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Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of computer software operating systems created by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

All versions of Microsoft Windows are commercial proprietary software.

General information

[edit]

Basic general information about Windows.

DOS shells

[edit]
Name Release date Latest version Support status Codename OS required Architecture Editions Target market
Windows 1.0 1985-11-20 1.04 (1987-04-08) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Interface Manager DOS 2.0 or higher 16-bit Desktops
Windows 2.0 1987-09-08 2.03 (1987-12-09) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		DOS 3.0 or higher 16-bit Desktops
Windows 2.1x 1988-05-27 2.11 (1989-03-13) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		DOS 3.0 or higher 16-bit Desktops
Windows 3.0 1990-05-22 3.0a with
Multimedia Extensions
(1991-10-20) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		DOS 3.1 or higher 16-bit Windows 3.0
Windows 3.0a
Windows 3.0a with Multimedia Extensions 		Desktops
Windows 3.1x 1992-04-06 3.11 (1993-12-31) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Janus
  • 3.1 for Workgroups: Kato
  • 3.11: Snowball (LB)
  • 3.11 for Workgroups: Sparta
 DOS 3.3 or higher 16-bit* Windows 3.1
Windows for Workgroups 3.1
Windows 3.11
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Windows 3.2 (Simplified Chinese only) 		Desktops
* Has partial 32-bit compatibility with Win32s

Windows 9x

[edit]
Name Release date RTM build Latest version Support status Codename MS-DOS version Kernel type Architecture Editions Target market
Windows 95 1995-07-14 950 4.00.950C OSR2.5 (1997-11-26) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Chicago MS-DOS 7.0, MS-DOS 7.1 (OSR2.x) Monolithic Hybrid 16/32-bit Retail, OSR1, OSR2, OSR2.1, OSR2.5 Desktops
Windows 98 1998-05-15 1998 4.10.1998 Unsupported
(2006-07-11) 		Memphis MS-DOS 7.1 Monolithic Hybrid 16/32-bit Desktops
Windows 98 SE 1999-05-05 2222 4.10.2222A (2000-02-25) Unsupported
(2006-07-11) 		MS-DOS 7.1 Monolithic Hybrid 16/32-bit Desktops
Windows Me 2000-06-19 3000 4.90.3000 (2000-09-14) Unsupported
(2006-07-11) 		Millennium MS-DOS 8.0 Monolithic Hybrid 16/32-bit Desktops

Windows NT

[edit]
Name Release date Version RTM build Latest build Support status Codename, working name Supported architectures Editions OS type
Windows NT 3.1 1993-07-27 3.1 528 528 (SP3)
(1994-11-10) 		Unsupported
(2000-12-31)[1] 		New Technology OS/2 IA-32, DEC Alpha,
MIPS 		Workstation,
Advanced Server 		Workstation,
Server
Windows NT 3.5 1994-09-21 3.5 807 807 (SP3)
(1995-06-21) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Daytona IA-32, DEC Alpha,
MIPS, PowerPC[2] 		Workstation,
Server 		Workstation,
Server
Windows NT 3.51 1995-05-30 3.51 1057 1057 (SP5)
(1996-09-19) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		— IA-32, DEC Alpha,
MIPS, PowerPC 		Workstation,
Server 		Workstation,
Server
Windows NT 4.0 1996-07-31 4.0 1381 1381 (SP6a)
(1999-11-30) 		Unsupported
(2004-06-30) Extended Security Updates were released until 2006 		Cairo/Shell Update Release
Hydra (Terminal Server)
Impala (Embedded) 		IA-32, DEC Alpha,
MIPS, PowerPC 		Workstation,
Server,
Server Enterprise Edition,
Terminal Server,
Embedded 		Workstation,
Server,
Embedded PCs
Windows 2000 1999-12-15 5.0 2195 SP4 Rollup 1 v2
(2005-09-13) 		Unsupported
(2010-07-13) 		Windows NT 5.0 IA-32 Professional,
Server,
Advanced Server,
Datacenter Server,
Powered (Embedded) 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Server,
Embedded PCs
Windows XP 2001-08-24 5.1 2600 2600 (SP3)
(2008-04-21) 		Unsupported
(2014-04-08) 		Whistler IA-32, IA-64, x86-64 HomeK,
ProfessionalKx64,
Media Center,
Tablet PC,
Starter,
Embedded 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Embedded PCs
Windows Server 2003 2003-04-24 5.2 3790 3790 (SP2)
(2007-03-13) 		Unsupported
(2015-07-14) 		Whistler Server, Windows.NET Server IA-32, IA-64, x86-64 Standard,
Enterprise,
Datacenter,
Web,
Storage,
Small Business Server,
Compute Cluster 		Server,
Network Appliance,
Embedded PCs,
HPC
Windows Server 2003 R2 2005 5.2 3790 ? Unsupported
(2015-07-14) 		? IA-32, x86-64 Server,
Network Appliance,
Embedded PCs,
HPC
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs 2006-07-08 5.1 2600 — Unsupported
(2014-04-08) 		Eiger, Mönch IA-32 Fundamentals for Legacy PCs Desktop
Windows Vista 2006-11-30 6.0 6000 6002 (SP2)
(2009-04-28) 		Unsupported
(2017-04-11) 		Longhorn IA-32, x86-64 Starter,
Home BasicK,
Home PremiumK,
BusinessK,
EnterpriseK,
UltimateK 		Desktop,
Workstation
Windows Home Server 2007-11-04 5.2 3790 — Unsupported
(2013-01-08) 		Q, Quattro IA-32, x86-64 Home Server Server
Windows Server 2008 2008-02-04 6.0 6001 6002 (SP2)
(2009-04-28) 		Unsupported
(2020-01-14) 		Longhorn Server IA-32, IA-64, x86-64 WebCore,
StandardCorewHVCwHV,
EnterpriseCorewHVCwHV,
Small Business Server,
DatacenterCorewHVCwHV,
HPC,
HyperV Core,
Foundation,
Storage 		Server
Windows 7 2009-07-22 6.1 7600 7601 (SP1)
(2011-02-22) 		Unsupported
(2020-01-14) 		7 IA-32, x86-64 StarterK,
Home BasicK,
Home PremiumK,
ProfessionalK,
UltimateK,
EnterpriseK 		Desktop, Workstation, Multi-touch
Windows Server 2008 R2 2009-07-22 6.1 7600 7601 (SP1)
(2011-02-22) 		Unsupported
(2020-01-14) 		7 Server IA-64, x86-64 StandardCore,
EnterpriseCore,
DatacenterCore,
WebCore 		Server
Windows Home Server 2011 2011-04-06 6.1 8400 — Unsupported
(2016-04-12) 		Vail x86-64 Home Server Server
Windows Server 2012 2012-08-01 6.2 9200 — Unsupported
(2023-10-10) 		8 Server x86-64 Foundation, Essentials,
Standard, Datacenter,
Storage Standard,
Storage Workgroup 		Server
Windows 8 2012-08-01 6.2 9200 — (RTM only) Unsupported
(2016-01-12) 		8 IA-32, x86-64, ARMv7 Windows 8, Pro,
EnterpriseK, Windows RT 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Multi-touch
Windows 8.1 2013-08-27 6.3 9600 — Unsupported
(2023-01-10) 		Blue IA-32, x86-64, ARMv7 Windows 8.1, Pro,
EnterpriseK,
Windows RT 8.1 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Multi-touch
Windows Server 2012 R2 2013-10-18 6.3 9600 — Unsupported
(2023-10-10) 		Blue Server x86-64 Foundation, Essentials,
Standard, Datacenter,
Storage Essentials,
Storage Standard,
Storage Workgroup 		Server
Windows 10 Original Release 2015-07-29 10.0 10240 — Unsupported
(2017-05-09) 		Threshold IA-32, x86-64, ARMv7 Home, Pro,
Education, Enterprise 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Multi-touch
Supported
(2025-10-14) 		Enterprise LTSB
November Update 2015-11-12 10586 — Unsupported
(2017-10-10) 		Threshold 2 Home, Pro,
Education, Enterprise
Anniversary Update 2016-08-02 14393 — Unsupported
(2018-04-10) 		Redstone Home, Pro,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2019-04-09) 		Education, Enterprise
Supported
(2026-10-13) 		Enterprise LTSB
Creators Update 2017-04-11 15063 — Unsupported
(2018-10-09) 		Redstone 2 Home, Pro,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2019-10-08) 		Education, Enterprise
Fall Creators Update 2017-10-17 16299 — Unsupported
(2019-04-09) 		Redstone 3 IA-32, x86-64, ARMv7, ARM64 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2020-10-13) 		Education, Enterprise
April 2018 Update 2018-04-30 17134 — Unsupported
(2019-11-12) 		Redstone 4 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2021-05-11) 		Education, Enterprise
October 2018 Update 2018-10-02 17763 — Unsupported
(2020-11-10) 		Redstone 5 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2021-05-11) 		Education, Enterprise
Supported
(2029-01-09) 		Enterprise LTSC
May 2019 Update 2019-05-21 18362 — Unsupported
(2020-12-08) 		19H1 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education,
Education, Enterprise
November 2019 Update 2019-11-12 18363 — Unsupported
(2021-05-11) 		19H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2022-05-10) 		Education, Enterprise
May 2020 Update 2020-05-27 19041 — Unsupported
(2021-12-14) 		20H1 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education,
Education, Enterprise
October 2020 Update 2020-10-20 19042 — Unsupported
(2022-05-10) 		20H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2023-05-09) 		Education, Enterprise
May 2021 Update 2021-05-18 19043 — Unsupported
(2022-12-13) 		21H1 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education,
Education, Enterprise
November 2021 Update 2021-10-16 19044 — Unsupported
(2023-06-13) 		21H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Unsupported
(2024-06-11) 		Education, Enterprise
Supported
(2027-01-12) 		Enterprise LTSC
2022 Update 2022-10-18 19045 — Supported
(2025-10-14) 		22H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education
Education, Enterprise
Windows Server 2016 2016-09-26 10.0 14393 — Supported
(2027-01-12) 		Redstone Server x86-64 Essentials, Standard,
Datacenter,
MultiPoint Premium,
Storage Standard,
Storage Workgroup 		Server
Windows Server 2019 2018-10-02 10.0 17763 — Supported
(2029-01-09) 		Redstone 5 Server x86-64 Essentials, Standard,
Datacenter 		Server
Windows Server 2022 2021-08-18 10.0 20348 — Supported
(2031-10-14) 		21H2 Server x86-64 Essentials, Standard,
Datacenter,
Datacenter for Azure 		Server
Windows 11 Original Release 2021-10-05 10.0 22000 — Unsupported
(2023-10-10) 		Sunvalley (21H2) x86-64, ARM64 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education, SE 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Multi-touch
Unsupported
(2024-10-08) 		Education, Enterprise
2022 Update 2022-09-20 22621 22H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education, SE
Supported
(2025-10-14) 		Education, Enterprise
2023 Update 2023-10-31 22631 Supported
(2025-11-11) 		23H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education, SE
Supported
(2026-11-10) 		Education, Enterprise
2024 Update 2024-10-01 26100 Supported
(2026-10-13) 		24H2 Home, Pro,
Pro for Workstations,
Pro Education, SE
Supported
(2027-10-12) 		Education, Enterprise
Windows Server 2025 2024-11-01 10.0 (or 26040) — TBA Supported (October 10, 2034) (23H2) renamed to 24H2 x86-64,

ARM64

Standard,

Datacenter

Server
Name Release date Version RTM build Latest build Support status Codename, working name Supported architectures Editions OS type
^N has also an N-edition
^K has also an N-edition
^KN has also an N-edition
^x64 has a separate x64-edition
^Core has also a Core-edition
^wHV has also an edition without HyperV
^CwHV has also a Core-edition without HyperV

Windows Embedded Compact

[edit]

Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) is a discontinued variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE was a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is supported on Intel x86 and is compatible on MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH processors.

Name Release date RTM build Current version Support status Codename Based on (kernel) Kernel type Operating environments Editions Purpose Short description
Windows CE 1.0 1996-11-16 Unsupported Pegasus, Alder CE 1.0 Embedded First release of Microsoft's Windows CE line for minimalistic computers and embedded systems
Windows CE 2.0 1997-11-29 Unsupported Mercury, Apollo CE 2.0 2.1, 2.11 Embedded
Windows CE 3.0 2000-06-15 Unsupported
(2007-10-09) 		Cedar, Galileo, Rapier, Merlin, Stinger CE 3.0 Embedded kernel Embedded
Windows CE 4.0 2002-01-07 Unsupported Talisker CE 4.0 4.1, 4.2 Embedded
Windows CE 5.0 2004-07-09 5.0
(2004-07-09) 		Unsupported
(2014-10-14) 		Macallan CE 5.0 Embedded kernel Embedded
Windows Embedded CE 6.0 2006-11-01 Unsupported
(2018-04-10) 		Yamazaki CE 6.0 Hybrid kernel
Windows Embedded Compact 7 2011-03-01 ? ? Unsupported
(2021-04-13) 		Chelan CE 7.0 Hybrid ?
Standard, POSReady
Windows Embedded Compact 2013 2013-08-11 Update 17
(2017-11-15) 		Unsupported
(2023-10-10) 		— CE 8.0 Standard
Industry (8.0, 8.1)
Handheld 		Embedded

Windows IoT

[edit]

The Windows IoT family is the successor to the now-discontinued Windows Embedded family.

Name Release date Version RTM build Editions License OS type Support status
Windows 10 IoT Anniversary Update 2016-08-02 NT 10.0 14393 Core OEM IoT Unsupported
(2018-04-10)[3]
Enterprise Unsupported
(2019-04-09)[4]
Enterprise LTSB Supported
(2026-10-13)[5]
Creators Update 2017-04-11 15063 Core Unsupported
(2018-10-09)[3]
Enterprise Unsupported
(2019-10-08)[4]
Fall Creators Update 2017-10-17 16299 Core Unsupported
(2019-04-09)[3]
Enterprise Unsupported
(2020-10-13)[4]
April 2018 Update 2018-04-30 17134 Core Unsupported
(2019-11-12)[3]
Enterprise Unsupported
(2021-05-11)[4]
October 2018 Update 2018-10-02 17763 Core Unsupported
(2020-11-10)[3]
Enterprise Unsupported
(2021-05-11)[4]
Core LTSC, Enterprise LTSC Supported
(2029-01-09)[6][7]
May 2019 Update 2019-08-29 18362 Enterprise Unsupported
(2020-12-08)[4]
November 2019 Update 2019-11-12 18363 Unsupported
(2022-05-10)[4]
May 2020 Update 2020-05-27 19041 Unsupported
(2021-12-14)[4]
October 2020 Update 2020-10-20 19042 Unsupported
(2023-05-09)[4]
May 2021 Update 2021-05-18 19043 Unsupported
(2022-12-13)[4]
November 2021 Update 2021-11-16 19044 Enterprise Unsupported
(2024-06-11)[4]
Enterprise LTSC Supported
(2032-01-13)[8]
2022 Update 2022-10-18 19045 Enterprise Supported
(2025-10-14)[4]
Windows Server IoT 2019 2019-02-26[9] NT 10.0 17763 Essentials, Standard, Datacenter,
Storage Standard,
Storage Workgroup,
Telecommunications 		OEM IoT, Server Supported
(2029-01-09)[10][11]
Windows Server IoT 2022 2021-08-18[12][better source needed][dubious – discuss] NT 10.0 20348 Standard, Datacenter,
Storage Standard,
Storage Workgroup,
Telecommunications 		OEM IoT, Server Supported
(2031-10-14)[13]
Windows 11 IoT Original Release 2021-10-04 NT 10.0 22000 Enterprise OEM IoT Unsupported
(2024-10-08)[14]
2022 Update 2022-09-20 22621 Supported
(2025-10-14)[15]
2023 Update 2023-10-31 22631 Supported
(2026-11-10)[16]
2024 Update 2024-10-01 26100 Supported
(2027-10-12)
Name Release date Version RTM build Editions License OS type Support status

Windows Mobile

[edit]

Windows Mobile is Microsoft's discontinued line of operating systems for smartphones.

Name Release date RTM build Current version Support status Codename Based on (kernel) Supported architectures
Windows Pocket PC 2000 2000-04-19 Unsupported
(2007-10-09) 		Rapier CE 3.0
Windows Pocket PC 2002 2001-10-04 Unsupported
(2008-10-14) 		Merlin CE 3.0
Windows Mobile 2003 2003-06-23 Unsupported
(2014-07-08) 		Ozone CE 4.20
Windows Mobile 5.0 2005-05-9/12 Unsupported
(2015-10-13) 		Magneto CE 5.0
Windows Mobile 6.0 2007-02-12 Unsupported
(2013-01-08) 		Crossbow CE 5.2
Windows Mobile 6.1 2008-04-01
Windows Mobile 6.5 2009-05-11

Windows Phone

[edit]

Windows Phone is Microsoft's discontinued line of operating systems for smartphones.

Name Release date RTM build Current version Support status Codename Based on (kernel) Supported architectures
Windows Phone 7 2010-11-08 7004 7.10.8862 Unsupported Photon CE 6.0 ARM
Windows Phone 7.5 2011-09-27 7720 Unsupported Mango CE 6.1 ARM
Windows Phone 7.8 2013-02-01 8858 Unsupported
(2014-10-14) 		Tango CE 6.1 ARM
Windows Phone 8 2012-10-29 10211 10.0.10586 Unsupported
(2014-07-08) 		Apollo, Portico NT 6.2 ARM[citation needed]
Windows Phone 8.1 2014-04-14 12359 Unsupported
(2017-07-11) 		Blue NT 6.3 ARM
Windows 10 Mobile 2015-11-08 10586–16299 Unsupported Threshold, Redstone NT 10.0 ARM

Technical information

[edit]

DOS shells

[edit]
Name Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support LFN support Update management APIs Safe Mode
Windows 1.0 x86 16-bit No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 2.0 x86 16-bit No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 2.1x x86 16-bit No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 3.0 x86 16-bit No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 3.1x x86 16-bit (partial 32-bit compatibility through Win32s) No No No No No No Win16, Win32s No

Windows 9x

[edit]
Name Kernel Kernel type Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support LFN support Update management APIs DDIs Safe Mode DirectX
Windows 95 MS-DOS 7.0 (Win95, Win95A), MS-DOS 7.1 (Win95B, Win95C) Monolithic kernel x86, hybrid 16/32-bit No No Partial (OSR 2.1/2.5 only)[17] Partial (OSR 2.x only)[18] Yes Windows Update Win16, Win32 DOS, DLL, VxD, WDM (USB-only), direct-access Yes N/A (RTM/OSR1)
2.0a (OSR2/2.1)
5.0 (OSR2.5)
8.0a (optional)
Windows 98 MS-DOS 7.1 Monolithic kernel x86, hybrid 16/32-bit No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16, Win32 DOS, DLL, VxD, WDM (partial), direct-access Yes 5.2
9.0c (Oct 2006) (optional)
Windows 98 Second Edition MS-DOS 7.1 Monolithic kernel x86, hybrid 16/32-bit No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16, Win32 DOS, DLL, VxD, WDM (partial), direct-access Yes 6.1a
9.0c (Oct 2006) (optional)
Windows Me MS-DOS 8.0 Monolithic kernel x86, hybrid 16/32-bit No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16, Win32 DLL, VxD, WDM (partial), direct-access Yes 7.1
9.0c (Oct 2006) (optional)

It is possible to install the MS-DOS variants 7.0 and 7.1 without the graphics user interface of Windows. If an independent installation of both, DOS and Windows is desired, DOS ought to be installed prior to Windows, at the start of a small partition. The system must be transferred by the (dangerous) "SYSTEM" DOS-command, while the other files constituting DOS can simply be copied (the files located in the DOS-root and the entire COMMAND directory). Such a stand-alone installation of MS-DOS 8 is not possible, as it is designed to work as real mode for Windows Me and nothing else.

Windows NT

[edit]

The Windows NT kernel powers all recent Windows operating systems. It has run on IA-32, x64, DEC Alpha, MIPS architecture, PowerPC, Itanium, ARMv7, and ARM64 processors, but currently supported versions run on IA-32, x64, ARMv7, and ARM64.

Name Architecture Store Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support Long filename support Package management Update management APIs DDIs Safe Mode Data Execution Prevention DirectX
Windows NT 3.1 IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS — No Yes No ? Yes (NTFS and HPFS volumes only) — Win32, OS/2, POSIX DLL, KMD No No No
Windows NT 3.5 IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS — No Yes No ? Yes (except on CDFS volumes) — Win32, OS/2, POSIX DLL, KMD No No No
Windows NT 3.51 IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC — No Yes No ? Yes (except on CDFS volumes) — Win32, OS/2, POSIX DLL, KMD No No No
Windows NT 4.0 IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC — No Yes Yes (if the Ion USB update is installed) Yes Yes — Windows Update (if Internet Explorer 5 or later is installed) Win32, OS/2, POSIX DLL, KMD No No Yes
3.0a,
5.0 (unofficial)
Windows 2000 IA-32 — No Yes Yes (USB 2.0 with update or SP4)[19] Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32, OS/2, POSIX DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF Yes No Yes
7.0,
9.0c (Feb 2010) (optional)
Windows XP IA-32 (NT5.1), Itanium (NT5.1/5.2), x64 (NT5.2) — Yes Yes (Professional Edition only) Yes (USB 2.0 with update or SP1+)[20] Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32, .NET DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes (in SP2) Yes
9.0c
Windows Server 2003 IA-32, Itanium, x64 — Yes Yes Yes (USB 2.0)[21] Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32 DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes (with SP1) Yes
9.0c
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs IA-32 — Yes No Yes Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32 DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
9.0c
Windows Vista IA-32, x64 Windows Marketplace Yes Yes Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32, .NET, POSIX (only Enterprise and Ultimate) DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
10.1
11.0 (optional)
Windows Server 2008 IA-32, Itanium, x64 — Yes Yes Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32 DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
10.1
11.0 (optional)
Windows Home Server IA-32 — ? Yes Yes (USB 2.0) ? Yes — Windows Update Win32 DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 ? ? Yes
9.0c
Windows 7 IA-32, x64 — Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32, .NET DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
11.0
11.1 (optional)
Windows Server 2008 R2 Itanium, x64 — Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes — Windows Update, WSUS Win32, .NET DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
11.0
11.1 (optional)
Windows Home Server 2011 x64 — ? Yes Yes (USB 3.0) ? Yes — Windows Update Win32 DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 ? ? Yes
11.0
11.1 (optional)
Windows Server 2012 x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update, WSUS Win32, .NET, WinRT DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
11.1
Windows 8 IA-32, x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update, WSUS Win32, .NET, WinRT DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes
11.1
Windows 8.1 IA-32, x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes Windows Store, PowerShell Windows Update, WSUS, Windows Store Win32, .NET, WinRT DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1, UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes
11.2
Windows Server 2012 R2 x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update, WSUS, Windows Store Win32, .NET, WinRT DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1, UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes
11.2
Windows 10 IA-32, x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.1 and Thunderbolt 3) Yes Yes Windows Store, PowerShell Windows Update, WSUS, Windows Store Win32, .NET, WinRT, Linux DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1, UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes
12
Windows Server 2016 x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes (USB 3.1 and Thunderbolt 3) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update, WSUS, Windows Store Win32, .NET, WinRT DLL, KMD, WDM, KMDF, UMDFv1, UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes
12

Windows Phone

[edit]
Name Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support Package management APIs
Windows Phone 8 ARMv7 Yes Yes Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Windows Phone Store Silverlight
Windows Phone 8.1 ARMv7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Phone Store Silverlight
WinRT
Windows 10 Mobile ARMv7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Microsoft Store

Supported file systems

[edit]

Various versions of Windows support various file systems, including:FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, HPFS, or NTFS, along with network file systems shared from other computers, and the ISO 9660 and UDF file systems used for CDs, DVDs, and other optical disc drives such as Blu-ray. Each file system is usually limited in application to certain media, for example CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF, and as of Windows Vista, NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on. Windows Embedded CE 6.0, Windows Vista Service Pack 1, and Windows Server 2008 onwards support exFAT, a file system more suitable for USB flash drives.

Windows 9x

[edit]
FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO 9660 NTFS UDF
Windows 95 Yes Yes Yes (OSR2 or above) Network Drive Yes Network Drive No
Windows 98 Yes Yes Yes Network Drive Yes Network Drive Yes (1.5, read)
Windows Me Yes Yes Yes Network Drive Yes Network Drive Yes (1.5, read)

Windows NT

[edit]
FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO 9660 NTFS exFAT UDF ReFS
Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, 3.51 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes v1.0/v1.1 No ? No
Windows NT 4.0 Yes Yes No Partial Yes Yes v1.2 No ? No
Windows 2000 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3.0 No Yes No
Windows XP Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3.1 Optional Yes (2.01) No
Windows Server 2003 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3.1 Optional Yes No
Windows Vista Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) No
Windows Server 2008 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes No
Windows 7 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows Server 2008 R2 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows Server 2012 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows 8 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) No
Windows 8.1 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows Server 2012 R2 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows 10 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows Server 2016 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes (2.6) Yes

Windows Phone

[edit]
FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO 9660 NTFS UDF (More Info) ReFS
Windows Phone 8 ? Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? No
Windows Phone 8.1 ? Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? No
Windows 10 Mobile ? Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? ?

Hardware requirements

[edit]

Installing Windows requires an internal or external optical drive, or a USB flash drive. A keyboard and mouse are the recommended input devices, though some versions support a touchscreen. For operating systems prior to Vista, an optical drive must be capable of reading CD media, while in Windows Vista onwards, such a drive must be DVD-compatible. The drive may be detached after installing Windows.

Windows 9x

[edit]
CPU RAM Free disk space
Windows 95 386 4 MB 120 MB
Windows 98 486 DX2 66 MHz 16 MB 300 MB
Windows Me (Millennium Edition) Pentium 150 MHz 32 MB 400 MB

Windows NT

[edit]
Version CPU RAM Free disk space Video adapter and monitor
Minimum Recommended
Windows NT 3.51 Workstation 386, 25 MHz 8 MB 16 MB 90 MB VGA (640x480)
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 486, 33 MHz 12 MB ? 110 MB
Windows 2000 Professional 133 MHz 32 MB 128 MB 650 MB
Windows XP 233 MHz 64 MB 128 MB 1.5 GB Super VGA (800x600)
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs 500 MB
Windows XP 64-Bit Edition 700 MHz Itanium[22] 1 GB[22] ? 6 GB[22]
Windows Server 2003 1 GHz (x86) or 1.4 GHz (x64) 128 MB 256 MB 2 GB (x86)
4 GB (x64)
Windows Vista 800 MHz 384 MB (Starter)
512 MB (others)[23][dubious – discuss] 		2 GB 15 GB
(~6.5 GB for OS) 		Super VGA (800x600)
WDDM & DirectX 9 for Aero
Windows Server 2008 1 GHz (x86) or 1.4 GHz (x64) 2 GB 10 GB
Windows 7 1 GHz 1 GB (x86)
2 GB (x64) 		4 GB 16 GB (x86)
20 GB (x64)
(~6.5 GB for OS)
Windows Server 2012 1.4 GHz (x86-64) 512 MB 1 GB 10 GB Super VGA (800x600), 32-bit color
Windows 8 1 GHz 1 GB (x86)
2 GB (x64) 		4 GB 16 GB (x86)
20 GB (x64)
(~6.5 GB for OS) 		Super VGA (800x600), 32-bit color
1024 x 768 for Windows Store apps
1366 x 768 to snap apps
Windows 8.1
Windows 10 1 GHz or faster processor or SoC 1 GB (x86)
2 GB (x64) 		4 GB 16 GB (x86)
20 GB (x64) 		Super VGA (800x600), 32-bit color
Windows Server 2016 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor 512 MB ECC memory
2 GB with Desktop Experience installed[24] 		depends on role 32 GB
(~10 GB for OS) 		XGA (1024 x 768)
Windows Server 2019 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor 512 MB ECC memory
2 GB with Desktop Experience installed[24] 		depends on role 32 GB XGA (1024 x 768)
Windows Server 2022 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor 512 MB ECC memory
2 GB with Desktop Experience installed[25] 		depends on role 32 GB Super VGA (1024 x 768)
Windows 11 64-bit 1 GHz or faster processor or SoC with two or more cores 4 GB — 64 GB
(~10 GB for OS) 		720p greater than 9" diagonally, 32-bit color

Windows Phone

[edit]
Version CPU RAM Free disk space Video adapter and monitor
Minimum Recommended
Windows Phone 7 0.8 GHz 256 MB — 4 GB Wide VGA (800 × 480)
Windows Phone 8 1 GHz 512 MB — 8 GB Wide VGA (800 × 480)
Windows Phone 8.1 1 GHz 512 MB — 4 GB Wide VGA (800 × 480)
Windows 10 Mobile 1 GHz 1 GB 2 GB 8 GB Wide VGA (800 × 480)

Physical memory limits

[edit]

Maximum limits on physical memory (RAM) that Windows can address vary depending on both the Windows version and between IA-32 and x64 versions.[26][27]

Windows

[edit]
Operating system Limit on Real Mode Limit on Standard Mode Limit on Enhanced Mode
Windows 1.0x 640 KB — —
Windows 2.0x 640 KB — 16MB
Windows 2.1x 640 + 64 KB — 16MB
Windows 3.0x 640 + 64 KB 16MB 16MB
Windows 3.1x — 256MB[28] 256MB[28]
Windows 95 — — 944MB[29]
Windows 98 — — 1GB
Windows ME — — 1.5GB

Windows NT

[edit]
Operating system Limit on IA-32 Limit in IA-64 Limit on x64 Limit on ARM32 Limit on ARM64
Windows NT 3.1 4 GB — — — —
Windows NT 3.5 4 GB — — — —
Windows NT 3.51 4 GB — — — —
Windows NT 4.0 4 GB — — — —
Windows 2000 Professional/Server 4 GB — — — —
Windows 2000 Advanced Server 8 GB — — — —
Windows 2000 Datacenter 32 GB — — — —
Windows XP Starter 512 MB — — — —
Windows XP Home 4 GB — — — —
Windows XP Professional 4 GB 128 GB 128 GB — —
Windows Server 2003 RTM Web 2 GB — — — —
Windows Server 2003 RTM Standard/Small Business 4 GB — — — —
Windows Server 2003 RTM Enterprise/Datacenter 64 GB 512 GB — — —
Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 — 32 GB — — —
Windows Server 2003 R1/SP1 Standard 4 GB — 32 GB — —
Windows Server 2003 R1/SP1 Enterprise/Datacenter 64 GB 1 TB 1 TB — —
Windows Server 2003 R1/SP2 Standard 4GB — 32 GB — —
Windows Server 2003 R1/SP2 Enterprise/Datacenter 64 GB 2 TB 1 TB — —
Windows Server 2003 R2/SP1 Standard 4 GB — 32 GB — —
Windows Server 2003 R2/SP1 Enterprise/Datacenter 64 GB — 1 TB — —
Windows Vista Starter 1 GB — — — —
Windows Vista Home Basic 4 GB — 8 GB — —
Windows Vista Home Premium 4 GB — 16 GB — —
Windows Vista Business/Enterprise/Ultimate 4 GB — 128 GB — —
Windows Home Server 4 GB — — — —
Windows Server 2008 Web Server/Standard/Small Business 4 GB — 32 GB — —
Windows HPC Server 2008 — — 128 GB — —
Windows Server 2008 Enterprise/Datacenter 64 GB — 1 TB — —
Windows Server 2008 for Itanium–Based Systems — 2 TB — — —
Windows 7 Starter 2 GB — — — —
Windows 7 Home Basic 4 GB — 8 GB — —
Windows 7 Home Premium 4 GB — 16 GB — —
Windows 7 Professional/Enterprise/Ultimate 4 GB — 192 GB — —
Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation — — 8 GB — —
Windows Server 2008 R2 Web Server/Standard — — 32 GB — —
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 — — 128 GB — —
Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise/Datacenter — — 2 TB — —
Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium–Based Systems — 2 TB — — —
Windows 8 (Core) 4 GB — 128 GB — —
Windows 8 Pro/Enterprise 4 GB — 512 GB — —
Windows RT — — — 4 GB —
Windows Server 2012 Standard/Datacenter — — 4 TB — —
Windows Storage Server 2012 Standard — — 4 TB — —
Windows Storage Server 2012 Workgroup — — 32 GB — —
Hyper-V Server 2012 — — 4 TB — —
Windows 8.1 (Core) 4 GB — 128 GB — —
Windows 8.1 Pro/Enterprise 4 GB — 512 GB — —
Windows RT 8.1 — — — 4 GB —
Windows 10 Mobile 4 GB — — — —
Windows 10 Home 4 GB — 128 GB 4 GB 128 GB
Windows 10 Pro 4 GB — 2 TB 4 GB 2 TB
Windows 10 Pro for Workstations 4 GB — 6 TB 4 GB 6 TB
Windows 10 Education 4 GB — 2 TB 4 GB 2 TB
Windows 10 Enterprise 4 GB — 6 TB 4 GB 6 TB
Windows Server 2016 Essentials — — 64 GB — —
Windows Server 2016 Standard — — 24 TB — —
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter — — 24 TB — —
Windows Server 2019 Essentials — — 64 GB — —
Windows Server 2019 Standard — — 24 TB — —
Windows Server 2019 Datacenter — — 24 TB — —
Windows Server 2022 Essentials — — 64 GB — —
Windows Server 2022 Standard — — 24 TB — —
Windows Server 2022 Datacenter — — 24 TB — —
Windows 11 Home — — 128 GB — 128 GB
Windows 11 Pro — — 2 TB — 2 TB
Windows 11 Pro for Workstations — — 6 TB — 6 TB
Windows 11 Education — — 2 TB — 2 TB
Windows 11 Enterprise — — 6 TB — 6 TB

Security features

[edit]
Resource access control Subsystem isolation mechanisms Integrated firewall Encrypted file systems Defender Windows Hello
Windows 2000 ACLs TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes (NTFS only) No No
Windows XP ACLs Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall (from SP2), TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes (NTFS only) Optional No
Windows Server 2003 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Optional No
Windows Vista ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows Server 2008 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows 7 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows Server 2012 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows 8 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows Server 2012 R2 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows 8.1 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes No
Windows 10 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes Yes
Windows Server 2016 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes Yes Yes

Features

[edit]
Version Shell Visual styles Browser Web server Windows Media Player Command-line interpreter
Windows 1.0 MS-DOS executive (Unnamed) — — — —
Windows 2.0 MS-DOS executive (Unnamed) — — — —
Windows 3.0 Program Manager (Unnamed) — — 3.0 (Multimedia Extension edition only) —
Windows 3.1x Program Manager (Unnamed) — — 3.1 —
Windows 95 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 1 in OEM RTM
Internet Explorer 2 in OSR1
Internet Explorer 3 in OSR2 and OSR2.1
Internet Explorer 4 in OSR2.5 		— 4.0 COMMAND.COM
Windows NT 4.0 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 2
Internet Explorer 3 (in some localized editions) 		PWS 4.0 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe
Windows 98 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 4.01 PWS 4.0 COMMAND.COM
Windows 98 SE Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 5 PWS 4.0 COMMAND.COM
Windows 2000 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 5.01 IIS 5.0 5.0 and 6.4 (side by side) COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe
Windows Me Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 5.5 — 6.4 and 7.0 (side by side) COMMAND.COM
Windows XP Windows shell Luna (default), Classic Internet Explorer 6 IIS 5.1 5.1, 6.4 and 8 (in RTM)
5.1, 6.4 and 9 (in SP2) 		COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell (optional)
Windows Server 2003 Windows shell Classic (default), Luna Internet Explorer 6 IIS 6.0 9 (in RTM), 10 (in SP1) COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell (optional)
Windows Vista Windows shell Aero (default), Classic Internet Explorer 7 IIS 7 11 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell (optional)
Windows Server 2008 Windows shell, Server Core Classic (default), Aero (via "Desktop Experience") Internet Explorer 7 IIS 7 11 (enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell (optional)
Windows 7 Windows shell Aero (default), Classic Internet Explorer 8 IIS 7.5 12 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell 2.0
Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows shell, Server Core Classic (default), Aero (via "Desktop Experience") Internet Explorer 8 IIS 7.5 12 (via "Desktop Experience") cmd.exe,
PowerShell 2.0
Windows Server 2012 Windows shell, Server Core Metro Internet Explorer 10 IIS 8 12 (via "Desktop Experience") cmd.exe,
PowerShell 3.0
Windows 8 Windows shell Metro Internet Explorer 10 IIS 8 12 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell 3.0
Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows shell, Windows server core Metro Internet Explorer 11 IIS 8.5 12 (via "Desktop Experience") cmd.exe,
PowerShell 4.0
Windows 8.1 Windows shell Metro Internet Explorer 11 IIS 8.5 12 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell 4.0
Windows 10 Windows shell Metro Internet Explorer 11
Microsoft Edge 		IIS 10.0 12 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell 5.0
Windows Server 2016 Windows shell, Windows server core Metro Internet Explorer 11
Microsoft Edge 		IIS 10.0 12 (via "Desktop Experience") cmd.exe,
PowerShell 5.1
Windows Server 2019 Windows shell, Windows server core Metro Internet Explorer 11
Microsoft Edge 		IIS 10.0 12 (via "Desktop Experience") cmd.exe,
PowerShell 5.1
Windows Server 2022 Windows shell, Windows server core Metro Internet Explorer 11
Microsoft Edge 		IIS 10.0 12 (via "Desktop Experience") cmd.exe,
PowerShell 5.1
Windows 11 Windows shell Mica Internet Explorer 11(Hidden)
Microsoft Edge 		IIS 10.0 12 (2022) COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
PowerShell v.1

Timeline

[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Microsoft Windows
Timeline of Windows versions
Windows 1.0Windows 2.0Windows 2.1xWindows 3.0Windows 3.1xWindows 3.1xWindows NT 3.1Windows NT 3.5Windows NT 3.51Windows 95Windows NT 4.0Windows 98Windows NT 4.0Windows 2000Pocket PC 2000Windows MePocket PC 2002Windows XPWindows XPWindows Server 2003Windows Mobile 2003Windows Mobile 5.0Windows Embedded IndustryWindows Server 2003 R2Windows Mobile 6.0Windows VistaWindows Home ServerWindows Mobile 6.1Windows Server 2008Windows Embedded IndustryWindows Mobile 6.5Windows 7Windows Server 2008 R2Windows MultiPoint ServerWindows Phone 7Windows Home Server 2011Windows MultiPoint ServerWindows Embedded IndustryWindows Server 2012Windows 8Windows Phone 8Windows MultiPoint ServerWindows Embedded 8 IndustryWindows 8.1Windows Embedded 8.1 IndustryWindows Server 2012 R2Windows Phone 8.1Windows 10 (original release)Windows 10 (original release)Windows IoTWindows 10, version 1511Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1607Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1607Windows IoTWindows Server 2016Windows 10, version 1703Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1709Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1803Windows 10, version 1809Windows 10, version 1809Windows IoTWindows Server 2019Windows IoTWindows 10, version 1903Windows 10, version 1909Windows 10, version 2004Windows 10, version 20H2Windows 10, version 21H1Windows Server 2022Windows IoTWindows 11, version 21H2Windows 10, version 21H2Windows 10, version 21H2Windows IoTWindows 11, version 22H2Windows 10, version 22H2Windows 11, version 23H2Windows 11, version 24H2Windows 11, version 24H2Windows IoT

See also

[edit]

Other lists

[edit]

Windows clones and emulators

[edit]
  • Freedows OS–Windows clone
  • ReactOS–project to develop an operating system that is binary compatible with application software and device drivers for Microsoft Windows NT version 5.x
  • Wine (software)–compatibility layer which allows to execute programs that were originally written for Microsoft Windows

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Product Lifecycle Dates-Windows Product Family". Microsoft. Archived from the original on June 11, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  2. ^ "Windows NT 3.5 for PowerPC". November 9, 1994. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Windows 10 IoT Core - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Windows 10 IoT Enterprise - Microsoft Lifecycle". Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  5. ^ "Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSB 2016 - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  6. ^ "Windows 10 IoT Core LTSC - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  7. ^ "Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSC 2019 - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  8. ^ "Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSC 2021 - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  9. ^ "Microsoft announces latest Windows IoT innovations for intelligent edge devices at Embedded World". February 26, 2019. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019.
  10. ^ "Windows Server IoT 2019 - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  11. ^ "Windows Server IoT 2019 for Storage - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  12. ^ "Announcing the GA of Windows Server IoT 2022". Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  13. ^ "Windows Server IoT 2022 - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  14. ^ "Windows 11 IoT Enterprise (Version 21H2) - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  15. ^ "Windows 11 IoT Enterprise - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
  16. ^ "Windows 11 IoT Enterprise - Microsoft Lifecycle". Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  17. ^ "Availability of Universal Serial Bus Support in Windows 95". Microsoft Support. Archived from the original on December 10, 2005.
  18. ^ "How to Enable Direct Memory Access (DMA)". Microsoft Support. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006.
  19. ^ "Updated USB 2.0 Drivers Are Available in Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 (SP4)". Microsoft Support. Archived from the original on October 29, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  20. ^ Jones, Don (August 5, 2002). "USB 2.0 Support in Windows XP:High Speed at Last". Microsoft. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  21. ^ "USB 2.0 and Windows Operating Systems". Windows Hardware Development. May 11, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  22. ^ a b c "Release Notes for Windows XP 64-Bit Edition Setup". Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  23. ^ "Windows Vista Starter Fact Sheet". Microsoft. January 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007.
  24. ^ a b "System Requirements". docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  25. ^ "Hardware requirements for Windows Server". docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
  26. ^ "What is the maximum amount of RAM the Windows operating system can handle?". Crucial. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  27. ^ "Memory Limits for Windows and Windows Server Releases". Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  28. ^ a b "Q84388: Windows 3.1 Memory Limits". December 15, 2022.
  29. ^ "Windows 95/98 error "Insufficient memory to initialize Windows" - IBM IntelliStation M Pro (Type 6889)". IBM. December 15, 2022.
[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Basic Computing Using Windows
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