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Climate of Wales

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A map of Köppen climate types in Wales.

The climate of Wales refers to the weather conditions prevailing in Wales in general or over a long period.

Wales has warmer temperatures throughout the year than Northern Ireland and Scotland and has milder winter minima than England, but cooler winter maxima than Northern Ireland. Wales is wetter throughout the year than Northern Ireland and England, but has fewer rainy days than Northern Ireland; meaning that rainfall tends to be more intense. Wales is also drier than Scotland in every month apart from May, June and December, and there are fewer days with rain than in Scotland. Sunshine totals throughout the year are more than that of Scotland and Northern Ireland, but less than that of neighbouring England. May is the sunniest month, averaging 186.8 hours.[1]

Climate

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Sunshine

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The south-western coast is the sunniest part of Wales, averaging over 1700 hours of sunshine annually, with Tenby, Pembrokeshire, its sunniest town. The dullest time of year is between November and January and the sunniest between May and August. The least sunny areas are the mountains, some parts of which average less than 1200 hours of sunshine annually.[2][3]

Wind

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The prevailing wind is south-westerly. Coastal areas are the windiest, gales occur most often during winter, on average between 15 and 30 days each year, depending on location. Inland, gales average fewer than six days annually.[2]

Daylight hours

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Wales experiences long summer days and short winter days result of northerly latitudes (between 53° 43′ N and 51° 38′ N). Aberystwyth, at the midpoint of the country's west coast, has nearly 17 hours of daylight at the summer solstice. Daylight at midwinter there falls to just over seven and a half hours.[4]

Geographic variations

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The country's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in sunshine, rainfall and temperature. Average annual coastal temperatures reach 10.5 °C (51 °F) and in low lying inland areas, 1 °C (1.8 °F) lower. It becomes cooler at higher altitudes; annual temperatures decrease on average approximately 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) each 100 metres (330 feet) of altitude. Consequently, the higher parts of Snowdonia experience average annual temperatures of 5 °C (41 °F).[2]

Temperature

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Temperatures in Wales remain higher than would otherwise be expected at its latitude because of the North Atlantic Drift, a branch of the Gulf Stream. The ocean current, bringing warmer water to northerly latitudes, has a similar effect on most of north-west Europe. As well as its influence on Wales' coastal areas, air warmed by the Gulf Stream blows further inland with the prevailing winds.[5] At low elevations, summers tend to be warm and sunny. Average maximum temperatures range between 19 and 22 °C (66 and 72 °F). Winters tend to be fairly wet, rainfall is excessive and the temperature usually stays above freezing. Spring and autumn feel quite similar and the temperatures tend to stay above 14 °C (57 °F) – also the average annual daytime temperature.[6]

Rainfall

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Rainfall patterns show significant variation. The further west, the higher the expected rainfall; up to 40 per cent more.[3] At low elevations, rain is unpredictable at any time of year, although the showers tend to be shorter in summer.[6] The uplands of Wales have most rain, normally more than 50 days of rain during the winter months (December to February), falling to around 35 rainy days during the summer months (June to August). Annual rainfall in Snowdonia averages between 3,000 millimetres (120 in) (Blaenau Ffestiniog) and 5,000 millimetres (200 in) (Snowdon's summit).[3]

Snow

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The likelihood is that it will fall as sleet or snow when the temperature falls below 5 °C (41 °F) and snow tends to be lying on the ground there for an average of 30 days a year. Snow falls several times each winter in inland areas but is relatively uncommon around the coast. Average annual rainfall in those areas can be less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in).[2][3]

Climate data for Wales

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Climate data for Wales (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1865-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.7
(92.7) 		37.1
(98.8) 		35.2
(95.4) 		32.3
(90.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.04
(44.67) 		7.36
(45.25) 		9.34
(48.81) 		12.17
(53.91) 		15.21
(59.38) 		17.69
(63.84) 		19.34
(66.81) 		18.99
(66.18) 		16.87
(62.37) 		13.30
(55.94) 		9.89
(49.80) 		7.58
(45.64) 		12.93
(55.27)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.73
(35.11) 		1.59
(34.86) 		2.57
(36.63) 		4.12
(39.42) 		6.64
(43.95) 		9.34
(48.81) 		11.26
(52.27) 		11.22
(52.20) 		9.30
(48.74) 		6.91
(44.44) 		4.18
(39.52) 		2.16
(35.89) 		5.94
(42.69)
Record low °C (°F) −23.3
(−9.9) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−18.0
(−0.4) 		−22.7
(−8.9) 		−23.3
(−9.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 155.22
(6.11) 		120.42
(4.74) 		103.48
(4.07) 		88.00
(3.46) 		87.11
(3.43) 		92.08
(3.63) 		98.56
(3.88) 		111.77
(4.40) 		111.48
(4.39) 		158.49
(6.24) 		162.25
(6.39) 		175.80
(6.92) 		1,464.65
(57.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 17.13 14.12 13.73 12.50 12.04 11.82 12.78 13.83 13.03 16.33 17.94 17.87 173.12
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47.21 69.15 109.77 157.75 190.94 178.14 176.97 159.70 129.44 91.46 55.34 41.25 1,407.11
Source: The Met Office: averages, sunshine, precipitation;[7] extremes[8]

Climate chart

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Wales 1991-2020[7]
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
155
 
 
7
2
 
 
120
 
 
7
2
 
 
103
 
 
9
3
 
 
88
 
 
12
4
 
 
87
 
 
15
7
 
 
92
 
 
18
9
 
 
99
 
 
19
11
 
 
112
 
 
19
11
 
 
111
 
 
17
9
 
 
158
 
 
13
7
 
 
162
 
 
10
4
 
 
176
 
 
8
2
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
6.1
 
 
45
35
 
 
4.7
 
 
45
35
 
 
4.1
 
 
49
37
 
 
3.5
 
 
54
39
 
 
3.4
 
 
59
44
 
 
3.6
 
 
64
49
 
 
3.9
 
 
67
52
 
 
4.4
 
 
66
52
 
 
4.4
 
 
62
49
 
 
6.2
 
 
56
44
 
 
6.4
 
 
50
40
 
 
6.9
 
 
46
36
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

This climate chart provides an overview of the climate in Wales during a year period. The letters in the top row stand for months: January, February, etc. The bars and numbers convey the following information: The blue bars represent the amount of precipitation (rain, snow etc.) that falls in each month. The blue numbers are the amount of precipitation in either millimeters (liters per square meter) or inches. The red numbers are the average daily high and low temperatures for each month, and the red bars represent the average daily temperature span for each month. The thin gray line is 0 °C or 32 °F, the point of freezing, for orientation.

Record temperatures for Wales

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Below is a list of record temperatures for Wales according to the UK Met Office.[8]

Absolute temperature ranges for Wales
Month Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures
Temperature Location County Date (day/year) Temperature Location County Date (day/year)
January 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) Abergwyngregyn Gwynedd 10/1971 and 27/1958 −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) Rhayader Powys 21/1940
February 20.8 °C (69.4 °F) Porthmadog Gwynedd 21/2019 −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F) Welshpool Powys 2/1954
March 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) Prestatyn Denbighshire 29/1965 −21.7 °C (−7.1 °F) Corwen Denbighshire 14/1958
Ceinws Powys
April 26.2 °C (79.2 °F) Gogerddan Ceredigion 16/2003 −11.2 °C (11.8 °F) Corwen Denbighshire 11/1978
May 30.6 °C (87.1 °F) Newport Monmouthshire 29/1944 −6.2 °C (20.8 °F) St Harmon Powys 14/2020
June 33.7 °C (92.7 °F) Machynlleth Powys 18/1893 −4.0 °C (24.8 °F) St Harmon Powys 8/1985
July 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) Hawarden Flintshire 18/2022 −1.5 °C (29.3 °F) St Harmon Powys 3/1984
August 35.2 °C (95.4 °F) Hawarden Bridge Flintshire 2/1990 −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) Alwen Conwy 29/1959
September 32.3 °C (90.1 °F) Hawarden Bridge Flintshire 1/1906 −5.5 °C (22.1 °F) St Harmon Powys 19/1986
October 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) Hawarden Airport Flintshire 1/2011 −9.4 °C (15.1 °F) Rhayader and Penvalley Powys 26/1931
November 22.4 °C (72.3 °F) Trawsgoed Ceredigion 1/2015 −18.0 °C (−0.4 °F) Llysdinam Powys 28/2010
December 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) Abergwyngregyn Gwynedd 18/1972 −22.7 °C (−8.9 °F) Corwen Denbighshire 13/1981

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Wales 1971–2000 averages". Met Office. 2001. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d "UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series". Met Office.
  3. ^ a b c d Davies (2008) pp. 148–150
  4. ^ "Sun or Moon Rise/Set Table for One Year: Locations Worldwide – Navy Oceanography Portal". US Navy website. US Navy. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2010. Aberystwyth: 52° 41′ N 4° 09′ W 21 June sunrise: 03:52, sunset: 20:44; 24 December sunrise: 08:27, sunset: 16:05
  5. ^ "Met Office: Climate: change glossary". Met Office website. Met Office. 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Weather at Cardiff Airport (CWL):Weather and Climate in Cardiff Area, Wales, U". Airports guides website. TravelSmart Ltd. 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  7. ^ a b "St-Athan (Vale of Glamorgan) UK climate averages". Met Office. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  8. ^ a b "UK climate extremes". Met Office.
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