馬來族
馬來族 Orang Melayu أورڠ ملايو | |
---|---|
一對馬來族夫婦婚禮 | |
總人口 | |
約3000 萬 | |
分佈地區 | |
起源地 | . |
5,365,399[2] | |
1,964,384[3] | |
653,449[4] | |
~27,000[5] | |
海外分佈 | . |
~200,000[6] | |
40,189[7] | |
33,183[8] | |
~33,000[9] | |
語言 | |
作為官方語言: 馬來語群語言: 其他語言: | |
宗教信仰 | |
註釋 | |
^ note: Highly naturalised population of mixed origins, but using the 'Malay' identity |
馬來族(馬來語:Etnik Melayu;英語:Malays),習慣上多稱為馬來人,舊時又譯為巫來由人 ,故當地華語常以巫為族名簡稱,分布於東南亞。馬來族有狹義和廣義之分,前者指分布於馬來半島南部及蘇門答臘東南部的一個民族,該民族在馬來半島人口最多。而廣義上,馬來族有時候也用來指馬來語(印尼語)族群甚至整個南島語系族群。[10]
從15世紀麻六甲蘇丹王朝始,大量馬來人由古代佛教、印度教轉為皈依伊斯蘭教,主要分布於東南亞的馬來半島、聖誕島、科科斯(基林)群島、印度尼西亞、新加坡、汶萊、菲律賓和大洋洲等。
馬來人名稱由來
[編輯]這名稱可能來自蘇門答臘島上一個約1500年前由印度人所建立的古國——末羅瑜(馬來文亦是Melayu )。末羅瑜遺址位於現蘇門答臘島上一條河流 上游的支流巫來由河(Sungai Melayu) 附近。後來末羅瑜被蘇門答臘島上的另一個著名古國三佛齊所併吞。
另一種說法是「Melayu」這名詞來自印度的梵文中一讀音為Malaya 的詞。這梵文詞的意思為山或高處。
馬來文學作品《馬來紀年》將「Melayu」的詞源與印尼蘇門答臘的巫來由河(Sungai Melayu)聯繫在一起。這個詞被認為是由馬來語「melaju」衍生而來的,「melaju」是一個詞前綴「me」和詞根「laju」的組合,意思是「加速」,用來描述河流加速的強勁水流。[11]
「Melayu」用來指稱一個明顯包含不同的民族的群體被認為在15世紀時,麻六甲王國作為馬來群島的區域力量整合的結果。它是麻六甲王國人民對國外人士,特別是爪哇人和泰國人的一種社會偏見。[12] 這一點從16世紀早期由參與麥哲倫環球航行探險家安東尼奧·皮加費塔所列出的馬來單詞列表就可以看出,它提到了馬來方式(chiara Malaiu)在海洋東南亞的應用,指代說麻六甲語(al parlare de Malaea)。[13]
馬來語原詞「Melayu」,在葡萄牙語中被用成「Malaio」,後來成為在荷蘭語中「Malayo」,最終再成為英語中的「Malay」。在15世紀之前,「Melayu」及其發音相似的變體一般是指麻六甲海峽地區的一個古老地名。[14]
- Malaya Dwipa:在《伐由往世書》第48章中被提及是東海一個充滿金銀財寶的省份。一些學者將此詞等同於蘇門答臘島[15],但一些印度學者認為這個詞應該指的是多山的馬來半島而素萬那普才是指蘇門答臘島。[16][17][18][19][20]
- Maleu-kolon - 在托勒密作品《地理學指南》中指的黃金半島位置。[21]
- 末羅瑜:唐代僧人義淨在其《大唐西域求法高僧傳》和《南海寄歸內法傳》提及的古國。根據作品內容,末羅瑜坐落的地點從室利佛逝國的首府巨港坐船航行15日可達,從末羅瑜出發到羯荼國也需要15日。所以可以推測末羅瑜位置介於兩者之間。[22] 一個著名的理論將末羅瑜和占碑關聯起來[23],但依據義淨的作品占碑是坐落在羯荼與巨港之間一半路程。在後來的元朝(1271–1368年)與明朝(1368–1644年),也有不少作品提及末羅瑜國,但稱呼不一樣,比如:木剌由、麻里予兒、巫來由、無來由等。
- Malayur:被刻在印度坦米爾納德邦的布里哈迪希瓦拉神廟的南牆上。它被描述是一個在馬來半島擁有堅固的山的王國,在11世紀落入了朱羅王朝皇帝羅貞陀羅·朱羅一世(Rajendra Chola I)的手中。
- Bhūmi Mālayu:Bhūmi 是「...之地」之意,該詞在年份為1286年的巴當洛克基石(Prasasti Padang Roco)銘文中被提及。[24]該詞和德哈馬斯拉雅(Dharmasraya)王國關聯。
- 麻里予兒:在元朝紀傳體史書《元史》中提及的一個面臨素可泰王國蘭甘亨大帝時期南擴威脅的馬來半島王國。[25]該作品寫道「以暹人與麻里予兒舊相仇殺」,為此中國使者在1295年前往暹羅,旨諭暹人「勿傷麻里予兒,以踐爾言」。[26]
- Malauir:在馬可波羅的記述中提到的一個位於馬來半島的王國[27][28],可能與《元史》中提及的是同一個王國。
另外,爪哇語中的「mlayu」來源於「mlaku」或馬來語「melaju」,指的是該國人民的高流動性和遷徙性質,然而這說法雖然流行但沒有確鑿的證據。 有些人,特別是漢語地區的漢語使用者,誤將馬來人當成馬來西亞人的簡稱,向他們自認是馬來西亞人就會被誤解是在自認是馬來人。其實馬來人只是馬來西亞的民族之一,馬來西亞人不等於馬來人。而馬來西亞人指的是擁有馬來西亞國籍的人士,包括馬來人、華人、印度人三大民族及各少數民族。馬來西亞人的簡稱可用大馬/馬國人。如:大馬本土華人可以被稱為「馬來西亞華人」、「馬國華人」或「大馬華人」 。
馬來人的起源
[編輯]原始馬來人
[編輯]原馬來人(馬來文:Melayu Proto)是第一批到達南洋群島的馬來人,目前使用的語言屬於南島語系,他們在新石器時代晚期遷徙至南洋群島。書籍 The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History 指出了馬來人起源的三大理論,但是歷史學界尚無定論。 值得注意的是,現今存在的原馬來人依舊可見,他們包括了莫肯人、Orang Jakun、Orang Kuala、Orang Temuan和Orang Kanaq。[41]
南亞起源說
[編輯]發表於1889年,主要的支持者有R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana 和Asmah Haji Omar等。南亞起源說的依據如下:
- 在馬來群島發現的古老斧頭,與南亞的某些地區類似,說明有南亞居民移民馬來群島。
- 馬來族的風俗與阿薩姆地區類似(阿薩姆是印度與緬甸之間的地區)。
- 馬來語與柬埔寨的高棉語(屬於南亞語系)相似,而高棉人又被認為來自於南亞,當年他們沿著湄公河南下到柬埔寨。
南亞起源說被廣大人群所接受,馬來西亞的中學歷史課本中都介紹馬來人起源於南亞。但已被現代分子人類學(基因研究)否決。[29]
馬來群島起源說
[編輯]發表於1965年,支持者有J.Crawfurd、K.Himly、Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana和Gorys Keraf等。馬來群島起源說的的依據如下:
- K.Himly不同意馬來語與高棉語相似。認為二語相似只是表面印象,沒有足夠理據。
- 爪哇島發現的爪哇猿人(學名:Homo erectus erectus)、梭羅猿人 (學名:Homo erectus soloensis)和維傑人 (學名:Homo wajakensis)化石表明馬來人是馬來群島起源,可能馬來人就是來自爪哇島。
- 馬來群島各族的語言與南亞屬於印歐語系的語言有異。
馬來群島起源論在馬來西亞只得到極少數人的支持。
臺灣起源說
[編輯]發表於1997年。一般認為是在公元前4,000年左右,在東亞大陸南部與中南半島一帶的原住民族,移居臺灣,之後由臺灣開始向外拓展,形成南島民族。包括賈德·戴蒙在內的一些學者依據歷史語言學的證據,支持臺灣起源說,這是因為南島語言在臺灣有最高的多樣性:據白樂思的研究,南島語言的十大語支有九支都在臺灣。另外張至善等人分析南島民族傳統作物構樹的基因多樣性後,認為南島民族的祖先應是自東亞大陸南部將構樹帶到臺灣,再從臺灣傳至各太平洋島嶼[30]。
混血馬來人
[編輯]混血馬來人(馬來文:Melayu Deutro)是鐵器時代的人,從屬於南島民族。 混血馬來人和原馬來人相比,擁有更先進的耕作技術和對金屬的認識。[31]他們更加蒙古人種化,與原馬來人相比具有較小的身軀、較暗的皮膚、捲髮的出現頻率較高,頭型狹長的百分比高得多,並且擁有內眥贅皮的可能性明顯較低。[31]相比之下,混血馬來人較傾向於定居者而不是游牧者,他們定居並建立了「甘榜」(馬來語:kampung,意為馬來人村莊)作為社會主要單位。這些甘榜通常位於河岸或沿海地區,在食物和其他必需品中自給自足。在公元前上個世紀末,這些甘榜開始與外界進行一些貿易。[32]混血馬來人被認為是當今馬來西亞馬來人的直接祖先。[33] 一些學者將原馬來人及混血馬來人又合稱南島人(英文:Austronesian ),二者的文化為新石器時代的文化。南島人其實是最後移入馬來群島的人群。之前遷入的有澳大利亞人種(英文:Australoid),矮黑人(英文:Negrito)和美拉尼西亞人(英文:Melanesoid)。
遺傳史
[編輯]馬來人是東南亞島嶼和馬來半島的一個講南島語的族群。 2021/2022 年的一項研究得出結論,一個獨特的東亞祖先血統(有時稱為「東亞和東南亞血統」(ESEA))起源於東南亞大陸,大約在公元前 50,000 年,並在多個波浪中分別向南和向北擴展.這個人口是現代安爬曼矮黑人、東亞和東南亞人、玻里尼西亞人和西伯利亞人的祖先,但與歐洲人或澳大利亞原住民不同。
早期東亞血統(以安達曼矮黑人為代表),以及後來的南亞語系稻作人群,在南島語系人群擴張之前就已經擴散到東南亞沿海地區。南島語使用者本身被認為是在公元前 10,000 至 7,000 年間從中國南部沿海抵達台灣和菲律賓北部,並從那裡傳播到整個東南亞島嶼。作者得出的結論是,現代說南島語的民族,如馬來人,其祖先主要來自早期東亞人、來自中南半島的說南亞語的移民以及來自菲律賓的說南島語的人群混合而形成。[35][36]。
根據2016年最新論文,一例距今四千多年前的馬來半島古人考古樣本,其基因不含南島血統,也與現代馬來人差距甚遠,性質更接近安達曼矮黑人。[37]
注釋
[編輯]- ^ 「巫來由」,閩南語白話字:Bû-lâi-iû,耶魯粵語拼音:Mòuh-lòih-yàuh,客語白話字:Mù-lòi-yù。
- ^ 「末羅瑜」最初是唐朝僧人義淨《大唐西域求法高僧傳》對蘇門達臘某地的譯名,到了《元史》則稱馬來半島為「麻里予」。
- ^ 河流名稱馬來文Sungai Batang Hari。
- ^ Sungai Melayu無中文譯名,Sungai在馬來文中即是「河流」之意,Sungai Melayu或可譯為「末羅瑜河」。
- ^ 例如喜馬拉雅山脈,梵文是Himalaya。Hima是雪、寒冷的意思;Malaya是山、山脈,Himalaya在梵文中乃雪山之意。
- ^ 馬來文Indonesian亦是現代印尼人的稱呼,而南島人是馬來西亞華人的官方中文譯名。以區別二不同之Indonesian而如此譯。
- ^ 梭羅猿人的化石於爪哇島上梭羅河(馬來文:Sungai Solo〕附近發現,因而得名。梭羅猿人直立,但沒脫離猿人階段。
- ^ 維傑人的化石於爪哇島南岸維傑(馬來文:Wajak)地方發現。是東南亞發現的最早真人化石。約生存於1萬2千年前。
- ^ 「巫裔」多用來專指馬來西亞的馬來人。
參考文獻
[編輯]引注
[編輯]- ^ Economic Planning Unit (Malaysia) 2010
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistika Indonesia 2010,第9頁
- ^ World Population Review 2015
- ^ CIA World Factbook 2012
- ^ Malay in Myanmar - Joshua Project. [2017-08-11]. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-22).
- ^ Malay, Cape in South Africa - Joshua Project. [2017-08-11]. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-12).
- ^ Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka - Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012. [2017-08-11]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-28).
- ^ Australia - Ancestry. [2017-08-11]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-03).
- ^ Malay in United Kingdom - Joshua Project. [2017-08-11]. (原始內容存檔於2022-09-25).
- ^ 马来人的起源与演变 - 广义的马来人. [2018-06-11]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-02).
- ^ Abdul Rashid Melebek & Amat Juhari Moain 2006,第9–10頁
- ^ Barnard 2004,第4頁.
- ^ Milner 2010,第22頁
- ^ Barnard 2004,第3頁
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- ^ Pande 2005,第266頁
- ^ Gopal 2000,第139頁
- ^ Ahir 1995,第612頁
- ^ Mukerjee 1984,第212頁
- ^ Sarkar 1970,第8頁
- ^ Gerini 1974,第101頁
- ^ I Ching 2005,第xl-xli頁
- ^ Melayu Online 2005
- ^ Muljana 1981,第223頁
- ^ Guoxue 2003
- ^ Hall 1981,第190頁
- ^ Cordier 2009,第105頁
- ^ Wright 2004,第364–365頁
- ^ Dissecting the genetic structure and admixture of four geographical Malay populations. [2023-09-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-09-02). 已忽略未知參數
|data=
(幫助) - ^ 鍾國芳. 民俗植物訴說的「出臺灣說」?台灣是太平洋構樹的原鄉. PanSci 泛科學. 2015-10-10 [2017-01-09]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-30).
- ^ 31.0 31.1 Murdock 1969,第278頁
- ^ Jamil Abu Bakar 2002,第39頁
- ^ TED 1999
- ^ Dissecting the genetic structure and admixture of four geographical Malay populations. 已忽略未知參數
|data=
(幫助) - ^ Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2021-03-30, 118 (13): e2026132118 [2022-04-16]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671
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- ^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia. Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2022-04-16]. ISSN 2770-5005. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-16) (英語).
- ^ The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia. [2023-09-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-08-29).
書目
[編輯]- Abd. Rahman Ismail, Seni Silat Melayu: Sejarah, Perkembangan dan Budaya, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2008, ISBN 978-983-62-9934-5
- Abdulla, M. A. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science. December 2009, 326 (5959): 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. PMID 20007900. S2CID 34341816. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. 已忽略未知參數
|collaboration=
(幫助) - Abu Talib Ahmad; Tan, Liok Ee, New terrains in Southeast Asian history, Singapore: Ohio University press, 2003, ISBN 978-9971-69-269-8
- Ahir, Diwan Chand, A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992, Sri Satguru Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-81-7030-462-3
- Ahmad Salehuddin, Serampang dua belas, Tari Tradisional Kesultanan Serdang, 2009 [2012-06-15], (原始內容存檔於2012-06-15)
- Alexander, James, Malaysia Brunei & Singapore, New Holland Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-1-86011-309-3
- Ali, Tongkat. Negeri Rahman, hilangnya sebutir permata [State of Rahman, the loss of a gem]. 2010-02-01 [2011-04-02]. (原始內容存檔於2011-08-19) (馬來語).
- Amin, Tarek Abd El-Hamid Ahmed. Anglo-German Rivalry in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, 1870–1909 (學位論文). Universiti Malaya. 1995 [2020-08-25]. (原始內容存檔於2022-09-25).
- Anderbeck, Karl. Suku Batin – A Proto-Malay People? Evidence from Historical Linguistics. The Sixth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics, 3 – 5 August 2002, Nirwana Resort Hotel, Bintan Island, Riau, Indonesia. 2002 [2018-07-29]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- Anuar Nik Mahmud, Nik, Sejarah Perjuangan Melayu Pattani, Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1999, ISBN 9789679424430
- Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Yuzon, A History of Malaysia, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1984, ISBN 978-0-333-27672-3
- Angahsunan. Pusaka, Rahsia Dan Dzat Keris. The Patriots. 2017-07-16 [2017-11-20]. (原始內容存檔於2017-09-23).
- Azmi Arifin, Traditional Malay Pottery of Kuala Kangsar: Its History and Development, School of Humanities and Sciencesm, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2015
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