「转基因食品争议」：修訂間差異

刪去的內容新增的內容

行內

於 2018年7月23日 (一) 12:57 的修訂

基因轉移食品爭議（英語：Genetically modified food controversies）是指關於食用基因轉移作物及其副產品、在食品生產中利用基因工程技術等方面的爭議。這場爭議與消費者、生物技術公司、政府管理者、非政府組織和科學家都密切相關。關於基因改造食品的爭論核心包括：基因轉移食品的上市標註、政府管理者的責任、相關科學研究的目的、基因轉移作物對環境和健康的影響、對害蟲之抗藥性的影響、對農業生產者的影響和基因轉移作物對滿足全球糧食需求的作用。

科學界的共識是此類基因轉移作物及其副產品的健康安全風險並不高於傳統食品^[1]^[2]^[3]，也就是說基因轉移作物的安全性是可以保證的。對基因轉移食品的安全評估始於鑑定該食品是否與同類非基因轉移食品「實質等同」，後者是那些已經被確認無害的傳統食品，而且目前還沒有報告宣稱基因轉移食品在人身上造成疾病^[4]^[5]^[6]，但公眾還是擔心基因轉移食品有害健康。雖然針對基因轉移生物產品的標註在許多國家是強制性的，但美國和加拿大並不執行類似政策，在市場上基因轉移食品和傳統食品是沒有差別的。

參考來源

^ American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers
^ A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Union. 2010. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. doi:10.2777/97784. 「過去超過25年間的研究，有著超過130個研究項目，多餘500個獨立研究小組參與，都得出結論，生物技術，特別是基因轉移食品，並不比傳統育種的食物有更大的風險」("The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies.")(p. 16)
^ Ronald, Pamela. Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security. Genetics. 2011, 188 (1): 11–20. PMC 3120150 . PMID 21546547. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553.
^ American Medical Association (2012). Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods 「基因轉移食物已經被食用了近二十年，在此期間，沒有一個經過同行評審的科學報告表明它對人類健康有不良效應。」（"Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature."）（page 1）
^ United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. Free full-text. National Academies Press. pp R9-10: 「相比傳統食物生產造成的健康危害，類似的嚴重健康影響還沒能被證明同樣會由基因轉移技術產生。這可能是因為基因轉移生物的研發者進行了大量分析，驗證每個生物表現型都是令人滿意的，並確保食物關鍵成分中不會產生不在計劃中的變化。」（"In contrast to adverse health effects that have been associated with some traditional food production methods, similar serious health effects have not been identified as a result of genetic engineering techniques used in food production. This may be because developers of bioengineered organisms perform extensive compositional analyses to determine that each phenotype is desirable and to ensure that unintended changes have not occurred in key components of food."）
^ Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM. Genetically modified plants and human health. J R Soc Med. June 2008, 101 (6): 290–8. PMC 2408621 . PMID 18515776. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. +pp 292-293. 「超過15年間，基因轉移作物及其副產品被全世界千百萬人消費，沒有造成疾病效應。」（"Foods derived from GM crops have been consumed by hundreds of millions of people across the world for more than 15 years, with no reported ill effects (or legal cases related to human health)."）

外部連結

一般看法

GMO Compass Information on the use of genetic engineering in the agri-food industry. Authorization database with all GM plants in the EU.
Center for Environmental Risk Assessment Database detailing all currently accepted GM crops.
Coextra Research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods A website posted by P. Bryne of the Colorado State University Extension, provides a concise list of pros and cons of labeling food derived from genetically modified organisms
Genetic Imperialism?: the First and Third World's face-off on the frontiers of science from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Intelligence Squared. Debate on Should We Genetically Modify Foods? "Arguing for the motion is Monsanto's Executive VP and Chief Technology Officer, Robert Fraley, and genomics and biotechnology researcher at UC Davis, Alison Van Eenennaam. Arguing against the motion is research professor at the Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Charles Benbrook, and science policy consultant and former senior scientist of Union of Concerned Scientists, Margaret Mellon." April 2015

反對看法

擁護者

Council for Biotechnology Information
AgBioWorld
BioTech Now
Bill Gates Agricultural Development Golden Rice. [3 Feb 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-03）.
Bill Nye Proof he's the Science Guy: Bill Nye is changing his mind about GMOs. 3 March 2015 [3 Feb 2016].

政府觀點

醫療及科學做法

NIH National Library of Medicine
Royal Society, Genetically modified plants for food use and human health—an update. 2002

[AAAS-1] American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers

[decade_of_EU-funded_GMO_research-2] A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Union. 2010. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. doi:10.2777/97784. 「過去超過25年間的研究，有著超過130個研究項目，多餘500個獨立研究小組參與，都得出結論，生物技術，特別是基因轉移食品，並不比傳統育種的食物有更大的風險」("The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies.")(p. 16)

[Ronald-3] Ronald, Pamela. Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security. Genetics. 2011, 188 (1): 11–20. PMC 3120150 . PMID 21546547. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553.

[AMA-4] American Medical Association (2012). Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods 「基因轉移食物已經被食用了近二十年，在此期間，沒有一個經過同行評審的科學報告表明它對人類健康有不良效應。」（"Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature."）（page 1）

[NRC2004-5] United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. Free full-text. National Academies Press. pp R9-10: 「相比傳統食物生產造成的健康危害，類似的嚴重健康影響還沒能被證明同樣會由基因轉移技術產生。這可能是因為基因轉移生物的研發者進行了大量分析，驗證每個生物表現型都是令人滿意的，並確保食物關鍵成分中不會產生不在計劃中的變化。」（"In contrast to adverse health effects that have been associated with some traditional food production methods, similar serious health effects have not been identified as a result of genetic engineering techniques used in food production. This may be because developers of bioengineered organisms perform extensive compositional analyses to determine that each phenotype is desirable and to ensure that unintended changes have not occurred in key components of food."）

[Key-6] Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM. Genetically modified plants and human health. J R Soc Med. June 2008, 101 (6): 290–8. PMC 2408621 . PMID 18515776. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. +pp 292-293. 「超過15年間，基因轉移作物及其副產品被全世界千百萬人消費，沒有造成疾病效應。」（"Foods derived from GM crops have been consumed by hundreds of millions of people across the world for more than 15 years, with no reported ill effects (or legal cases related to human health)."）

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@@ 第16行： / 第16行： @@
 ===一般看法===
-* [http://www.gmo-compass.org/ GMO Compass] Information on the use of genetic engineering in the agri-food industry. Authorization database with all GM plants in the EU.
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170701/http://www.gmo-compass.org/. GMO Compass] Information on the use of genetic engineering in the agri-food industry. Authorization database with all GM plants in the EU.
 * [http://cera-gmc.org/index.php?action=gm_crop_database&mode=Synopsis Center for Environmental Risk Assessment] Database detailing all currently accepted GM crops.
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228010322/http://www.coextra.eu/ Coextra] Research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains. Archived from [http://www.coextra.eu/ the original] on February 28, 2007.