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Active volcano

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World map of active volcanoes and plate boundaries
Kīlauea's lava entering the sea
Lava flows at Holuhraun, Iceland, September 2014

An active volcano is a volcano that has erupted during the Holocene (the current geologic epoch that began approximately 11,700 years ago), is currently erupting, or has the potential to erupt in the future.[1] A volcano that is not currently erupting but could erupt in the future is known as a dormant volcano.[1] Volcanoes that will not erupt again are known as extinct volcanoes.[1]

Overview

There are 1,350 potentially active volcanoes around the world, 500 of which have erupted in historical time.[2] Many active volcanoes are located along the Pacific Rim, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.[2][3] An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes.[3]

Historical time (or recorded history) is another timeframe for active.[4][5] The span of recorded history differs from region to region. In China and the Mediterranean, it reaches back nearly 3,000 years, but in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada, it reaches back less than 300 years, and in Hawaii and New Zealand it is only around 200 years.[4] The incomplete Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World, published in parts between 1951 and 1975 by the International Association of Volcanology, uses this definition, by which there are more than 500 active volcanoes.[4][6] As of March 2021, the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program recognizes 560 volcanoes with confirmed historical eruptions.[7]

Countries with the most Holocene volcanoes, according to the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (as of 2023):[8]

  1. United States: 165
  2. Japan: 122
  3. Russia: 117
  4. Indonesia 117
  5. Chile: 91

Countries with the most volcanoes active since 1960 (as of 2023):[9]

  1. Indonesia: 55
  2. Japan: 40
  3. US: 39 (mostly volcanic areas in and around Hawaii, Alaska, and Pacific territories)
  4. Russia: 27
  5. Chile: 19
  6. Papua New Guinea: 13
  7. Ecuador: 12

As of 2013, the following are considered Earth's most active volcanoes:[10]

As of 2010, the longest ongoing (but not necessarily continuous) volcanic eruptive phases are:[11]

Other highly active volcanoes include:

Holocene volcanoes with large populations within 5 km (3.1 mi):

Michoacan-Guanajuato volcano in Mexico and Tatun Volcanic Group in Taiwan both have more than 5 million people living within 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) of the volcano. Campi Flegrei in Italy and Ilopango in El Salvador both have populations of over 2 million people living within 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) of the volcanoes. Hainan Volcanic Field in China, San Pablo Volcanic Field in the Philippines, Ghegham Volcanic Ridge in Armenia, Dieng Volcanic Complex, in Indonesia, and Auckland Volcanic Field in New Zealand all have over 1 million people living within 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) of each volcano.[13]

By country

Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica

Costa Rica

Guatemala

Source:[14]

Iceland's Fagradalsfjall volcano
Hekla, stratovolcano in Iceland

Iceland

Source:[15]

Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast)
Mount Etna in Italy

Italy

Source:[16]

Nantai volcano, Tochigi-Nikko, Japan in 2013
Yotei Volcano on Hokkaido in Japan

Japan

See list of volcanoes in Japan for more information

Hokkaido

Honshū

Izu Islands

Kyūshū

Ryūkyū Islands

Colima volcano in Mexico
Popocatepetl volcano in Mexico

Mexico

Source:[17]

Mayon volcano in the Philippines
Taal volcano, Philippines

Philippines

Further information: List of active volcanoes in the Philippines

Source:[18]

United States

Kilauea Fissure 8 cone erupting in Hawaii

Hawaii

Source:[19]

Mount Hood in Oregon
Mount Bachelor, Oregon

Oregon

Mount St. Helens, Washington
Mount Rainier, Washington

Washington

Mount Shasta, California

California

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Active, dormant, and extinct: Clarifying confusing classifications | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  2. ^ a b "How many active volcanoes are there on Earth? | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  3. ^ a b "Volcanoes". European Space Agency. 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Decker, Robert Wayne; Decker, Barbara (1991). Mountains of Fire: The Nature of Volcanoes. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-31290-5.
  5. ^ Tilling, Robert I. (1997). "Volcano environment". Volcanoes. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved August 16, 2012. There are more than 500 active volcanoes (those that have erupted at least once within recorded history) in the world
  6. ^ DeFelice, B.; Spydell, D.R.; Stoiber, R.E. (14 November 1997). "Catalogs of Active Volcanoes". The Electronic Volcano. Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 2020-01-19. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  7. ^ Venzke, E., ed. (2013). "How many active volcanoes are there?". Global Volcanism Program Volcanoes of the World (version 4.9.4). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  8. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Which countries have the most volcanoes?". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  9. ^ "Infographic: The Countries With the Most Active Volcanos". Statista Daily Data. 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  10. ^ "The most active volcanoes in the world". VolcanoDiscovery.com. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  11. ^ Leontiou, A. (2 November 2010). "The World's Five Most Active Volcanoes". livescience.com. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  12. ^ "Where is the largest active volcano in the world? | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  13. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | What volcanoes have the most people living nearby?". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  14. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Guatemala Volcanoes". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  15. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Iceland Volcanoes". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  16. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Italy Volcanoes". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  17. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Mexico Volcanoes". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  18. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Philippines Volcanoes". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  19. ^ "Active Volcanoes of Hawaii | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
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