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维基百科，自由的百科全书

背景

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賀伯特提出他對菸酸的思想，在一本名為《全部有關輻射》的書。他聲稱，發現大劑量的維生素能減輕和防止輻射病。[1] 他以片劑形式銷售該抗輻射混合物，稱這是“黛安娜䫈”。 於1958年，美國食品和藥物管理局收繳和銷毀了21,000片,因為輻射治療的標籤誤導。[2]

1979年，淨化程式的前身被稱為“汗水計劃”，並同樣旨在消除迷幻葯的痕跡，據賀伯特，它仍然長期留在體內。[3][4] 參加者飲食受限制，包括吃大劑量的維生素和一茶匙的鹽，每天至少花了一個小時，穿橡膠依慢跑。對某一些人，這個方案持續好幾個月。[4]

淨化程式是發展給那可拿中心使用的，並發表在賀伯特的《戴尼提和山達基技術公告》以及《清除身體，清醒頭腦》一書。 [3][5] 另外兩本書描述這程式，《淨化：毒品答案圖解》和《那可拿新生活排毒計劃：羅恩·賀伯特有效的淨化程式》。術語“淨化程式“是一個“宗教技術中心”（治理山達基教會的機構]]）的商標。雖然宗教技術中心的發言人否認有任何發牌給那可拿的安排。[6]

程式

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該程序通常需要幾個星期。除了花時間在桑拿，人們需要做運動，包括健美操，跑步機，以及其他類似的活動。[7]

該方案包括定期劑量的維生素（尤其是煙酸），長期在桑拿中，運動，混合植物油，他們相信毒素會隨汗而出，植物油更換在體內的脂肪組織。[8] 《清除身體，清醒頭腦》建議，整個過程中參加者維持正常飲食，以新鮮蔬菜補充。[9]

淨化程式要求參與者定期攝取以下的：

  • 多維生素雞尾酒，其中主要成分是菸酸。《清除身體，清醒頭腦》建議開始劑量為100毫克，增加至5000毫克。[5] 對比之下，醫生建議的水平約15毫克：大劑量可產生嚴重的，甚至可能致命的副作用。[5] 參加者被告知要期待有中毒症狀，由於毒素或輻射從他們的身體脂肪釋放。[10] 因此，菸鹼酸過量的影響，其中包括皮膚紅腫，潮紅（生理學），頭暈和頭痛，被解釋為對程式的積極作用。[5][10][11]
  • 礦物質補充劑，包括鈣，鎂，鐵，鋅，錳，銅，碘和鉀。[12]
  • 每天半杯純油，以取代那些在桑拿浴隨汗而出的油。[8]
  • “Cal-Mag“，一種飲品，《清除身體，清醒頭腦》描述為一個葡萄糖酸鈣，碳酸鎂和醋的溶液，在組合比例上元素鈣為鎂的兩倍多。[13] 這是每天飲三次。[8]
  • 足夠的液體來取代在桑拿浴失去的。[9]

賀伯特規定，每個參與者每天必須完成報告，列出維生素，礦物質，Cal-Mag和其它流體的數額，經過檢討，以確保它們全面符合計劃。[14]

淨化程式費用，在1990年大概是二千美元。[15] 在1996年有折扣下是$1,790[11] （雖然在1996年，另一個來源聲稱，四個星期的課程是四千美元左右），[10] 在1998年是$1,200[6] $5,200在2009年.[16]

《清除身體，清醒頭腦》包含一個聲明，指出淨化程式不是一種醫療。[5] 類似的聲明出現在《賀伯特通訊辦公室公告》，指出淨化程式不是醫療過程，而是一個純粹精神活動。[5] 賀伯特建議，參加者須簽署一份棄權，指出淨化不是醫療。[5]

Promotion

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The Purification Rundown is promoted as having physical and mental benefits such as lowering cholesterol, relieving pain, and improving memory. Scientology's promotional materials claim it can boost IQ by up to 15 points.[5] Scientologists are strongly encouraged to take part in the program as a necessary step in their spiritual progress.[17][6] Scientology promotes the Rundown to the public as a "detoxification" program, while it also works with allegedly non-religious but Scientology-affiliated groups such as Narconon to offer this program as a treatment for addiction and high levels of stress. Conditions that are said by Scientologists to respond to Purification include cancer, AIDS, heart problems, kidney failure, liver disease and obesity.[18]

In a January 1980 announcement, Hubbard told his followers that a nuclear war was imminent and that the Rundown would enable them to deal with heavy fallout.[19] He warned that only those who completed the Purification Rundown would survive.[19]

The Church of Scientology unsuccessfully tried to have the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Hubbard for his invention of the Purification Rundown.[19][20]

In California, two organizations have been set up by Scientologists to try to give scientific legitimacy to the program. These were Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education and the HealthMed Clinic. The Executive Director of the Church of Scientology was involved in creating the Foundation and later described it as a "front group". The Foundation funded research and published articles by Scientologists hailing the effectiveness of Hubbard's procedures. HealthMed, an ostensibly independent organization, used this material to promote the Rundown to public agencies all over the state. Both bodies were strongly criticized by a group of physicians from the California Department of Health Services.[15][21]

The Purif, as delivered by HealthMed, is heavily promoted in the book Diet for a Poisoned Planet by journalist David Steinman, who denies any connection with the Church of Scientology.[22][23] The book was the subject of a paper from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration which accused Steinman of distorting facts.[23] C. Everett Koop, the former Surgeon General of the United States, also criticized the book, recommending that the public stay away from Hubbard's "detoxification" procedure.[24]

Reception

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Theoretical basis

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The theory behind the Purification Rundown is that toxins, drugs, and radioactive particles are stored in body fat, which are released through the exchange of fats (thus the oil consumption) and exercise, and then finally released via perspiration and other normal mechanisms such as body waste.[8] Independent scientific evaluations report that the concentration of toxins or drugs in the sweat is negligible, as they are primarily removed from the body through the liver, the kidneys and the lungs.[5][6] The notion that toxins from fatty tissue can be sweated out is categorically denied by toxicology experts.[5][18] Evidence offered for the rundown has not demonstrated that detoxification is actually taking place.[25][26]

A 1995 review at a medical conference described the mega-doses of niacin as inappropriate, especially since they cause the release of histamine, which is counter-productive when dealing with chemical sensitivity.[27] Psychologist Herman Staudenmayer describes the Purif as part of a trend for diagnosing and treating a "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity" disorder which does not correspond to any known disease and is likely to be psychophysiological.[10] He adds, "The position statements of medical societies [...] are unambiguous about the lack of scientific evidence for these practices."[10]

A group including five doctors and nine health education experts reviewed Narconon and its materials on behalf of the California Department of Education. The report, published January 2005, described the key assumptions of the Purif as unscientific and inaccurate.[28] Three experts consulted by The Buffalo News criticised the weak evidence and dubious assumptions behind the program.[29]

David Root, a medical doctor affiliated with Narconon, has administered the Purif for twenty years and stands by the theory behind it.[30] A non-scientologist, he denies that the program collects money or new members for Scientology.[30]

Effectiveness and safety

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An investigation by the New York Press asked a number of independent doctors about the evidence for the Purification Rundown. None of them endorsed the program's effectiveness and some explicitly described it as dangerous. Several said that no peer-reviewed research on the rundown had been published in any medical journal.[5] Some apparently supportive studies have been published, but these lack control groups and have other scientific failings.[31]

Newkirk Herald Journal editor Robert W. Lobsinger solicited a number of medical experts' opinions on the Purification Rundown in 1989.[32] Dr. James Kenney of the National Council Against Health Fraud condemned those administering the "unproven" treatment as guilty of health fraud. He wrote that "[...] the scientific evidence shows the exact opposite of what Hubbard's theory predicts", warning that large doses of niacin could cause liver damage, gout, gastritis, and other serious side-effects. Dr. David Hogg of Toronto said that the program may be detrimental to participants' health.[32] Dr. C. Mark Palmer of Ponca City, rebutted the theory that sweating would clear out drugs, stating that "No matter how much a patient were made to sweat, it could not significantly increase his clearing of most drugs,"[33]

After reviewing materials published by Narconon, University of Oklahoma biochemistry professor Bruce Roe described the program as "a scam" based on "half-truths and pseudo-science."[34] In a 1988 report, Dr. Ronald E. Gots, a toxicology expert from Bethesda, Maryland, called the regimen "quackery", and noted that "no recognized body of toxicologists, no department of occupational medicine, nor any governmental agencies endorse or recommend such treatment."[35] In 1991, the Board of Mental Health in Oklahoma refused to certify the Purification Rundown for use in a Narconon facility on the grounds of potential danger from its high vitamin and mineral doses.[36] A report on Narconon for the Department of Health in California described the mega-doses of vitamins as "hazardous" and "in some cases lethal".[37] Prof. Michael Ryan, a pharmacologist at University College Dublin, told a 2003 court case that the Purification Rundown is scientifically unverified and medically unsafe.[38]

Those who market the Purif insist that it has been proven safe and effective.[18][39] They present anecdotal evidence for the Rundown's effectiveness.[來源請求] Some doctors who have observed the treatment have been impressed by the testimonials but asked for evidence that improvements are caused by the program itself rather than suggestion, delusion or the placebo effect.[34] In 2007, psychopharmacology expert John Brick said of his visit to a Manhattan clinic, "Whether it's from some mysterious combination of vitamins or just good diet and exercise, I can't say. But the bottom line is that it helped the patients I talked to." He emphasized the importance of independently verifying the validity of the program, conceding that no causal relationship between the results and the program had been demonstrated.[34]

In a 1999 French court case, five staff members of the Church of Scientology were convicted of fraud for selling the Purif and other Scientology procedures.[40][41] In Russia, the Purification Rundown has been banned by officials as a threat to public health.[42]

Adverse outcomes

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Paride Ella and Giuseppe Tomba, clients of Narconon in Taceno, Italy, died in 1995 during the vitamin phase of the program, suffering kidney problems and a heart attack respectively.[43]

In 1996, journalist Mark Ebner described the case of a woman who had suffered heatstroke and anemia while on the program.

One day, she was found blue-lipped on the waiting room floor, hemorrhaging. Instead of taking her blood pressure or calling an ambulance or even a doctor, they explained away her bleeding as "restimulation" from radiation she had absorbed from ultrasound testing she'd had years before.[11]

In 1997, two emergency room doctors reported treating a 45-year-old man who had participated in the Rundown.[7] Previously healthy, he had developed tremors while on the program, for which the Church of Scientology recommended further Purification as treatment. Put back in the sauna, he developed seizures and was taken to hospital in an incoherent state. He was diagnosed with severe hyponatremia but three days of treatment returned him to normal. In a similar case, the wife of a Medina, Ohio dentist required hospitalisation after developing hallucinations and other bizarre symptoms during Purification.[18] In 2004, a former participant in the UK told reporters that Purification had gravely worsened his physical condition, and that he had been denied medical treatment.[44]

A 25-year-old man in Portland, Oregon died from liver failure having taken the Purif. His parents sued the Church of Scientology and the case was settled out of court.[18] Scientology officials blamed the death on prior medical problems.[45]

Adoption by public bodies

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The City Council of Shreveport, Louisiana approved 20 firefighters to take the Purif via HealthMed in the late 1980s.[46] The city's insurers commissioned an evaluation from toxicologist Dr. Ronald E. Gots, who dismissed the program as "quackery", saying it "served no rational medical function."[35][46] As a consequence, Shreveport ended its support.[35]

In 1994, the London Borough of Tower Hamlets funded an alcoholic to go to Narconon for detoxification, but the council withdrew funding when the Church of Scientology connection was revealed.[47] The woman stayed on, funded by Narconon's trustees.[47]

Second Chance

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主条目：Second Chance Program

"Second Chance" is a program administering the Purif to substance abuse offenders. Its first center was set up in Ensenada, Mexico in 1995 with a mix of state and private funding.[48] In October 2001, two officials from Erie County Holding Center in Buffalo, New York visited the Mexican center at a Scientology patron's expense.[24] They were impressed enough to appeal for $700,000 to introduce Second Chance to their own prison, although lack of funds put the project on hold.[24]

In September 2006 a Second Chance project was set up in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[48][49] This center took in hundreds of referrals in its first year but ran into financial trouble.[50] Some judges, unconvinced of its effectiveness, refused to refer offenders.[48] In October 2008, Curry County commissioners ended their contract with the project, after an independent study revealed the center had inflated its success rates.[49][51] In the two years prior, the center had received $1.57 million in federal and state funding.[49] In December 2008, the center was forced to close down after Mayor Martin Chavez accused it of "misrepresentation and deceit".[52][53]

New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project

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主条目：New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project

An initiative in New York City, co-founded by Tom Cruise, provides Purification Rundowns for public-sector employees who were exposed to toxins in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. It has administered the Purif to over 800 rescue workers.[54] Many participants have claimed positive results, and some local government figures have supported the project,[35] which was awarded public funding.[5][55] However, it has drawn criticism for exposing rescue workers to the potential dangers of the Purif,[25] for encouraging them to give up conventional medical treatments,[56] for recruiting into Scientology[57] and for channeling funding to Scientology-related bodies.[5]

Utah Meth Cops Project

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Inspired by the New York project, a center in Orem, Utah administers the Purif to Salt Lake City police who complain of health effects from exposure to meth lab toxins.[58][59] This is done under the name of Bio-Cleansing Centers of America and has received public money in addition to private donations.[60] Many police who have taken part claim to have benefited, though a medical doctor associated with the Utah clinic acknowledged in 2007 that there were no studies of the Purif's effect on people who had been exposed to meth labs.[16]

The major supporter of the clinic has been State Attorney General Mark Shurtleff.[61] In 2007 and 2008, his office spent $140,000 to pay for 20 police to take the Purif, and requested a total of $440,000 from the Utah State Legislature.[61] The legislature advanced $240,000 of this further funding.[16] In 2009, Republicans in the State Legislature approved an additional $100,000 for the project in the closing days of a session, bypassing a committee which would have reviewed the payment.[16]

Other endorsements

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Scientologist actress Kelly Preston has endorsed the program and credits it for helping her late son Jett.[62][63]

In a 1998 interview, Heber Jentzsch, president of the Church of Scientology International, credited the Purif with curing radiation sickness that he allegedly suffered as a result of childhood exposure to nuclear testing in Utah.[6] No cases of radiation sickness have ever been reported in Utah, due to the low level of fallout involved,[64] although some cases of leukemia may have been associated with the tests.[65]

References

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  1. ^ Atack, Jon. A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed. Lyle Stuart / Carol Publishing Group. 1990: 142. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X. 
  2. ^ Williams, Ian. The Alms Trade: Charities, Past, Present and Future. Cosimo. 2007: 130. ISBN 1602067538. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 引用错误：没有为名为refslund的参考文献提供内容
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Atack, Jon. A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed. Lyle Stuart / Carol Publishing Group. 1990: 254. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 DeSio, John. The Rundown on Scientology's Purification Rundown. New York Press. June 6, 2007 [2009-01-21]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Mallia, Joseph. Scientology reaches into schools through Narconon. Boston Herald. March 3, 1998. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 引用错误：没有为名为emergency1997的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 McCall, W. Vaughn. Psychiatry and Psychology in the Writings of L. Ron Hubbard. Journal of Religion and Health (Springer Netherlands). 2007, 46 (3): 437–447. ISSN 1573-6571. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9079-9. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Hubbard, L. Ron. Clear Body, Clear Mind. Copenhagen: New Era Publications International. 2002: 19. ISBN 9788779686236. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Staudenmayer, Herman. Clinical Consequences of the EI/MCS "Diagnosis": Two Paths. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (Academic Press). 1996, 24 (1): S96–S110. ISSN 0273-2300. PMID 8921563. doi:10.1006/rtph.1996.0084. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Ebner, Mark. Do You Want To Buy A Bridge?. Spy magazine. 1996 [2009-01-27].  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  12. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. Clear Body, Clear Mind. Copenhagen: New Era Publications International. 2002: 86–94. ISBN 9788779686236. 
  13. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. Clear Body, Clear Mind. Copenhagen: New Era Publications International. 2002: 63–65. ISBN 9788779686236. 
  14. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. Clear Body, Clear Mind. Copenhagen: New Era Publications International. 2002: 113–115. ISBN 9788779686236. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Sappell, Joel; Robert W. Welkos. Church Seeks Influence in Schools, Business, Science. Los Angeles Times. June 27, 1990 [2009-01-21]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Carlisle, Nate; Robert Gehrke. More state funds quietly budgeted to help cops sweat to health. The Salt Lake Tribune. April 5, 2009 [2009-04-06]. 
  17. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为bouma的参考文献提供内容
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Dougherty, Geoff. Store selling Scientology vitamin regimen raises concerns. St. Petersburg Times. March 28, 1999 [2009-02-14]. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Atack, Jon. A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed. Lyle Stuart / Carol Publishing Group. 1990: 259–261. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X. 
  20. ^ Lyneis, Dick. Ex-aide tells of Hubbard try to gain Nobel Prize. Press Enterprise (Riverside, California). December 25, 1982: B–1, B–3. 
  21. ^ West, Louis Jolyon. Scientology III. The Southern California Psychiatrist (Southern California Psychiatric Society). October 1991: 13–15. 
  22. ^ Puzo, Daniel P. The New Naturalism Controversy Eats at `Diet for a Poisoned Planet'. Los Angeles Times. November 29, 1990: 27. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Behar, Richard. The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power. Time magazine. May 6, 1991 [2009-02-21]. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Sommer, Mark. Helping Spread the Word. The Buffalo News. February 1, 2005. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Crouch, Edmund A. C.; Laura C. Green. Comment on "Persistent organic pollutants in 9/11 world trade center rescue workers: Reduction following detoxification" by James Dahlgren, Marie Cecchini, Harpreet Takhar, and Olaf Paepke [Chemosphere 69/8 (2007) 1320–1325]. Chemosphere. 2007, 69 (8): 1330–1332. PMID 17692360. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.098.  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  26. ^ Farley, Robert. Detox center seeks acceptance. St. Petersburg Times. March 30, 2003: 1B [2009-02-14]. "There is no data that that kind of experience reduces the level of toxins", said Dr. Raymond Harbison, professor of environmental and occupational health in the College of Public Health at the University of South Florida. 
  27. ^ Kurt, T. (1995) "Sauna-Depuration: Toxicokinetics" presentation at 2nd Aspen Environmental Medicine Conference. Aspen, Colorado, September 7–9. cited in Staudenmayer, Herman. Environmental Illness: myth and reality. CRC Press. 1998: 48. ISBN 9781566703055. 
  28. ^ Asimov, Nanette. Schools urged to drop antidrug program. San Francisco Chronicle. February 23, 2005: A1 [2009-02-14]. 
  29. ^ Sommer, Mark. Addiction specialists criticize detoxification program. Buffalo News. February 1, 2005. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 引用错误：没有为名为snr的参考文献提供内容
  31. ^ Schaffer, Amanda. Poisons, Begone! The dubious science behind the Scientologists' detoxification program for 9/11 rescue workers. Slate (Washington Post). October 21, 2004 [2009-01-29]. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Medical and Scientific Opinions Regarding The Purification Rundown As Practiced By The Narconon Drug Treatment Program. Newkirk Herald Journal. undated [2009-01-22]. 
  33. ^ Drug Center Proposal Criticized. The Oklahoman. September 1, 1989. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Carey, Art. Clinic's results make 9/11 responders believe. The Philadelphia Enquirer. October 7, 2007. （原始内容存档于2007-10-24）. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 O'Donnell, Michelle. Scientologist's Treatments Lure Firefighters. New York Times. October 4, 2003 [2006-09-17].  [失效連結]
  36. ^ Neill, Ushma S. Editorial: Tom Cruise is dangerous and irresponsible. Journal of Clinical Investigation. August 1, 2005, 115 (8): 1964–1965. PMC 1180571 可免费查阅. PMID 16075033. doi:10.1172/JCI26200. 
  37. ^ Roberton, Craig. Narconon. St. Petersburg Times. December 28, 1981: 1–B [2009-02-21]. 
  38. ^ Church's purification course unsafe - expert. The Irish Times. February 6, 2003. 
  39. ^ Doward, Jamie. Scientologists will 'purify' drug addicts - for £15,000. The Observer (Guardian News & Media). 27 March 2005 [2009-02-21]. 
  40. ^ Bremner, Charles. Former cult chief jailed for fraud. The Times. November 16, 1999. 
  41. ^ Henley, Jon. French fraud case puts Scientology in the dock. The Guardian. September 21, 1999. 
  42. ^ Morgan, Lucy. Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology. St. Petersburg Times. March 29, 1999: 1A [2009-02-14]. 
  43. ^ Biglia, Andrea. Tragedia nella lotta alla droga. Corriere della Sera. February 20, 1995: 13 （Italian）. 
  44. ^ Washington, Sam; Phil Kemp. The Bridge to Freedom?. New Humanist (The Rationalist Association). January 2004, 119 (1) [2009-02-14]. 
  45. ^ Morgan, Lucy. Scientology got blame for French suicide. St. Petersburg Times. February 8, 1998: 1A [2009-02-14]. 
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 Gittrich, Greg. Bravest taking the Cruise cure. New York Daily News. December 13, 2003 [2009-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2003-12-16）. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Oxford, Esther. Storm over cult's alcoholic patient. The Independent (Independent News and Media). May 31, 1994 [2009-02-17]. 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Etter, Lauren. Program for prisoners draws fire over Scientology. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 19, 2007 [2007-11-23]. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Johnson, Shama. Commissioners decline to pursue rehabilitation program. Clovis News Journal. October 7, 2008 [2009-02-14]. 
  50. ^ Proctor, Jeff. Second Chance removes last inmates from old jail building. Albuquerque Journal. January 25, 2009 [2009-02-21]. 
  51. ^ Herzenberg, Michael. Study Questions Drug Treatment Results. KRQE.com. November 18, 2008 [2009-02-21]. 
  52. ^ Proctor, Jeff. Scientology Base Denied By Officials. Albuquerque Journal. January 25, 2009 [2009-02-14]. 
  53. ^ Maher, Jeff; Joshua Panas. ABQ officials tour former rehab facility. KOB.com (KOB-TV). February 4, 2009 [2009-02-14]. 
  54. ^ Dunleavy, Steve. Cruises's Clinic OK. New York Post. June 12, 2007 [2007-09-08]. 
  55. ^ Monserrate Defends Detox Program. The Politicker. New York Observer. April 20, 2007 [2007-10-06]. 
  56. ^ O'Donnell, Michelle. Scientologist's Treatments Lure Firefighters. New York Times. October 4, 2003: 1 [2009-02-04].  [失效連結]
  57. ^ Friedman, Roger. Tom Cruise Can't Put Out These Fires. Fox 411 (Fox). December 22, 2006 [2009-02-04]. 
  58. ^ Carlisle, Nate; Rosetta, Lisa. Meth cops swear they can sweat off toxins. Salt Lake Tribune. November 8, 2007 [2007-11-24]. 
  59. ^ Bonisteel, Sara. Utah Foots the Bill for Ailing Cops' Controversial Scientology-Based Detox Treatment. Fox News. November 21, 2007 [2007-11-24]. 
  60. ^ Winslow, Ben. Police detox at clinic for exposure to meth. Deseret Morning News. November 8, 2007 [2009-02-14]. 
  61. ^ 61.0 61.1 Carlisle, Nate. Funding sought for meth cops' health regimen. Salt Lake Tribune (Media News Group). February 22, 2008. 
  62. ^ Scientologist Views On Medicine Questioned. CBS News (CBS Interactive). January 7, 2009 [2009-06-13]. 
  63. ^ Gilette, Chris. Bahamas Using 2 Experts for Travolta Son Autopsy. ABC News. January 3, 2009 [2009-06-13].  [失效連結]
  64. ^ Beck HL, Krey PW. Radiation exposures in Utah from Nevada Nuclear Tests. Science. 1983, 220 (4592): 18–24. PMID 6828876. doi:10.1126/science.6828876.  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
  65. ^ Stevens W, Thomas DC, Lyon JL; et al. Leukemia in Utah and radioactive fallout from the Nevada test site. A case-control study. JAMA. 1990, 264 (5): 585–91. PMID 2366297. doi:10.1001/jama.264.5.585.  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助)
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Promotional sites

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Critical sites

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