「心肌病」:修訂間差異
無編輯摘要 |
小 Cewbot: 修正維基語法 102: PMID語法錯誤 |
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(未顯示由 7 位使用者於中間所作的 23 次修訂) | |||
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{{Infobox medical condition (new) |
{{Infobox medical condition (new) |
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| name = 心肌 |
| name = 心肌病<br/>Cardiomyopathy |
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| image = Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, gross pathology 20G0018 lores.jpg |
| image = Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, gross pathology 20G0018 lores.jpg |
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| caption = 切開的左[[心室]],可以看到心内膜下的增厚,扩张和纤维化, |
| caption = 切開的左[[心室]],可以看到心内膜下的增厚,扩张和纤维化,伴隨著[[心内膜]]白色部份的增加 |
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| field = [[心臟病學]] |
| field = [[心臟病學]] |
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| symptoms = [[呼吸困难]]、[[疲勞]]、[[水肿]]<ref name=NIH2016Sym/> |
| symptoms = [[呼吸困难]]、[[疲勞]]、[[水肿]]<ref name=NIH2016Sym/> |
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| duration = |
| duration = |
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| types = {{tsl|en|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|肥厚型心肌病}}、[[扩张型心肌病]], {{tsl|en|restrictive cardiomyopathy|限制型心肌病}}, {{tsl|en|arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia|致心律失常性右心室发育不良}}, {{tsl|en|takotsubo cardiomyopathy|肥大症型心肌病}}<ref name=NIH2016Type/> |
| types = {{tsl|en|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|肥厚型心肌病}}、[[扩张型心肌病]], {{tsl|en|restrictive cardiomyopathy|限制型心肌病}}, {{tsl|en|arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia|致心律失常性右心室发育不良}}, {{tsl|en|takotsubo cardiomyopathy|肥大症型心肌病}}<ref name=NIH2016Type/> |
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| causes = 不明、[[遗传学|遗传]]、[[酒精]]、[[重金属]]、[[淀粉样变]]、壓力<ref name=NIH2016Cau/><ref name=NIH2016Type/> |
| causes = 不明、[[遗传学|遗传]]、[[酒精]]、[[有毒重金屬|重金属]]、[[淀粉样变]]、壓力<ref name=NIH2016Cau/><ref name=NIH2016Type/> |
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| risks = |
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| diagnosis = |
| diagnosis = |
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| medication = |
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| frequency = 2015年有250萬人罹患[[心肌炎]]<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date= |
| frequency = 2015年有250萬人罹患心肌病和[[心肌炎]]<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=2016-10-08|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |
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| deaths = 2015年有35萬4千人因為心肌炎而死亡<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date= |
| deaths = 2015年有35萬4千人因為心肌炎而死亡<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=2016-10-08|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> |
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'''心肌病'''<ref>https://www.termonline.cn/word/1324163693122019330/1</ref>({{lang-en|cardiomyopathy}})也称'''心肌病變''',是一组由不同病因引起的心脏机械和电活动异常的异质性[[心肌]]疾病的通称,以心肌形态、结构和功能异常为特点。 |
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<!-- Definition and symptoms --> |
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心肌病在[[组织病理]]上,以心肌细胞发生[[变性]]、[[坏死]]为主,相对于[[心肌炎]]较无炎症变化,即使[[炎症性心肌病]](inflammatory cardiomyopathy)也较初发急性心肌炎时较少炎症变化<ref>Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, Caforio ALP, Cooper LT, Felix SB, Hare JM, Heidecker B, Heymans S, Hübner N, Kelle S, Klingel K, Maatz H, Parwani AS, Spillmann F, Starling RC, Tsutsui H, Seferovic P, Van Linthout S. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021 Mar;18(3):169-193. doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID 33046850; PMCID: PMC7548534.</ref>。心肌病概括分为:肥厚性心肌病、扩张型心肌病、限制型心肌病、致心律失常性心肌病,和未分类心肌病,约5种类型;但各国际学术单位的分类方法均不同<ref>林曼欣, 吴林, 盛琴慧. 心肌病的分类及进展回顾 [J] . 中国心血管杂志, 2018, 23(1) : 81-86. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2018.01.019.</ref>。 |
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<!-- Types --> |
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⚫ | 心肌病變包括{{le|增生性心肌病變|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}}、[[擴張性心肌病變]]、{{le|限制性心肌病變|Restrictive cardiomyopathy}}、{{le|導致心律不整的右心室發育不全|Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia}}及{{le|心碎症候群|Takotsubo cardiomyopathy}}<ref name=NIH2016Type/>增生性心肌病變是心臟肌肉變大且變厚<ref name=NIH2016Type/>,擴張性心肌病變是心室的腔室變大且無力<ref name=NIH2016Type/>。限制性心肌病變是心室壁硬化<ref name=NIH2016Type>{{cite web|title=Types of Cardiomyopathy|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|website=NHLBI|accessdate= |
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==體徵及症狀== |
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<!-- Causes --> |
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[[File:Ventricular fibrillation.png|thumb|upright=1.3|心電圖上可以看出的心律失常、[[心室颤动]]]] |
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⚫ | 心肌病變通常沒有明確的病因<ref name=NIH2016Cau/>。增生性心肌病變通常是[[遺傳]]自父母,擴張性心肌病變則有三分之一是遺傳所致<ref name=NIH2016Cau/>。擴張性心肌病變也可能是由[[酒精]]、[[重金屬]]、[[冠心症]]、吸食[[古柯鹼]]或 |
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⚫ | 心肌病早期的症狀可能很輕微,甚至沒有症狀<ref name=NIH2016Sym/>。有些會是因為[[心臟衰竭]]而有[[呼吸困难]]、容易[[疲倦]]或腳部[[水肿]]的情形<ref name=NIH2016Sym/>,可能會有[[心律不整]]或是[[昏厥]]的症狀<ref name=NIH2016Sym>{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|website=NHLBI|accessdate=2016-08-31|date=2016-06-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915080931/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|archivedate=2016-09-15}}</ref>。心肌病變也會增加[[心搏停止|心因性猝死]]的風險<ref name=NIH2016Risk>{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/atrisk|website=NHLBI|accessdate=2016-08-31|date=2016-06-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816115709/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/atrisk|archivedate=2016-08-16}}</ref>。 |
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心肌病的症狀會包括疲倦、下肢腫脹以及[[呼吸困难]]<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|accessdate=2016-07-25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023343/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs|archivedate=2016-07-28}}</ref>。進一步的症狀包括<ref name=ref2/>: |
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* [[心律失常]] |
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⚫ | 治療是依照心肌病變的型式和嚴重度而定<ref name=NIH2016Tx/>,治療方式包括改變生活型態、藥物或手術<ref name=NIH2016Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/treatment|website=NHLBI|accessdate= |
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* [[昏厥]] |
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* [[頭暈]] |
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==病因== |
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⚫ | 心肌病變通常沒有明確的病因<ref name=NIH2016Cau/>。增生性心肌病變通常是[[遺傳]]自父母,擴張性心肌病變則有三分之一是遺傳所致<ref name=NIH2016Cau/>。擴張性心肌病變也可能是由[[酒精]]、[[重金屬]]、[[冠心症]]、吸食[[古柯鹼]]或[[病毒感染]]造成<ref name=NIH2016Cau/>。限制性心肌病變可能和[[澱粉樣變性]]、[[血色素沉著病]]或某些{{le|癌症治療|Treatment of cancer}}有關<ref name=NIH2016Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Cardiomyopathy?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|website=NHLBI|accessdate=2016-08-31|date=2016-06-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915092001/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes|archivedate=2016-09-15}}</ref>。心碎症候群是由非常極端的情緒或生理壓力所造成<ref name=NIH2016Type/>。 |
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心肌病可分為只和心臟有關的,或是整體系統性失調的一部份,但兩者都會造成心血管死亡,或是漸進性的,和心臟衰竭相關的病症。若是因為其他病症導致心肌功能的障礙(例如[[冠狀動脈疾病]]、[[高血壓]]或是[[心瓣膜]]的異常),則不列在心肌病中<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite book | title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071842327 | publisher=McGraw-Hill | editor-last1=Kasper | editor-first1=DL | editor-last2=Fauci | editor-first2=AS | editor-last3=Hauser | editor-first3=SL | editor-last4=Longo | editor-first4=DL | editor-last5=Jameson | editor-first5=JL | editor-last6=Loscalzo | editor-first6=J | last1=Lakdawala | first1=NK | last2=Stevenson | first2=LW | last3=Loscalzo | first3=J | year=2015 | chapter=Chapter 287 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071842327/page/1553 1553] | edition=19th | isbn=978-0-07-180215-4 }}</ref>。有些心肌病的病因仍不明,不過有些已識別出病因<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/649701807|title=Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|others=Lilly, Leonard S., Harvard Medical School.|isbn=1605477230|edition=5th|location=Baltimore, MD|oclc=649701807}}</ref>:例如酒精就是造成扩张型心肌病的病因,而藥物毒性及特定感染(例如[[丙型肝炎]])也是心肌病的病因<ref name="AdamNicholson2008">{{cite journal| vauthors=Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L| title=Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy. | journal=Nurs Stand | year= 2008 | volume= 22 | issue= 38 | pages= 42-7 | pmid=18578120 | type=Review }} </ref><ref name="WestphalRigopoulos2017">{{cite journal| vauthors=Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B et al.| title=The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2017 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 743-752 | pmid=28721466 | doi=10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4 | | type=Review }} </ref><ref name="DomontCacoub2016">{{cite journal | author=Domont F, Cacoub P | title=Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor? | journal=Liver Int | year=2016 | volume=36 | issue=5 | pages=621-7 | pmid=26763484 | doi=10.1111/liv.13064 | type=Review | url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01274679/document | access-date=2018-06-19 | archive-date=2017-09-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923010210/http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01274679/document | dead-url=no }}</ref>。 沒有治療的[[乳糜泻]]也會導致心肌病,在長時間的診斷後結果可能會完全不同<ref name="CiaccioLewis2017">{{cite journal| vauthors=Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH| title=Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease. | journal=World J Cardiol | year= 2017 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 652-666 | pmid=28932354 | doi=10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652 | pmc=5583538 |type= Review }}</ref>。除了病因以外,目前也使用分子生物學以及基因學來識別不同的基因相關病因<ref name="WestphalRigopoulos2017" /><ref name="SimpsonRutland2017">{{cite journal| vauthors=Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS| title=Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review. | journal=Vet Sci | year= 2017 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pmid=29056678 | doi=10.3390/vetsci4010019 | pmc=5606618 | type=Review }} </ref>。 |
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心肌病較臨床上的分類,如「肥厚型」、「擴張型」、「限制型」等<ref name="FusterHurst2004">{{cite book|author1=Valentin Fuster|author2=John Willis Hurst|title=Hurst's the heart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884|accessdate=2010-11-11|year=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-143225-2|pages=1884–|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075031/http://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884|archivedate=2013-05-27}}</ref>,已經難以續用,因為有些病症在發展的過程中,可能同時會符合二種類型的條件。{{le|美國心臟協會|American Heart Association}}目前的定義中,將心肌病分為一級和二級,前者只影響心臟,後者則是由其他身體部位的疾病所造成。此二類再依新的基因及分子生物學,進一步細分為不同的次分類<ref>{{cite journal | title=Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era |vauthors=McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR | date=2012 | journal=Biochem Res Int |volume=2012 | pages= 796926| pmid=22924131 | doi=10.1155/2012/796926 | pmc=3423823}}</ref>。 |
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==機制== |
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心肌病的症狀可能包括體力消耗後的[[呼吸短促]]、疲勞,足部、腿部或腹部腫脹,另也可能有[[心律不整]]和胸痛的症狀<ref name=ref2/>。 |
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隨著分子技術進步,心肌病的病理生理學在細胞的層面上已有較多的了解。突變的蛋白質會擾亂收縮器(或機械力敏感的複合體)中的心臟功能。心肌的變化以及其細胞層面上的持續反應其造成的變化與突發性心因性死亡及其他心臟問題相關<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy|url = http://jcb.rupress.org/content/194/3/355|journal = The Journal of Cell Biology|date = 2011-08-08|issn = 0021-9525|pmc = 3153638|pmid = 21825071|pages = 355–365|volume = 194|issue = 3|doi = 10.1083/jcb.201101100|first = Pamela A.|last = Harvey|first2 = Leslie A.|last2 = Leinwand|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160928221709/http://jcb.rupress.org/content/194/3/355|archivedate = 2016-09-28}}</ref>。 |
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==診斷== |
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[[file:SinusRhythmLabels.svg|thumb|175 px|正常[[竇性心律]]/心電圖]] |
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在診斷過程中,會用以下的程序來確診是否有心肌病<ref name=ref2/>: |
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* 身體檢查 |
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* 家族病史 |
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* [[血液檢查]] |
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* [[心電圖]] |
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* [[超声心动图|心臟超音波]] |
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* 心臟壓力測試 |
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* [[基因檢測]] |
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==分型== |
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[[File:Tipet e kardiomiopative.png|300px|thumb|心肌病的結構性分類]] |
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[[File:HCM_HE.jpg|thumb|肥厚型心肌病之伊紅染色]] |
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⚫ | 心肌病變包括{{le|增生性心肌病變|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}}、[[擴張性心肌病變]]、{{le|限制性心肌病變|Restrictive cardiomyopathy}}、{{le|導致心律不整的右心室發育不全|Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia}}及{{le|心碎症候群|Takotsubo cardiomyopathy}}<ref name=NIH2016Type/>增生性心肌病變是心臟肌肉變大且變厚<ref name=NIH2016Type/>,擴張性心肌病變是心室的腔室變大且無力<ref name=NIH2016Type/>。限制性心肌病變是心室壁硬化<ref name=NIH2016Type>{{cite web|title=Types of Cardiomyopathy|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|website=NHLBI|accessdate=2016-08-31|date=2016-06-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types|archivedate=2016-07-28}}</ref>。 |
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心肌病有幾種不同的分類標準<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|last=Vinay|first=Kumar|publisher=Elsevier|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5|location=|pages=396}}</ref>: |
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* 原發性/內源性心肌病<ref name="AMA">{{cite journal|last1=Maron|first1=Barry J.|last2=Towbin|first2=Jeffrey A.|last3=Thiene|first3=Gaetano|last4=Antzelevitch|first4=Charles|last5=Corrado|first5=Domenico|last6=Arnett|first6=Donna|last7=Moss|first7=Arthur J.|last8=Seidman|first8=Christine E.|last9=Young|first9=James B.|date=2006-04-11|title=Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies|url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/14/1807|deadurl=no|journal=Circulation|language=en|volume=113|issue=14|pages=1807–1816|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287|issn=0009-7322|pmid=16567565|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820130306/http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/14/1807|archivedate=2016-08-20|accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref> |
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** 遺傳性 |
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*** {{le|肥厚型心肌病|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}} |
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*** {{le|致心律失常型右心室心肌病|Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy}}(ARVC) |
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*** 孤立性左心室心肌緻密化不全 |
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*** 離子通道病 |
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*** {{le|擴張型心肌病|Dilated cardiomyopathy}}(DCM) |
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*** {{le|限制型心肌病|Restrictive cardiomyopathy}}(RCM) |
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** 後天性 |
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*** {{le|壓力性心肌病|Stress cardiomyopathy}} |
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*** [[心肌炎]]:因為[[淋巴细胞]]及[[单核细胞]]滲入而導致的心臟組織損傷或發炎<ref name="pmid25858537">{{cite journal | vauthors = Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB | title = Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects | journal = Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases | volume = 108 | issue = 4 | pages = 258–68 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25858537 | doi = 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid27166925">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rose NR | title = Viral myocarditis | journal = Current Opinion in Rheumatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 383–9 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27166925 | pmc = 4948180 | doi = 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303 | url = }}</ref> |
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*** {{le|嗜酸性粒細胞性心肌炎|Eosinophilic myocarditis}}:因為[[嗜酸性粒細胞]]滲入而導致的心臟組織損傷或發炎<ref name="pmid25858537"/> |
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*** {{le|缺血性心肌病|Ischemic cardiomyopathy}}<!-- (not formally included in the classification as a direct result of another cardiac problem)--><ref name="AMA"/> |
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* 繼發性/外在性心肌病<ref name="AMA" /> |
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** 代謝/儲積 |
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*** 法布瑞氏症 |
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*** {{le|血色沉著症|hemochromatosis}} |
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** 心內膜 |
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*** {{le|心內膜心肌纖維化|Endomyocardial fibrosis}} |
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*** [[嗜酸性粒细胞增多症]] |
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** 內分泌 |
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*** [[糖尿病]] |
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*** [[甲狀腺功能亢進]] |
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*** {{le|末端肥大症|acromegaly}} |
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** 顎-心-臉症狀群 |
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*** [[努南氏症候群]] |
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** 神經肌肉性 |
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*** {{le|肌肉營養不良|muscular dystrophy}} |
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*** {{le|遺傳性共濟失調症|Friedreich's ataxia}} |
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** 其他因素 |
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*** 肥胖相關之心肌病<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZkyP5NYPwC|title=Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues|last=Lipshultz|first=Steven E.|last2=Messiah|first2=Sarah E.|last3=Miller|first3=Tracie L.|date=2012-04-05|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781447123651|page=200|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529024647/https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZkyP5NYPwC|archivedate=2016-05-29|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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==治療== |
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⚫ | 治療是依照心肌病變的型式和嚴重度而定<ref name=NIH2016Tx/>,治療方式包括改變生活型態、藥物或手術<ref name=NIH2016Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/treatment|website=NHLBI|accessdate=2016-08-31|date=2016-06-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915082544/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/treatment|archivedate=2016-09-15}}</ref>。在2013年時,罹患心肌病變和[[心肌炎]]的人數達到250萬人<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>,其中每500人有一人是罹患增生性心肌病變,而擴張性心肌病變則是在2500人中有一人<ref name=NIH2016Type/><ref>{{cite book|title=Practical Cardiovascular Pathology|date=2010|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781605478418|page=148|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZjaOUqf9LEQC&pg=PA148|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914000626/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZjaOUqf9LEQC&pg=PA148|archivedate=2016-09-14}}</ref>。同時,上述兩種心肌病變所造成的死亡人數,從1990年的294,000人上升到443,000人<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=2014-12-17|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}</ref><ref name=GBD2015De/>。導致心律不整的右心房發育不全則較常見於年輕族群<ref name=NIH2016Risk/>。 |
||
心肌病的治療包括建議調整生活型態,以加強控制病症,另外治療也依心肌病的分類與病症的情況而定,但多數會包括投藥(保守的療法),心律過低者植入[[心律調節器]],心律情況可能致死者使用[[去顫器]],若有嚴重的心臟衰竭則採用{{le|心室輔助器|Ventricular assist device}}(VAD),若是有複發性心律失常,無法透過藥物或是機械性心臟復律復原的,會採用[[燒蝕]]治療。治療的目的多半是在症狀的緩解,有些病患會需要[[心脏移植]]。<ref name=ref2/> |
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==參考資料== |
==參考資料== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
||
==延伸閱讀== |
==延伸閱讀== |
||
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Boudina|first1=Sihem|last2=Abel|first2=Evan Dale|title=Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects|journal=Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders|date=1 March 2010|volume=11|issue=1|pages=31–39|doi=10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7|pmc=2914514|issn=1389-9155|pmid=20180026}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1= |
* {{cite journal|last1=Boudina|first1=Sihem|last2=Abel|first2=Evan Dale|title=Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects|journal=Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders|date=2010-03-01|volume=11|issue=1|pages=31–39|doi=10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7|pmc=2914514|issn=1389-9155|pmid=20180026}} |
||
* {{cite journal|last1=Marian|first1=A. J.|last2=Roberts|first2=Robert|title=The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy|journal=Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology|date=2001-04-01|volume=33|issue=4|pages=655–670|doi=10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340|pmc=2901497|issn=0022-2828|pmid=11273720}} |
|||
* {{Cite book|title = Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition|last = Acton|first = Q. Ashton|publisher = Scholarly Editions|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-481-68280-0|location = |pages = }} |
* {{Cite book|title = Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition|last = Acton|first = Q. Ashton|publisher = Scholarly Editions|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-481-68280-0|location = |pages = }} |
||
{{refend}} |
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==參見== |
|||
*[[體外反搏]] (External counterpulsation therapy (ECP)) |
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== 外部連結 == |
== 外部連結 == |
於 2024年8月29日 (四) 00:36 的最新修訂
心肌病 Cardiomyopathy | |
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切開的左心室,可以看到心內膜下的增厚,擴張和纖維化,伴隨著心內膜白色部份的增加 | |
症狀 | 呼吸困難、疲勞、水腫[1] |
併發症 | 心臟衰竭、心律不整、心搏停止[2][1] |
類型 | 肥厚型心肌病、擴張型心肌病, 限制型心肌病, 致心律失常性右心室發育不良, 肥大症型心肌病[3] |
病因 | 不明、遺傳、酒精、重金屬、澱粉樣變、壓力[4][3] |
治療 | 依種類及症狀而不同[5] |
盛行率 | 2015年有250萬人罹患心肌病和心肌炎[6] |
死亡數 | 2015年有35萬4千人因為心肌炎而死亡[7] |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 心臟病學 |
ICD-11 | BC43 |
ICD-10 | I42.042.0 |
ICD-9-CM | 425.9、425、425.4 |
DiseasesDB | 2137 |
MedlinePlus | 001105 |
Orphanet | 167848 |
心肌病[8](英語:cardiomyopathy)也稱心肌病變,是一組由不同病因引起的心臟機械和電活動異常的異質性心肌疾病的通稱,以心肌形態、結構和功能異常為特點。
心肌病在組織病理上,以心肌細胞發生變性、壞死為主,相對於心肌炎較無炎症變化,即使炎症性心肌病(inflammatory cardiomyopathy)也較初發急性心肌炎時較少炎症變化[9]。心肌病概括分為:肥厚性心肌病、擴張型心肌病、限制型心肌病、致心律失常性心肌病,和未分類心肌病,約5種類型;但各國際學術單位的分類方法均不同[10]。
體徵及症狀
[編輯]心肌病早期的症狀可能很輕微,甚至沒有症狀[1]。有些會是因為心臟衰竭而有呼吸困難、容易疲倦或腳部水腫的情形[1],可能會有心律不整或是昏厥的症狀[1]。心肌病變也會增加心因性猝死的風險[2]。
心肌病的症狀會包括疲倦、下肢腫脹以及呼吸困難[11]。進一步的症狀包括[11]:
病因
[編輯]心肌病變通常沒有明確的病因[4]。增生性心肌病變通常是遺傳自父母,擴張性心肌病變則有三分之一是遺傳所致[4]。擴張性心肌病變也可能是由酒精、重金屬、冠心症、吸食古柯鹼或病毒感染造成[4]。限制性心肌病變可能和澱粉樣變性、血色素沉著病或某些癌症治療有關[4]。心碎症候群是由非常極端的情緒或生理壓力所造成[3]。
心肌病可分為只和心臟有關的,或是整體系統性失調的一部份,但兩者都會造成心血管死亡,或是漸進性的,和心臟衰竭相關的病症。若是因為其他病症導致心肌功能的障礙(例如冠狀動脈疾病、高血壓或是心瓣膜的異常),則不列在心肌病中[12]。有些心肌病的病因仍不明,不過有些已識別出病因[13]:例如酒精就是造成擴張型心肌病的病因,而藥物毒性及特定感染(例如丙型肝炎)也是心肌病的病因[14][15][16]。 沒有治療的乳糜瀉也會導致心肌病,在長時間的診斷後結果可能會完全不同[17]。除了病因以外,目前也使用分子生物學以及基因學來識別不同的基因相關病因[15][18]。
心肌病較臨床上的分類,如「肥厚型」、「擴張型」、「限制型」等[19],已經難以續用,因為有些病症在發展的過程中,可能同時會符合二種類型的條件。美國心臟協會目前的定義中,將心肌病分為一級和二級,前者只影響心臟,後者則是由其他身體部位的疾病所造成。此二類再依新的基因及分子生物學,進一步細分為不同的次分類[20]。
機制
[編輯]心肌病的症狀可能包括體力消耗後的呼吸短促、疲勞,足部、腿部或腹部腫脹,另也可能有心律不整和胸痛的症狀[11]。
隨著分子技術進步,心肌病的病理生理學在細胞的層面上已有較多的了解。突變的蛋白質會擾亂收縮器(或機械力敏感的複合體)中的心臟功能。心肌的變化以及其細胞層面上的持續反應其造成的變化與突發性心因性死亡及其他心臟問題相關[21]。
診斷
[編輯]在診斷過程中,會用以下的程序來確診是否有心肌病[11]:
分型
[編輯]心肌病變包括增生性心肌病變、擴張性心肌病變、限制性心肌病變、導致心律不整的右心室發育不全及心碎症候群[3]增生性心肌病變是心臟肌肉變大且變厚[3],擴張性心肌病變是心室的腔室變大且無力[3]。限制性心肌病變是心室壁硬化[3]。
心肌病有幾種不同的分類標準[22]:
治療
[編輯]治療是依照心肌病變的型式和嚴重度而定[5],治療方式包括改變生活型態、藥物或手術[5]。在2013年時,罹患心肌病變和心肌炎的人數達到250萬人[6],其中每500人有一人是罹患增生性心肌病變,而擴張性心肌病變則是在2500人中有一人[3][27]。同時,上述兩種心肌病變所造成的死亡人數,從1990年的294,000人上升到443,000人[28][7]。導致心律不整的右心房發育不全則較常見於年輕族群[2]。
心肌病的治療包括建議調整生活型態,以加強控制病症,另外治療也依心肌病的分類與病症的情況而定,但多數會包括投藥(保守的療法),心律過低者植入心律調節器,心律情況可能致死者使用去顫器,若有嚴重的心臟衰竭則採用心室輔助器(VAD),若是有複發性心律失常,無法透過藥物或是機械性心臟復律復原的,會採用燒蝕治療。治療的目的多半是在症狀的緩解,有些病患會需要心臟移植。[11]
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?. NHLBI. 2016-06-22 [2016-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-15).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?. NHLBI. 2016-06-22 [2016-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-16).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Types of Cardiomyopathy. NHLBI. 2016-06-22 [2016-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2016-07-28).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 What Causes Cardiomyopathy?. NHLBI. 2016-06-22 [2016-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-15).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?. NHLBI. 2016-06-22 [2016-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-15).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1.
- ^ https://www.termonline.cn/word/1324163693122019330/1
- ^ Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, Caforio ALP, Cooper LT, Felix SB, Hare JM, Heidecker B, Heymans S, Hübner N, Kelle S, Klingel K, Maatz H, Parwani AS, Spillmann F, Starling RC, Tsutsui H, Seferovic P, Van Linthout S. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021 Mar;18(3):169-193. doi: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID 33046850; PMCID: PMC7548534.
- ^ 林曼欣, 吳林, 盛琴慧. 心肌病的分類及進展回顧 [J] . 中國心血管雜誌, 2018, 23(1) : 81-86. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2018.01.019.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH. www.nhlbi.nih.gov. [2016-07-25]. (原始內容存檔於2016-07-28).
- ^ Lakdawala, NK; Stevenson, LW; Loscalzo, J. Chapter 287. Kasper, DL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Longo, DL; Jameson, JL; Loscalzo, J (編). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th. McGraw-Hill. 2015: 1553. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.
- ^ Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lilly, Leonard S., Harvard Medical School. 5th. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN 1605477230. OCLC 649701807.
- ^ Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L. Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy.. Nurs Stand (Review). 2008, 22 (38): 42–7. PMID 18578120.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B, et al. The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook.. Heart Fail Rev (Review). 2017, 22 (6): 743–752. PMID 28721466. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4.
- ^ Domont F, Cacoub P. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?. Liver Int (Review). 2016, 36 (5): 621–7 [2018-06-19]. PMID 26763484. doi:10.1111/liv.13064. (原始內容存檔於2017-09-23).
- ^ Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH. Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease.. World J Cardiol (Review). 2017, 9 (8): 652–666. PMC 5583538 . PMID 28932354. doi:10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652.
- ^ Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS. Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review.. Vet Sci (Review). 2017, 4 (1). PMC 5606618 . PMID 29056678. doi:10.3390/vetsci4010019.
- ^ Valentin Fuster; John Willis Hurst. Hurst's the heart. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2004: 1884– [2010-11-11]. ISBN 978-0-07-143225-2. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-27).
- ^ McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR. Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era. Biochem Res Int. 2012, 2012: 796926. PMC 3423823 . PMID 22924131. doi:10.1155/2012/796926.
- ^ Harvey, Pamela A.; Leinwand, Leslie A. Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2011-08-08, 194 (3): 355–365. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 3153638 . PMID 21825071. doi:10.1083/jcb.201101100. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-28).
- ^ Vinay, Kumar. Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. 2013: 396. ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Maron, Barry J.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Thiene, Gaetano; Antzelevitch, Charles; Corrado, Domenico; Arnett, Donna; Moss, Arthur J.; Seidman, Christine E.; Young, James B. Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 2006-04-11, 113 (14): 1807–1816 [2016-08-01]. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 16567565. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-20) (英語).
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB. Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2015, 108 (4): 258–68. PMID 25858537. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006.
- ^ Rose NR. Viral myocarditis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2016, 28 (4): 383–9. PMC 4948180 . PMID 27166925. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303.
- ^ Lipshultz, Steven E.; Messiah, Sarah E.; Miller, Tracie L. Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-04-05: 200. ISBN 9781447123651. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-29).
- ^ Practical Cardiovascular Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010: 148. ISBN 9781605478418. (原始內容存檔於2016-09-14).
- ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014-12-17, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Boudina, Sihem; Abel, Evan Dale. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders. 2010-03-01, 11 (1): 31–39. ISSN 1389-9155. PMC 2914514 . PMID 20180026. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7.
- Marian, A. J.; Roberts, Robert. The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology. 2001-04-01, 33 (4): 655–670. ISSN 0022-2828. PMC 2901497 . PMID 11273720. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340.
- Acton, Q. Ashton. Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. 2013. ISBN 978-1-481-68280-0.
參見
[編輯]- 體外反搏 (External counterpulsation therapy (ECP))
外部連結
[編輯]