobgar" deb topdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Israel's Lebanon War |author=Schiff, Ze'ev; Ehud, Yaari |year=1984 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=284 |isbn=978-0-671-47991-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelslebanonwa0000schi}}</ref> Sharon iste'foga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Begin: The Haunted Prophet |author=Silver, Eric |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |page=239 |isbn=978-0-394-52826-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/beginhauntedprop00silv}}</ref> 1985-yilda Isroil [[Kipr Respublikasi|Kiprdagi]] falastinlik terroristlar hujumiga [[Tunis|Tunisdagi]] FOT shtabini portlatish orqali javob qaytardi. Isroil 1986-yilda Livanning asosiy qismidan chiqib ketdi, biroq 2000-yilga qadar Janubiy Livanda chegara buffer zonasini ushlab turdi va shu yerdan turib Isroil qo'shinlari [[Hizbulloh]] jangarilari bilan to'qnashuvlarga kirishdi.1987-yilda falastinliklarning Isroil hokimiyatiga qarshi birinchi qo'zg'oloni - Birinchi Intifoda - sodir bo'ldi va G'arbiy Sohil hamda G'azo sektorining turli qismlarida namoyishlar va qon to'kilish holatlari yuz berdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |author=Tessler, Mark A. |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=677 |isbn=978-0-253-20873-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0}}</ref> Keyingi olti yil davomida Intifoda qayta tashkillanib, Isroil okkupatsiyasiga barham berish uchun iqtisodiy va madaniy choralarni ham ko'ra boshladi. 1991-yildagi [[Koʻrfaz urushi|Ko'rfaz urushida]] FOT [[Saddam Husayn|Saddam Husaynni]] va Isroilga qarshi Iroq raketa hujumlarini qo'lladi. Jamoatchilik g'azabiga qaramasdan, Isroil [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|AQSHning]] undovlariga ko'nib, qayta zarba berishdan o'zini tiydi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Haberman |first=Clyde |date=09.12.1991 |title=After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/09/world/after-4-years-intifada-still-smolders.html}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf — A Global Perspective |author=Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-1610-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofimageme0000unse |page=111}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Foreign Min. Peres and King Hussein.jpg|thumb|[[Shimon Peres]] (chapda) va  [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (markazda) Iordaniya qiroli Hussayn (o'ngda) bilan 1994-yilgi Isroil-Iordaniya tinchlik bitimini imzolash oldidan]]
1992-yilda [[Yitzhak Rabin]] Bosh vazir etib saylandi va uning partiyasi saylov dasturlaridan biri sifatida Isroilning qo'shnilari bilan aloqalarni yaxshilashni ilgari surgan edi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |page=236 |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up}}</ref> Keyingi yili Isroil tomonidan Shimon Peres va FOT tomonidan [[Mahmud Abbos]] [[Oslo kelishuvi|Oslo shartnomasi]]<nowiki/>ga imzo qo'yishdi va shu orqali Falastin muxtoriyati G'arbiy Sohilning muayyan qismlarini va G'azo sektorini boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. FOT shuningdek Isroilning mavjudlikka bo'lgan huquqini tan oldi va terrorizmga yakun yasashga va'da berdi. 1994-yilda Isroil-[[Iordaniya]] Tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi va Iordaniya Isroil bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilagan ikkinchi arab davlatiga aylandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Warfare and the Third World |author=Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-24012-7 |year=2001 |page=270 |quote=Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel ...}}</ref> Isroilliklarning falastinliklar yeriga ko'chib o'tishining davom etishi, shuningdek mamlakatda falastinliklar uchun iqtisodiy sharoitning og'irlashishi shartnomaga nisbatan ko'rsatilgan arab jamoatchiligining qo'llab-quvvatlashlariga to'sqinlik qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Negotiating Arab-Israeli peace: American leadership in the Middle East |author=Kurtzer, Daniel; Lasensky, Scott |year=2008 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace Press |page=44 |isbn=978-1-60127-030-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/negotiatingarabi0000kurt/page/44/mode/2up}}</ref> Falastinlik [[Oʻzini oʻldirish|xudkushlarning]] hujumlari shartnomaga isroilliklarning ham qo'llab-quvvatlashini kamaytirdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A history of the modern Middle East |author=Cleveland, William L. |year=1999 |publisher=Westview Press |page=494 |isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/494/mode/2up}}</ref> 1995-yilda Yigal Amir - shartnomaga qarshi bo'lgan radikal yahudiy - Yitzhak Rabinni otib o'ldirdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=12.11.2005 |title=Israel marks Rabin assassination |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4431728.stm |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>

[[Benyamin Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahuning]] 1990-yillar oxiridagi Bosh vazirligi davrida Hebrondan chiqib ketishga rozi bo'ldi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |page=257 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up}}</ref> (lekin bu ratifikatsiya qilinmadi va amalga oshmadi)<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Røislien |first=Hanne Eggen |date=2007 |title=Living with Contradiction: Examining the Worldview of the Jewish Settlers in Hebron |magazine=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |volume=Vol.1 |issue=(2) |page=169–184}}</ref> va Falastin Milliy muxtoriyatiga yanada keng ko'lamli mustaqillik berishni ko'zlovchi Wye River Memorandumini imzoladi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/nea/981023_interim_agmt.html |sarlavha=The Wye River Memorandum |muallif=U.S. Department of State |yil=23.10.1998}}</ref>1999-yilda Ehud Barak Bosh vazir etib saylandi va mamlakat qo'shinlarini Janubiy Livandan olib chiqib ketdi hamda 2000-yilgi Camp David sammitida PMM Raisi [[Yosir Arafot]] va AQSH Prezidenti [[Bill Clinton]] bilan kelishuvlarni boshladi. Barak Falastin davlati tuzilishi va unga G'azo sektori to'lig'icha va G'arbiy Sohilning 90% dan oshig'i kiritilishiga rozilik berishini, evaziga [[Iyerusalim]] umumiy poytaxt bo'lishini taklif qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv |author=Gelvin, James L. |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85289-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv/page/240 240]}}</ref> Kelishuvlar muvaffaqiyatsiz chiqdi va bunga har ikki tomon bir-birini aybladi.

=== XXI asr ===
2000-yil oxirida Ariel Sharonning Ibodatxona tepasiga tashrifidan so'ng Ikkinchi Intifoda boshlandi. To'rt yarim yil davom etgan qo'zg'olonlarda xudkushlik hujumlari tez-tez sodir bo'ldi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Sela-Shayovitz |first=R. |date=2007 |title=Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations |magazine=International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) |volume=1(2) |pages=163 |quote=The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront}}</ref> Ba'zi tahlilchilar kelishuvlar barbod bo'lishidan keyin Intifoda [[Yosir Arafot|Arafot]] tomonidan oldindan rejalashtirilgan deb hisoblashadi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Gross |first=Tom |date=2014 |title=The big myth: that he caused the Second Intifada |magazine=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Hong |first=Nicole |date=23.02.2015 |title=Jury Finds Palestinian Authority, PLO Liable for Terrorist Attacks in Israel a Decade Ago |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jury-finds-palestinian-authority-plo-liable-for-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-a-decade-ago-1424715529}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Ain |first=Stewart |date=20.12.2000 |title=PA: Intifada Was Planned |work=The Jewish Week}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Samuels |first=David |date=01.09.2005 |title=In a Ruined Country |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/in-a-ruined-country/304167/}}</ref> 2001-yilgi saylovlar natijasida Sharon Bosh vazir bo'ldi va o'zining G'azo sektoridan batamom chiqib ketish va Isroil-G'arbiy Sohil devorini qurish rejasini davom ettirdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=29.07.2012 |title=West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Bu esa Intifodaning yakunlanishiga olib keldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Harel |first=Amos |last2=Issacharoff |first2=Avi |date=01.10.2010 |title=Years of rage |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2010-10-01/ty-article/years-of-rage/0000017f-f816-d47e-a37f-f93ef36c0000}}</ref> 2000-2008-yillar oralig'ida 1,063 isroillik, 4,907 falastinlik hamda 64 horijlik kishilar halok bo'lgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Fatalities before Operation "Cast Lead" |work=B'Tselem |url=https://statistics.btselem.org/en/stats/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-incident?section=foreign&tab=overview |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Rocket Attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip by year.png|thumb|2001-2021-yillar oralig'ida [[Gʻazo sektori|G'azo sektoridan]] Isroilga qarata raketa hujumlari soni (inglizcha)]]
2006-yilda [[Hizbulloh]] jangarilarining Isroil shimoliy chegara hududlariga artilleriya zarbasini berishi va ikki Isroil askarlarini asir olib chegaradan nariga o'tkazib ketishlari bir oy davom etgan Ikkinchi Livan urushiga olib keldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Harel |first=Amos |date=13.07.2006 |title=Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2006-07-13/ty-article/hezbollah-kills-8-soldiers-kidnaps-two-in-offensive-on-northern-border/0000017f-e140-d38f-a57f-e752f7eb0000 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> 2007-yilda Isroil harbiy xavo kuchlari [[Suriya|Suriyada]] yadro reaktorini yakson qildi. 2008-yilda Hamas va Isroil orasidagi o't ochishni to'xtatish kelishuvlari barbod bo'ldi. 2008-2009-yilgi G'azo urushi uch hafta davom etdi va Isroilning bir tomonlama o't ochishni to'xtatishini e'lon qilganidan keyin yakunlandi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Koutsoukis |first=Jason |date=05.01.2009 |title=Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/battleground-gaza-israeli-ground-forces-invade-the-strip-20090105-gdt8n7.html |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=18.01.2009 |title=IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2009-01-18/ty-article/idf-begins-gaza-troop-withdrawal-hours-after-ending-3-week-offensive/0000017f-f51a-d47e-a37f-fd3e9e310000 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> Hamas o'zining o't ochishini to'xtatishini e'lon qildi va o'zining butkul chekinishi va chegara postlarini ochishi shartlarini e'lon qildi. Hamas raketa hujumlari va Isroilning javob hujumlari batamom to'xtamagan bo'lsada, nozik o't ochishni to'xtatish kelishuvlari saqlanib qoldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |date=01.01.2009 |title=Two IDF soldiers, civilian lightly hurt as Gaza mortars hit Negev |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2009-01-01/ty-article/two-idf-soldiers-civilian-lightly-hurt-as-gaza-mortars-hit-negev/0000017f-f00f-d487-abff-f3ff43950000 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> Isroil janubiga Hamas tomonidan otilgan yuzdan ortiq raketa hujumlariga<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |last2=Lazaroff |first2=Tovah |date=12.11.2012 |title=Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/Gaza-groups-pound-Israel-with-over-100-rockets |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> javoban Isroil 2012-yilda G'azo sektorida operatsiya boshladi va bu sakkiz kun davom etdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=20.11.2012 |title=UN rights boss, Red Cross urge Israel, Hamas to spare civilians |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/palestinians-israel-humanitarian-idUSL5E8MK6MG20121120/ |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> 2014-yilda Hamas tomonidan raketa hujumlariga javoban Isroil G'azoda yana bir operatsiya boshladi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> 2021-yil may oyida G'azo va Isroil orasida yana bir to'qnashuv sodir bo'ldi va 11 kun davom etdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Israel and Hamas agree Gaza truce, Biden pledges assistance |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-official-predicts-ceasefire-soon-israel-gaza-fight-goes-2021-05-19/ |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Foreign relations of Israel (map).png|left|thumb|Isroil [[Diplomatik munosabat|diplomatik munosabatlari]] xaritasi (inglizcha)]]
2010-yillarga kelib Isroil va [[Arab davlatlari uyushmasi|Arab Ligasi]] davlatlari orasida hamkorlik aloqalari o'rnatildi va bu 2020-yilda Abraham shartnomasining imzolanishiga sabab bo'ldi. Isroilning mudofaa siyosatining diqqati an'anaviy Arab-Isroil nizosidan [[Eron]]-Isroil maxfiy nizosiga qaratildi va 2011-yilgi Suriya fuqarolar urushi davrida Eron bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'qnashuvlar sodir bo'ldi. 2023-yil 7-oktyabr kuni G'azolik falastin jangari guruhlari Isroilga qarata bir necha koordinatsiyalashtirilgan hujumlar uyushtirdi va bu [[Isroil–Hamas urushi|2023-yilda Isroil-Hamas urushiga]] sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Martínez |first=Andrés R. |last2=Bubola |first2=Emma |date=10.10.2023 |title=What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> O'sha kuni musiqa festivaliga qatnashayotgan, G'azo yaqinidagi yashovchi asosan tinch fuqarolar bo'lgan 1,300 isroilliklar o'ldirildi. Keksalar, ayollar va 9 oylikgacha yoshdagi bolalardan iborat 200 dan ortiq asirlar o'g'rilanib, G'azo ichiga olib kirib ketildi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gillett |first=Francesca |date=08.10.2023 |title=How an Israel music festival turned into a nightmare after Hamas attack |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Borschel-Dan |first=Amanda |date=07.10.2023 |title=Thousands flee rocket and gunfire at all-night desert 'Nature Party'; dozens missing |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-rocket-and-gunfire-at-all-night-desert-nature-party-dozens-missing/ |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>

Isroil — 1949-yildan [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|BMT]] aʼzosi. [[Oʻzbekiston|Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi]] suverenitetini 1991-yil 25-dekabrda tan oldi va 1992-yilda diplomatiya munosabatlari oʻrnatdi. Milliy bayrami — Mustaqillik kuni (1948) — Yahudiylar taqvimiga koʻra, bu bayram har yili har xil kunda kelishi mumkin (2001-yilda 26-aprelga toʻgʻri keldi).

Asosiy siyosiy partiyalari, kasaba uyushmalari. „Avoda“ („Mehnat“) sotsialistik partiyasi, 1968-yilda tuzilgan; „<nowiki/>[[Likud]]<nowiki/>“ („Ittifoq“) partiyasi, 1973-yilda tashkil etilgan; SHAS diniy partiyasi, 1984-yilda tuzilgan; „Mafdal“ milliy-diniy partiyasi, 1956-yilda tashkil etilgan; Arab demokratik partiyasi, 1988-yilda tuzilgan; „Isra-el ba-Aliya“ („Isroil yuksalishda“) partiyasi, 1996-yilda asos solingan. I. umumiy mehnat federatsiyasi kasaba uyushmasi 1920-yilda tashkil etilgan.

== Hukumati va siyosati ==
Isroil davlatida parlamentar tizim, proporsional vakillik demokratiyasi va universal saylov huquqi mavjud. Parlamentar ko'pchilik tomonidan qo'llangan parlament a'zosi bosh vazir bo'ladi va u odatda eng yirik partiyaning raisi bo'ladi. Bosh vazir — hukumat va hukumat mahkamasi boshlig'i. Prezident davlat boshlig'i va cheklangan, asosan ramziy majburiyatlarga ega.

Isroilni [[Knesset]] deb ataluvchi 120 kishilik parlament boshqaradi. Knessetga a'zolik siyosiy partiyalarning proporsional vakilligiga asoslanadi. Partiyalarning Knessetga a'zoligi chegarasi 3.25% bo'lib, bu odatda koalitsiya hukumatlarining tuzilishiga sabab bo'ladi. Isroil manzilgohlari istiqomatchilari ham ovoz berish huquqiga ega va 2015-yilgi saylovlari natijalariga ko'ra 120 Knesset a'zosidan 10 kishi (8%) manzilgohlar istiqomatchilaridir. Parlament saylovlari har 4 yilda bir marta o'tkaziladi, lekin beqaror koalitsiyalar va ishonchsizlik ovozlari odatda hukumatlarning ertaroq tarqatilishiga olib keladi. 1988-yilda arablar yetakchiligidagi birinchi partiya tuzildi va 2022-yil hisobiga ko'ra arablar partiyalari Knesset o'rinlaridan tahminan 10% ga egalik qiladi. Asosiy qonun, Knesset va unga kiritilgan o'zgartirishlar "Isroil davlatining yahudiy xalqi davlati sifatidagi mavjudligini inkor qiladigan" har qanday partiyaning saylovlarda qatnashishini ta'qiqlaydi.

== Iqtisodiyoti ==
[[Fayl:Ayalon Highway, Tel Aviv (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ramat Gandagi olmos birjasi tumani]]
[[Fayl:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange - New Building Lobby 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tel-Aviv|Tel Aviv]] birjasi]]
Isroil iqtisodiy va sanoat ishlab chiqarishi taraqqiyoti bo'yicha [[Gʻarbiy Osiyo|G'arbiy Osiyodagi]] eng rivojlangan mamlakat hisoblanadi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=World On Fire |year=2003 |author=Chua, Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |isbn=978-0-385-72186-8 |page=219–220 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldonfirehowex00chua_0/page/218/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Northern and Western Asia |author=Bramwell, Martyn |publisher=Lerner Publications Company |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8225-2915-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldonfirehowex00chua_0/page/218/mode/2up}}</ref> 2023-yil oktyabr oyi hisobiga [[Xalqaro Valyuta Fondi]] ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Isroilda [[Yalpi ichki mahsulot|YaIM]] 521.7 milliard dollarni, aholi jon boshiga esa 53.2 ming dollarni (dunyo bo'yicha 13-o'rinda) tashkil qilgan va bu ko'rsatkichlar Isroilni dunyodagi eng rivojlangan va badavlat mamlakatlar bilan bir qatorga kiritadi. Dunyoning [[Rivojlangan mamlakat|rivojlangan davlatlari]] orasida Isroil kambag'allik darajasi bo'yicha ikkinchi o'rinda turadi va bunga asosan Isroilning falastinlik fuqarolari orasidagi kambag'allik sabab bo'lgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Peleg |first=Bar |date=28.12.2023 |title=Israel's poverty rate is among the highest in the developed world, new report shows |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-28/ty-article/.premium/israels-poverty-rate-is-among-the-highest-in-the-developed-world-new-report-shows/0000018c-b055-d45c-a98e-bb5d02af0000 |access-date=18.04.2024}}</ref> Isroil nominal aholi jon boshiga daromad hajmi bo'yicha Osiyodagi eng boy uchinchi davlatdir.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://fairbd.net/top-10-richest-countries-in-asia/ |sarlavha=Top 10 Richest Countries in Asia [2023] |sana=06.09.2023 |qaralgan sana=18.04.2024 |nashriyot=FAIR}}</ref> Isroil voyaga yetganlar jon boshiga to'g'ri keladigan mulk hajmi bo'yicha [[Yaqin Sharq|Yaqin Sharqda]] birinchi o'rinda turadi. [[The economist|''The Economist'']] nashri 2022-yilda Isroilni rivojlangan davlatlar orasida 4-eng muvaffaqiyatli iqtisodiyotga ega deb topdi. So'nggi yillarda Isroil dunyodagi eng tez iqtisodiy o'sish natijalarini ko'rsatdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=26.12.2022 |title=Israel ranked 4th-best-performing economy among OECD countries in 2022 |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-ranked-4th-best-performing-economy-among-oecd-countries-in-2022/amp/ |access-date=18.04.2024}}</ref><ref>"[https://data.oecd.org/israel.htm Israel]". ''OECD Data''. OECD. Qaraldi: 18-aprel, 2024-yil.</ref> Milliarderlar soni bo'yicha Isroil Yaqin Sharqda birinchi o'rinda, dunyoda esa 18-o'rinda turadi. 2010-yilda Isroil [[Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va taraqqiyot tashkiloti|Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va taraqqiyot tashkilotiga]] qo'shildi. Isroil [[Jahon iqtisodiy forumi|Jahon Iqtisodiy Forumining]] Raqobatchilik indeksida (''Global Competitiveness Index'') 20-o'rinda, [[Jahon banki|Jahon Bankining]] Tadbirkorlik uchun yaratilgan sharoitlar (''Ease of Doing Business Index'') indeksida 35-o'rinda tilga olindi. Isroil shuningdek yuqori malakali kasblarda faoliyat yurituvchi ishchilar ulushi bo'yicha ham jahonda 5-o'rinni egallagan. Isroilga oid iqtisodiy ma'lumotlar butun Isroil hududlarini, jumladan [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklari]], Sharqiy Iyerusalim va [[Iordan daryosining Gʻarbiy sohili|G'arbiy Sohildagi]] Isroil manzilgohlarini ham qamrab oladi.

Tabiiy va mineral boyliklari taqchilligiga qaramasdan so'nggi dekadalarda [[Qishloq xoʻjaligi|qishloq xo'jaligi]] va [[sanoat]] sektorlarining rivojlanishi Isroilning ozuqa eksportlariga qaramligi yakunlanishiga sabab bo'ldi (don va go'sht mahsulotlaridan tashqari). 2020-yilda jami 96.5 milliard dollarni tashkil qilgan Isroil importlari asosan [[Xom ashyo|xomashyolar]], harbiy texnika, investitsiya tovarlari, [[Olmos|taroshlanmagan olmoslar]], yoqilg'i, don va iste'mol tovarlaridan iborat bo'ldi.<ref name=":14">"[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ Israel]". ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. Qaraldi: 18-aprel, 2024-yil.</ref> Asosiy eksportlari: [[mashina]] va qurilmalar, elektron dasturlar, taroshlangan olmoslar, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlari, kimyoviy materiallar, tekstil va kiyim-kechak mahsulotlari; eksportlar hajmi 2020-yilda 114 milliard dollarni tashkil qildi.<ref name=":14" /> Isroil Bankining tashqi valyuta zaxiralari 201 milliardni tashkil qilib, bu bilan dunyoda 17-o'rinni egallagan.<ref name=":14" /> 1970-yillar boshidan Isroil AQSHdan hadbiy yordam olib kelmoqda. Qolaversa, AQSH Isroilga qarz kafolatlari ko'rinishda iqtisodiy ko'mak ham ko'rsatib, bugungi kunda Isroil tashqi qarzining tahminan yarmi shunga to'g'ri keladi. Rivojlangan mamlakatlar ichida Isroil eng past tashqi qarz ko'rsatkichiga ega bo'lib, 2015-yilda tashqi qarz balansi musbat 69 millard dollarni tashkil qilgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=20.09.2015 |title="Israel's International Investment Position (IIP), June 2015" (Press-reliz) |work=Bank of Israel |url=http://www.boi.org.il/en/NewsAndPublications/PressReleases/Pages/20-09-2015-IIP-Q2.aspx}}</ref>

Isroil [[Startap|start-uplar]] soni bo'yicha dunyoda AQSHdan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Intellectual Capital for Communities: Nations, Regions, and Cities |author=Bounfour, Ahmed; Edvinsson, Leif |year=2005 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |pages=368 |isbn=978-0-7506-7773-8 |page=47}}</ref> va NASDAQ birjasida savdo qiluvchi kompaniyalar soni bo'yicha dunyoda uchinchi o'rinda turadi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Behar |first=Richard |date=11.05.2016 |title=Inside Israel's Secret Startup Machine |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardbehar/2016/05/11/inside-israels-secret-startup-machine/?sh=286ee5471a51 |access-date=18.04.2024}}</ref> Aholi jon boshiga start-uplar bo'yicha Isroil jahonda yetakchi mamlakatdir. Shu sababdan ham Isroil "[[Start-up Nation|Start-up davlat]]" deb nomlangan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Israel's economy is a study in contrasts |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2017/05/18/israels-economy-is-a-study-in-contrasts |access-date=18.04.2024 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> [[Intel]] va [[Microsoft]] kabi kompaniyalar o'zlarining birinchi dengizorti tadqiqot institutlarini Isroilda qurgan bo'lib, boshqa yuqori texnologiya sohasida faoliyat yurituvchi transmilliy korporatsiyalar ham Isroilda tadqiqot markazlariga ega.

Isroilda ish kunlari besh kunlik ishlar uchun yakshanbadan paychanbagacha, olti kunlik ishlar uchun jumagacha. Juma kuni ish kuni va aholining asosiy qismi yahudiy bo'lgan hududlarda Juma kuni [[Shanba|Shabbat]] qoidalariga ko'ra "yarim ish kuni" hisoblanadi. Ish kunini dunyoning asosiy qismi bilan moslashtirish uchun bir necha takliflar ilgari surilgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Koren |first=Orah |date=26.06.2012 |title=Instead of 4 work days: 6 optional days to be considered half day-outs |language=Ivrit tilida |work=The Marker |url=https://www.themarker.com/career/2012-06-25/ty-article/0000017f-e742-dc7e-adff-f7ef66920000 |access-date=18.04.2024}}</ref>

=== Ilm-fan va texnologiya ===
[[Fayl:Matam hi-tech park (Haifa).jpg|thumb|Haifadagi Matam ilg'or texnologiyalar parki]]
Isroildagi [[dasturlash]], [[telekommunikatsiya]] va [[tibbiyot]] sohalarining misli ko'rilmagan darajada rivojlanishi uning AQSHdagi [[Silicon vodiysi|Silicon vodiysiga]] solishtirilishiga sabab bo'lgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Israel's technology industry: Punching above its weight |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2005/11/10/punching-above-its-weight}}</ref> Isroil tadqiqot va ishlanmalar sohasi uchun sarflanadigan mablag'larning [[Yalpi ichki mahsulot|YaIMdagi]] ulushi bo'yicha dunyoda birinchi o'rinda turadi. Davlat 2023-yilda Global Innovation Index bo'yicha dunyoda 14-o'rinda, 2019-yil Bloomberg indeksida beshinchi o'rinda bo'lgan.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds |sarlavha=These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries}}</ref> Isroilda har 10,000 ishchiga 140 olim, texnik, muhandislar to'g'ri keladi va bu borada Isroil dunyoda birinchi o'rinda turadi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Heylin |first=Michael |date=2006 |title=Globalization of Science Rolls On |url=https://www.achem.univ.kiev.ua/news/pdf/globalization_of_science_rolls_on.pdf |magazine=Chemical & Engineering News |page=29–31}}</ref> Isroil 2004-yildan buyon oltita ilm-fan sohasida [[Nobel mukofoti|Nobel mukofotiga]] sazovor olimlarni yetishtirdi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Rettig Gur |first=Haviv |title=Tiny Israel a Nobel heavyweight, especially in chemistry |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tiny-israel-a-nobel-heavyweight-especially-in-chemistry/}}</ref> va aholi jon boshiga to'g'ri keladigan chop etilgan ilmiy maqolalar bo'yicha ham oldingi o'rinlarda turadi. Isroil universitetlari [[informatika]] (Technion va Tel Aviv University), [[matematika]] (Iyerusalimdagi Yahudiy universiteti) va [[kimyo]] (Weizmann Institute of Science) sohalari bo'yicha dunyodagi eng nufuzli universitetlar top 50 taligiga kiradi.

2012-yilda Isroil Futron Kosmik raqobatbardoshlik indeksida (Futron's Space Competitiveness Index) to'qqizinchi o'rinda qayd etildi. Isroil Kosmik agentligi Isroildagi barcha kosmik tadqiqot dasturlarini ilmiy va tijoriy maqsadlar bilan muvofiqlashtiradi va mahalliy tarzda kamida 13 tijoriy, ilmiy-tadqiqot va razvedka [[Sunʼiy yoʻldosh|sun'iy yo'ldoshlarini]] ishlab chiqarilishiga boshchilik qilgan. Isroil tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan ba'zi sun'iy yo'ldoshlar dunyodagi eng ilg'or kosmik qurilmalar sifatida e'tirof etilgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Tran |first=Mark |title=Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/21/iran.marktran}}</ref> Isroil tomonidan kichik sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni quyi Yer orbitasiga uchira oladigan Shavit [[Eltuvchi raketa|kosmik eltuvchi raketa]] tizimi ishlab chiqilgan. Bu tizim 1988-yilda birinchi bora amaliyotda qo'llangan bo'lib, bu Isroilning sakkizinchi kosmik eltuvchi tizimga ega davlatga aylanishiga sabab bo'ldi. Birinchi Isroil kosmonavti Ilan Ramon 2003-yilda Columbia kosmik kemasi parvozi davomida halok bo'lgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Learning Hebrew Online – Colonel Ilan Ramon |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/PromoContent/Learning-Hebrew-Online-Colonel-Ilan-Ramon-168226#google_vignette}}</ref>

Mamlakatdagi suv tanqisligi bilan bog'liq muammolar suv saqlash va qayta ishlash texnologiyalarining rivojlanishiga sabab bo'lib, Isroilda qishloq xo'jaligi modernizatsiyasi va [[Tomchilatib sugʻorish|tomchilatib sug'orish]] kabi texnologiyalar ixtiro qilindi. Isroil shuningdek suvni tuzsizlantirish va qayta ishlash texnologiyalari bo'yida ham yetakchi o'rindadir. Isroildagi Sorek tuzsizlantirish zavodi dunyodagi eng yirik teskari osmozis tuzsizlantirish zavodi hisoblanadi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Talbot |first=David |date=2015 |title=Megascale Desalination |magazine=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> 2014-yilga qadar Isroildagi tuzsizlantirish dasturlari mamlakat ichimlik suvi ehtiyojlarining 35% ni qopladi va bu ko'rsatkich 2050-yilga qadar 70% ga chiqishi kutiladi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Federman |first=Josef |title=Israel solves water woes with desalination |work=Associated Press}}</ref> 2015-yil hisobi bo'yicha Isroil uy xo'jaliklari, qishloq xo'jaligi va sanoatidagi suv ehtiyojlarining 50% dan oshig'i sun'iy tarzda ishlab chiqarilmoqda.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |title=Aided by the Sea, Israel Overcomes an Old Foe: Drought |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/30/world/middleeast/water-revolution-in-israel-overcomes-any-threat-of-drought.html}}</ref> 2011-yilda Isroil suv texnologiyalari sanoati yillik tovar va pul aylanmasi 2 milliard AQSH dollariga yetdi va mahsulot hamda xizmatlarning yillik eksportlari hajmi o'nlab million dollarni tashkil qildi. Teskari osmozis texnologiyasidagi innovatsiyalari bilan Isroil suv eksport qiluvchi davlatga aylanishi kutilgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Rabinovitch |first=Ari |title=Desalination plant could make Israel water exporter |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-desalination-idUSTRE7B50V520111206/}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Solar dish at Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center in Israel.jpg|thumb|Dunyodagi eng katta quyosh energiyasi parabola diski, Ben-Gurion Milliy Quyosh Energiyasi Markazi]]
Isroilda [[Quyosh energiyasidan foydalanish|quyosh energiyasidan]] ham samarali tarzda foydalaniladi; mamlakat muhandislari quyosh energiyasi texnologiyalari sohasidagi eng ilg'or kadrlar hisoblanib<ref name=":15">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gradstein |first=Linda |title=Israel Pushes Solar Energy Technology |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/10/22/15503716/israel-pushes-solar-energy-technology}}</ref>, Isroil quyosh energiyasi kompaniyalari esa butun dunyo bo'ylab mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatadi. Isroildagi uy xo'jaliklarining 90% dan oshig'i issiq suv yaratish uchun quyosh energiyasidan foydalanadi va aholi jon boshiga bu ko'rsatkich bo'yicha Isroil dunyoda birinchi o'rinda turadi. Hukumat ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, isitish maqsadlarida quyosh energiyasidan foydalanilgani tufayli mamlakat yiliga o'zining [[elektr energiyasi]] iste'molining 8% ni tejamoqda. Mamlakat, ayniqsa mamlakatdagi Negev cho'li quyosh energiyasi ishlab chiqarish, bu sohada tadqiqotlar o'tkazish uchun ideal kenglikda joylashgan.<ref name=":15" /> Oldin Isroilda zamonaviy [[Elektr mashina|elektr mashinalari]] infrastrukturasi ham bo'lib, elektr mashinalari uchun quvvat to'ldirish shaxobchalari butun mamlakat bo'ylab mavjud bo'lgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Electric cars are all the rage in Israel |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c0ef35cc-c06a-11df-8a81-00144feab49a}}</ref> Biroq Isroilning elektr avtomobillari ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi Better Place 2013-yilda yopilgan.

=== Energiya tizimi ===
Isroil 2004-yildan buyon o'zining qirg'oqbo'yi dengiz gaz maydonlaridan [[Tabiiy gazlar|tabiiy gaz]] qazib chiqarishni boshladi. 2009-yilda Isroil qirg'oqlari yaqinida Tamar tabiiy gaz maydoni aniqlandi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Wainer |first=David |last2=Ben-David |first2=Calev |title=Israel Billionaire Tshuva Strikes Gas, Fueling Expansion in Energy, Hotels |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-04-21/israel-billionaire-tshuva-strikes-gas-fueling-expansion-in-energy-hotels}}</ref> Ikkinchi gaz zaxirasi maydoni, Leviathan 2010-yilda aniqlandi. Ushbu ikki maydondan qazib chiqarilishi mumkin bo'lgan tabiiy gaz Isroilni 50 yildan oshiqroq muddatga [[energiya]] bilan ta'minlashi mumkin. 2013-yilda Isroilda Tamar maydoni gazlarini tijoriy maqsadlarda qazib chiqarish boshlandi. 2014-yil hisobida Isroilda yiliga 7.5 milliard kub metr (mkm) tabiiy gaz ishlab chiqarilishi boshlandi. Isroilda 2016-yil hisobida 199 millard kub metr aniqlangan gaz zaxiralari mavjudligi e'tirof etildi. Leviathan gaz maydonida gaz ishlab chiqarilishi 2019-yilda boshlandi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Cohen |first=Tova |last2=Rabinovitch |first2=Ari |title=Israel gets first gas from Leviathan with exports to follow |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-natgas-leviathan/israel-gets-first-gas-from-leviathan-with-exports-to-follow-idUSKBN1YZ0H9/}}</ref>

Ketura Sun Isroilning birinchi tijoriy [[Quyosh paneli|quyosh panellari]] fermasidir. 2011-yilda Arava Power Company tomonidan barpo etilgan ushbu maydonda Suntech kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan 18,500 fotovoltaik panellar mavjud va ular birgalikda yiliga 9 gigavat-soat elektr ishlab chiqaradi. Keyingi 20 yil davomida ushbu maydondagi ishlab chiqariluvchi elektr energiyasi tahminan 125,000 metrik tonna [[Karbonat angidrid|karbonat angidridning]] havoga chiqarilishini oldini oladi.

=== Transporti ===
[[Fayl:Port of Haifa 2752-1.jpg|left|thumb|Haifa porti]]
Isroilda 19,224 kilometr qoplamali yo'llar va 3 million [[Avtomobil|motorli ulovlar]] mavjud. Har 1,000 kishi uchun to'g'ri keladigan motor ulovlar soni 365 bo'lib, bu raqam rivojlangan mamlakatlar bilan solishtirganda ancha pastdir. Isroilda belgilangan marshrut bo'ylab harakatlanuvchi 5,715 [[Avtobus|avtobuslar]] mavjud bo'lib, ular bir necha kompaniyalarga tegishli va ulardan eng yirigi hamda eng eskisi mamlakatning deyarli barcha nuqtalarida xizmat ko'rsatuvchi Egged kompaniyasidir.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Stub |first=Zev |title=Egged's monopoly ends, Superbus taking over Jerusalem lines in late 2021 |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/eggeds-monopoly-ending-superbus-to-take-over-j-m-bus-lines-in-late-2021-657673}}</ref> [[Temir yoʻl transporti|Temir yo'llar]] uzunligi 1,277 kilometr bo'lib, ularning barchasi davlatga tegishli Isroil temir yo'llariga qarashli. 1990-yillar boshlari va o'rtalarida kiritilgan yirik sarmoyalar tufayli poyezd yo'lovchilari soni 1990-yilda yiliga 2.5 million kishidan 2015-yilda 53 million kishiga oshdi va temir yo'l orqali tashiluvchi tovarlar hajmi esa yiliga 7.5 million tonnaga yetdi.
[[Fayl:4X-ECC LLBG 09-05-2014b.jpg|thumb|[[Ben Gurion aeroporti|Ben Gurion Xalqaro Aeroporti]]]]
Isroilda uch xalqaro [[aeroport]] mavjud: mamlakatdagi xalqaro havo safarlari uchun javobgar [[Ben Gurion aeroporti]]; Ramon aeroporti; va Haifa aeroporti. Isroilning eng yirik aeroporti bo'lmish Ben Gurion aeroporti 2015-yilda 15 million yo'lovchiga xizmat ko'rsatgan. Mamlakatda uchta asosiy port mavjud: O'rtayer dengizi qirg'og'ida joylashgan, mamlakatdagi eng eski va eng yirik Haifa porti; Ashdod porti va Qizil dengiz sohilida joylashgan kichikroq Eilat porti.

Isroil chetga taroshlangan [[olmos]], tozalangan neft, dori darmon mahsulotlari, mashina va uskunalar, tibbiyot uskunalari, kompyuter qurilmalari va dasturlari, qishloq xo'jalik mahsulotlari, kimyoviy moddalar, tekstil mahsulotlari eksport qiladi. Chetdan xomashyolar, harbiy uskunalar, motor ulovlari, investitsiya mahsulotlari, taroshlanmagan olmos, qayta ishlanmagan neft, don mahsulotlari va iste'mol tovarlari import qiladi. Savdo-sotiqdagi asosiy hamkorlari: [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|AQSH]], [[Yevropa Ittifoqi]], [[Xitoy]], [[Turkiya]], [[Hindiston]], [[Shveysariya|Shveytsariya]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Koreya Respublikasi|Janubiy Koreya]], [[Rossiya|Rossiya Federatsiyasi]], [[Braziliya]]. Pul birligi — [[Shekel|yangi shekel]].

=== Turizm ===
[[Fayl:Ein Bokek - Dead Sea2.jpg|thumb|O'lik dengiz qirg'og'idagi Ein Bokek oromgohi]]
Turizm, ayniqsa diniy turizm Isroildagi muhim sanoat sohalaridan biri bo'lib, mamlakat plyajlari, arxeologik va boshqa tarixiy hamda Bibliyaviy manzilgohlar, shuningdek mamlakatning o'ziga xos geografik jihatlari turistlarni o'ziga jalb qiladi. Isroilning xavfsizlik bilan bog'liq muammolari sanoatga ham o'zining salbiy ta'sirini o'tkazmasdan qolmadi, biroq turistlar miqdori yana qayta o'smoqda. 2017-yilda Isroilga 3.6 million turist tashrif buyurgan bo'lib, bu rekord natijadir. Bu 2016-yil ko'rsatkichidan 25 foizga baland bo'lib, Isroil iqtisodiyotiga 20 milliard shekel kiritilishiga sabab bo'ldi.

=== Ko'chmas mulk sohasi ===
Isroil xonadonlar narxi ko'rsatkichlari bo'yicha dunyoning eng baland uchdan bir davlatlari qatoriga kiradi.<ref>[https://data.oecd.org/price/housing-prices.htm Housing Prices]. Iqtisodiy Hamkorlik va Taraqqiyot Tashkiloti ma'lumotlari.</ref> 2022-yil hisobi bo'yicha Isroilda 2.7 million ko'chmas mulk obyektlari mavjud bo'lib, bu ko'rsatkich yiliga 50 mingdan oshmoqda. Biroq, shunda ham talab taklifdan ustun bo'lib, 2021-yil holati bo'yicha 200,000 xonadonlar yetishmovchiligi mavjud.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Tsion |first=Hila |title=Uy-joy inqirozi: 200,000 xonadon yetishmaydi |language=Ivrit |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/economy/article/S1KYZ9kh00}}</ref> Oiqbatda 2021-yilda xonadonlar narxi 5.6% ga oshishi kuzatildi. 2021-yil hisobi bo'yicha isroilliklar 116.1 milliard shekel miqdorida ipoteka kreditlari olgan bo'lib, bu 2020-yil hisobidan 50% ga oshgan.

== Tibbiy xizmati ==
Aholi sogʻligʻini saqlash yuqori darajada. Davlat tibbiyot muassasalari bilan birga xususiy shifoxonalar ham bor. Vrachlar uch oliy oʻquv yurtining tibbiyot fakultetlarida tayyorlanadi.

== Maorifi, ilmiy va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari ==
Isroilda yahudiylar va arablar uchun alohida-alohida maktablar bor. Davlat maktablaridan tashqari xususiy oʻquv yurtlari ham boʻlib, ularning bir qismi diniy tashkilotlar mablagʻi hisobiga ishlaydi. 1969-yildan 5 yoshdan 15 yoshgacha boʻlgan bolalar uchun 10 yillik majburiy taʼlim joriy etilgan. Boshlangʻich maktabda oʻqish muddati — 6 yil Oʻrta maktab — 6 yillik (3 yillik quyi va 3 yillik yuqori maktab). Isroilda 5 universitet va 17 institut bor. Eng yiriklari: Quddusdagi yahudiy universiteti (1918), Tel-Aviv universiteti (1953), Xay-fodagi universitet va Texnologiya instituti („Texnikoy“, 1912). Isroil Tabiiy va ijtimoiy Fanlar akademiyasi (1961) ishlaydi. Yirik kutubxonalari: Yahudiy milliy kutubxonasi, universitetlarning kutubxonalari. Isroil davlat arxivi bor. Muzeylari: Isroil milliy muzeyi (1965), Tiberiasdagi munitsipal osori atiqa muzeyi, Tel-Avivdagi Gaarets muzeyi, Xayfodagi zamonaviy sanʼat muzeyi va hokazo

== Matbuoti, radioeshittirishi va telekoʻrsatuvi ==
Isroilda 400 dan ortiq gazeta va jurnal nashr etiladi. Yiriklari: „Gaa-rets“ („Mamlakat“, kundalik gazeta, 1918-yildan), „Gamodiya“ („Xabarchi“, kundalik gazeta, 1950-yildan), „Gatsofe“ („Sharhchi“, kundalik gazeta, 1938-yildan), „Yediot axronot“ („Soʻnggi yangiliklar“, kundalik kechki gazeta, 1939-yildan), „Ma-ariv“ („Oqshom“, kundalik kechki gazeta, 1948-yildan). Ivrit tilida chiqadigan yuqoridagi gaz.lardan tashqari ingliz tilida kundalik „Djeruzalem post“ („Quddus pochtasi“, 1932-yildan) va arab tilida „Al-Ittihod“ („Ittifoq“, 1944-yildan) gazetalari nashr etiladi. Quddusda Isroil telegraf agentligi va Tel-Avivda Isroil axborot agentligi ishlaydi. Isroil radioeshittirish boshqarmasi hukumat xizmati boʻlib, radio va televideniyeni boshqaradi, 1948-yilda tuzilgan.

Adabiyoti qadimgi Sharq adabiyotida va qadimgi yahudiy adabiyoti alohida oʻrin tutadi. U butun Yevropa va Sharq madaniyati taraqqiyotiga katta taʼsir koʻrsatgan. Qadimgi yaxudiy adabiyoti deganda, birinchi navbatda, Bibliya tushuniladi. Yahudiy adabiyoti keyingi asrlarda, asosan, ivrit tilida rivojlangan. Ayrim yozuvchilar (yil Agnon, A. Shlyon-skiy, L. Goldberg, X. Byalik va boshqalar) Isroil tashkil topishidan ancha avval Falastinga koʻchib kelgan va 1948-yildan keyin ham ijodini davom ettirgan. Ayniqsa, [[Nobel mukofoti]] laureati (1966) Yosef Agnon hikoyalari haqqoniyligi va chuqur psixologizmi bilan eʼtiborni tortadi. 50-yillarda Falastinda oʻsib voyaga yetgan adiblar guruhi — Ye. Map, Ye. Amixay, T. Rivner, S. Izhar va b. adabiyotga kirib keldi. Ular oʻz asarlarida ijtimoiy muam-molarni oʻrtaga qoʻydilar. 60-yillarda Gʻarbiy Yevropa modernizmi va ekzistensializm falsafasi taʼsiri kuchaydi. Ilgor yozuvchilardan M. Avi-Shaul, A. Pen, X. Kadmon, A. Kenan, D. Ben-Amots, E. BenEzer va b. yahudiy-arab munosabatlari muammolarini, rasmiy ekstremistik siyosatdan norozilik kayfiyatlarini aks ettirdilar. Ivrit tilida ijod qiluvchi koʻpgina yozuvchilar idish tilida ham asarlar yarata boshladi. Isroil Zrubavel, M. Man, I. Papernikov, P. Binetskiy va boshqa idish tilidagi adabiyot namoyandalaridir. Arab tilida kalam tebratuvchi shoirlar — Tavfiq Ziyod, Xanna Abu Xon, Solih al-Qosim, hikoyanavislar — Emil Habibiy, Muhammad Ali Taxiy va boshqa mamlakatdagi arab aholisi kamsitilishiga qarshi norozilikni asosiy mavzu qilib olganlar.

== Meʼmorligi va tasviriy sanʼati ==
Isroil hududida turli tarixiy davrlarga mansub koʻpgina meʼmorlik va sanʼat yodgorliklari sakdanib qolgan. Galileyda mil.av. 10—8ming yilliklarda toshdan yasalgan yertoʻlalar, Beysan, Megiddo va b. joylardagi mil.av. 4ming yillikka oid koʻhna shaharlar, Tel-Baytmirsim, Megiddo, Lahish, Gezer, Xatsorda qoyalar orasidan oʻtkazilgan vodoprovod lahmlari, tosh va xom gʻishtdan qurilgan qalin mudofaa is-tehkomlari, ibodatxonalar, turar joylar mavjud. Isroil va Yaxudo pod-shoxliklari (mil. av. 11-asr oxiri — 6-asr boshlari) davridan qolgan ogʻilxonalar, istehkomlar, saroylar, maishatxonalarning harobalari uchraydi. Neolit davriga mansub tasviriy va amaliy bezak sanʼati namunalari — uy hayvonlarining fil suyagi va sopoldan yasalgan haykalchalari, oʻyma va na-qshin idishlar topilgan. Rim xukmronligi davri (mil. av. 1-asr — mil. 4-asr) Rim badiiy madaniyatiga xos boʻlgan koʻpgina yodgorliklarni qoldirgan (Beysandagi Dionis ibodatxonasi, Beysan va Sezardagi teatrlar, Sezar va Askalondagi osma kuvurlar, jamo-at va turar joy binolari). Qabr ustiga qoʻyilgan byustlar va marmar sarkofaglardagi qabariq tasvirlar saqlangan. Vizantiya davridan bazilika (Bet-Alfadagi sinagogda koshinkori tasviridagi muchal aylanasi, qator bibliya sahnasi, qurbonlik marosimi tasvirlari va boshqalar), monastir va ibodatxonalar, arablar davridan masjid, madrasalar, salibchilardan qalʼa, qoʻrgʻonlar, istehkomlar qolgan. 19-asr oxiri — 20-asr boshlarida yahudiylarning Falastinga koʻchib kela boshlashi bilan Isroilning zamonaviy meʼmorligi va badiiy madaniyati shakllandi. Turli mamlakatlardan koʻchib kelgan yahudiylar har xil badiiy va meʼmoriy maktab hamda yoʻnalish anʼanalarini olib keldi.

20-asrning 50-yillaridan Tel-Aviv, Xayfo, Rexovat sh.lari rivojlana boshladi. Yangi barpo etilgan maʼmuriy va jamoat binolari orasida Tel-Avivdagi F. Mann konsert zali (1957, meʼmorlar 3. Rexter, D. Karmi, M. Zarxi, Ya. Rexter), Beylinson shifoxonasi (1950—58, meʼmorlari A. Sharon, B. Idelson), Gaarets-muzey (1958—60, meʼmorlar V. Vitkover, E. Baumen), 36 qavatli „Shalom“ maʼmuriy va savdo binosi (70-yillar), Bet-Yam sh.dagi mehmonxona majmui (1968—1969), Rexovat sh.dagi atom fizikasi instituti va b. alohida ajralib turadi. Tasviriy sanʼ-atda turli modern yoʻnalishlari va us-lublari ustun. I. Zaritskiy, I. Krize, B. Brizel kabi rassomlar mashhur. „Be-salel“ sanʼat va badiiy hunarmandchilik maktabi realistik tamoyillarga asos soldi. Amaliy bezak sanʼatida metall, plastmassa, loy va xurmo danagidan, guldor gazmoldan yasalgan badiiy buyumlar keng tarqalgan. Kitoblarni badiiy bezashga katta eʼtibor beriladi.

Musiqasi falastinlik yahudiylar va arablarning madaniyati (xalq qoʻshiqlari, raqslar, musiqa joʻrligidagi marosim va urf-odatlar), shuningdek koʻchib kelgan yahudiylarning anʼanalari asosida rivojlangan. 1948-yildan keyin musiqa muassasalari tashkil etildi. Isroil filarmoniyasi, milliy opera va „Inbal“ musiqali teatri, Xolon konservatoriyasi, Tel-Aviv yaxudiy konservatoriyasi, Quddus musiqa akademiyasi bor. 1950 yillardan kompo-zitorlik maktabi rivojlana boshladi (M. Lavri, E. Partosh, P. Benxaim, M. Avid va boshqalar).

== Teatri ==
1926-yilda birinchi professional teatr — „Ogel“ („Chodir“) teatri tashkil etildi. Dastlab uning repertuarida diniy aqidalar asosidagi pyesalar bor edi. Keyin xorijiy mualliflarning dunyoviy asarlari sahnalashtirildi. Teatr rahbari M. Galevi A. Makarenko asarlari asosidagi „Pedagogik poema“, Kishonning „Nikoh shartnomasi“ pyesalarini koʻrsatish orqali tomoshabinlar eʼtiborini qozondi. „Matete“ („Supurgi“) deb atalgan hajviy teatr 1928-yilda bolgar rejissor I. Daniel tomonidan tashkil etildi. Dramaturglardan E. Harusi, A. Penn, Alterman teatr uchun dolzarb mavzularda pyesalar yozib berishdi. 1949* yilda bu teatr moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar sababli yopilib qoldi. 50-yillarda „Batsal yarok“ („Koʻk piyoz“) va „Hamem“ („Ili-miliq“) satirik teatrlari yuzaga keldi. Isroilning yetakchi teatri „Gabi-ma“ („Saxna“) 1928-yildan beri Falas-tinda ishlab kelayotir. Uning sahnasida Shekspir, Shiller, Gyote pyesalari koʻrsatildi. 20-asrning 2-yarmida bu teatrda X. Rovina, A. Meskin, Sh. Finkel, M. Zohar, Sh. Rudenskiy, A. Tal, I. Beker, M. Asherov kabi sahna ustalari shuhrat qozondi. Tel-Avivda Milliy teatr (1958-yilda asos solingan) va Kamer teatri (1944), Xayfoda Shahar teatri (1963), Tel-Aviv universitetida musiqa fakulteti, 20 dan ziyod musiqa maktabi mavjud.

== Kinosi ==
Isroilda kino ishlab chiqarish 1950-yilda boshlandi. Shu yili rejissor A. Amar „Sulh“ badiiy filmini yaratdi. 1954-yilda milliy kinematografiyani ragʻbatlantirish haqida qonun qabul qilinib, kinoteatrlarda albatta Isroil filmlarini koʻrsatish joriy etildi. „Yodingda tut“ (rej. F. Artvis) badiiy filmi va „Salax Shabati“ hajviy komediyasi (ikkalasi ham 1964-yilda yaratilgan) ayniqsa diqqatga sazovor. Keyingi yillarda [[musiqiy film]]lar, [[komediya]]lar, josuslik va „jangari“ filmlar yaratildi. Savdo va sanoat vazirligi xuzurida kino markazi tashkil etilgan. Tel-Avivda ikkita, Quddusda bitta kinostudiya bor.

== Oʻzbekiston — Isroil munosabatlari ==
{{Asosiy|Oʻzbekiston — Isroil munosabatlari}}

[[BMT]] qaroriga koʻra [[ikkinchi jahon urushi]]dan keyin tuzilgan [[Yaqin Sharq]]dagi davlat. Poytaxti [[Iyerusalim]] shahri. Aholisi asosan [[Yahudiylar|yahudiy millatiga]] mansub insonlar. Aholisining beshdan bir qismini arablar tashkil etadi.

{{Osiyo davlatlari}}

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Geografiya]]
[[Turkum:Isroil|*]]
[[Turkum:Levant]]