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药物分类

维基百科,自由的百科全书

这是本页的一个历史版本,由Merphisto留言 | 贡献2023年6月14日 (三) 06:15 按作用机制编辑。这可能和当前版本存在着巨大的差异。

药物分类,或药物类别,是指一组药物或一组化合物,其具有相似化学结构、相同作用机制(如可与相同生物靶标结合)、相似作用模式和/或用于治疗相似的疾病。[1][2]

在几个主流药物分类系统中,这四种类型的分类形成了一个层次结构。例如,贝特类药物是一类化学药物(两亲性羧酸),具有相同的作用机制(PPAR激动剂)和相同的作用方式(降低血液中的甘油三酯),均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病(动脉粥样硬化)。然而,并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物,并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂,并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物定义,原型药物是该药物分类中最重要且通常是第一个被开发的药物,其他该类型药物通常以此作比较参考。

药品类别清单:[1]

综合系统分类

  • 解剖治疗化学分类系统(ATC) :最广泛使用的药物分类系统。可结合器官系统、治疗、药理学和化学特性进行分类。
  • 医学系统命名法(SNOMED):部分规则也可用于药物分类。

药物可从化学角度进行分类,如根据药物的化学结构分类。基于化学结构的药物类别示例包括:

这种类型的分类法基于药理学的角度,并根据生物学靶标对药物进行分类。具有共同的分子作用机制的一类药物,可调节特定一种生物靶标活性。[10]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型。而对于受体,这些活性包括:激动剂拮抗剂反向激动剂或调节剂。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂抑制剂离子通道调节剂包括开启剂和阻滞剂。以下是药物类别的具体示例,其定义基于特定的作用机制:

这种类型的药物分类是从生物学的角度出发,并根据它们引起的解剖学或功能变化对它们进行分类。由常见作用方式(即它们引起的功能或解剖学变化)定义的药物类别包括:

按治疗分类

药物的分类可从医学的角度出发,根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。按其治疗用途,即药物旨在治疗的病理,以定义的药物分类包括:

合并分类

某些药物类别会兼顾三个原则以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg,NSAID)就是其中一例。从历史上严格的定义看,更宽泛的抗炎药类别还包括甾体抗炎药。在引入“非甾体抗炎药”一词之前的十年间,甾体类药物实际是主流抗炎药。由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件,非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [26]因此,非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎,与化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类

其他药物分类系统,如基于药物溶解度胃肠道渗透性,以对药物属性进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统。

按法律法规分类

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