药物分类
药物分类,或药物类别,是指一组药物或一组化合物,其具有相似化学结构、相同作用机制(如可与相同生物靶标结合)、相似作用模式和/或用于治疗相似的疾病。[1][2]
在几个主流药物分类系统中,这四种类型的分类形成了一个层次结构。例如,贝特类药物是一类化学药物(两亲性羧酸),具有相同的作用机制(PPAR激动剂)和相同的作用方式(降低血液中的甘油三酯),均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病(动脉粥样硬化)。然而,并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物,并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂,并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。
药物类别通常由原型药物定义,原型药物是该药物分类中最重要且通常是第一个被开发的药物,其他该类型药物通常以此作比较参考。
药品类别清单:[1]
综合系统分类
- 解剖治疗化学分类系统(ATC) :最广泛使用的药物分类系统。可结合器官系统、治疗、药理学和化学特性进行分类。
- 医学系统命名法(SNOMED):部分规则也可用于药物分类。
按化学结构
药物可从化学角度进行分类,如根据药物的化学结构分类。基于化学结构的药物类别示例包括:
按作用机制
这种类型的分类法基于药理学的角度,并根据生物学靶标对药物进行分类。具有共同的分子作用机制的一类药物,可调节特定一种生物靶标活性。[10]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型。而对于受体,这些活性包括:激动剂、拮抗剂、反向激动剂或调节剂。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂和抑制剂。离子通道调节剂包括开启剂和阻滞剂。以下是药物类别的具体示例,其定义基于特定的作用机制:
按作用方式
这种类型的药物分类是从生物学的角度出发,并根据它们引起的解剖学或功能变化对它们进行分类。由常见作用方式(即它们引起的功能或解剖学变化)定义的药物类别包括:
按治疗分类
药物的分类可从医学的角度出发,根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。按其治疗用途,即药物旨在治疗的病理,以定义的药物分类包括:
合并分类
某些药物类别会兼顾三个原则以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药(Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg,NSAID)就是其中一例。从历史上严格的定义看,更宽泛的抗炎药类别还包括甾体抗炎药。在引入“非甾体抗炎药”一词之前的十年间,甾体类药物实际是主流抗炎药。由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件,非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [26]因此,非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎,与化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。
按其他系统分类
其他药物分类系统,如基于药物溶解度和胃肠道渗透性,以对药物属性进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统。
按法律法规分类
- 对于加拿大的法律分类,请参阅《受管制药物和物质法》
- 对于英国法律分类,请参阅英国滥用药物法管制的药物
- 对于美国法律分类,请参阅Controlled Substances Act § Schedules of controlled substances
- 不同司法管辖区使用各种系统定义怀孕类别
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外部链接
- Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07].
- Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07].