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Abu Bakr ibn Umar

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أبو بكر بن عمر
Abu Bakr ibn Umar
Amir Al-Muslimin
Coin minted under Abu Bakr ibn Umar
Amir of the Almoravids
Reign1056 – 1087
PredecessorYahya ibn Umar
SuccessorYusuf ibn Tashfin
Partitioned rule1072 – 1087
Co-rulerYusuf ibn Tashfin (1072 - 1087)
BornUnknown
Died1087
Tagant
SpouseZaynab an-Nafzawiyyah (m. 1068; div. 1071)
Fâtimata Sal (c.1086)
IssueAmadou ben Boubakar
Names
Abu Bakr ben Umar ben Ibrahim ben Turgut al-Lamtuni
FatherUmar ben Ibrahim al-Lamtuni
MotherSafiya al-Djedaliya[1]
ReligionIslam

Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Turgut, sometimes suffixed al-Sanhaji or al-Lamtuni [2] (died 1087; Arabic: أبو بكر بن عمر) was a chieftain of the Lamtuna Berber Tribe and Amir of the Almoravids from 1056 until his death. He is credited to have founded the Moroccan city of Marrakesh, and under his rule the heretic Barghawatas were destroyed.[3] In 1076, he conquered Koumbi Saleh capital of the Ghana Empire, and is credited to have brought Islam in this Western Sub-Saharan Africa region. In November of 1087, Abu Bakr died of a poisoned arrow in what is now Mauritania.

Background

Abu Bakr ibn Umar was a member of the Banu Turgut, a clan of the Lamtuna Berbers. His uncle, Yahya Ibn Ibrahim was the chieftain of the Lamtuna who, together with the Maliki scholar Abdallah ibn Yasin, launched the Almoravid (murabitūn) movement in the early 1040s.

Possible depiction of Abu Bakr ibn Umar (labelled "Rex Bubecar"), in the 1413 portolan chart of Mecia de Viladestes[4][5]

Amir al-Muslimin

Upon the death of Yahya ibn Umar in the spring of 1056 at the Battle of Tabfarilla, the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin appointed Abu Bakr as the new military commander and amir of the Almoravids. That same year, Abu Bakr recaptured Sijilmassa from the Maghrawa of the Zenata confederation. The city had been taken earlier by Yahya, but subsequently lost; Abu Bakr recaptured it definitively for the Almoravids in late 1056.

In order to ensure they did not lose Sijilmassa again, Abu Bakr launched a campaign to secure the roads and valleys of southern Morocco. He immediately captured the Draa valley, then moved along the Wadi Nul (along the edge of the Anti-Atlas, picking up the adherence of the Sanhaja tribes of the Lamta and the Gazzula (Jazzula) to the Almoravid movement. Abu Bakr led the conquest of the Sous valley of southern Morocco, seizing the local capital of Taroudannt in 1057. By negotiation, Abdallah ibn Yasin secured an alliance with the Masmuda Berbers of the High Atlas, which allowed the Almoravids to cross the mountain range with little incident and seize the critical Zenata-ruled citadel of Aghmat in 1058 with little opposition. Delighted at the apparent ease of their advance, Abdallah ibn Yasin ventured into the lands of the Berghwata of western Morocco with only a light escort and was promptly killed. Abu Bakr, who was then mopping up the area north of Aghmat, wheeled the Almoravid army around and conquered the Berghwata in a brutal campaign of revenge.

The death of the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin left the Almoravids under the sole command of Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr continued carrying out the Almoravid program without assuming the pretence of religious authority in himself. Abu Bakr, like later Almoravid rulers, took up the comparatively modest title of amir al-Muslimin ("Prince of the Muslims"), rather than the caliphal amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful").

Abu Bakr married the wealthiest woman in Aghmat, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, who helped him navigate the complicated politics of southern Morocco. But Abu Bakr, a rustic desert warrior, found crowded Aghmat and its courtly life stifling. In 1060/61, Abu Bakr and his Sanhaja lieutenants left the city and pitched their tents on the pastures along the Tensift River, setting up an encampment for their headquarters, as if they were back in the Sahara desert. Stone buildings would eventually replace the tents, and the encampment would become the city of Marrakesh, an unusual-seeming city for the time, evocative of desert life with planted palms and an oasis-like feel.

Abu Bakr placed his cousin Yusuf ibn Tashfin in charge of Aghmat, and assigned him the responsibility of maintaining the front against the Zenata to the north. In a series of campaigns through the 1060s, while Abu Bakr held court in Marrakesh, Yusuf directed Almoravid armies against northern Morocco, reducing Zenata strongholds one by one. In 1070, the Moroccan capital of Fez finally fell to the Almoravids. Discontent, however, had arisen in the Almoravid ranks.

Return to the Desert

Many among the desert clans back in the Sahara regarded the northern campaigns as expensive and pointless. The Guddala tribe, who had earlier broken away from the Almoravid coalition, began urging other desert tribes to follow suit. After the fall of Fez, feeling Morocco was now secure, Abu Bakr decided it was time to return to the Sahara to quell the dissension in the desert homelands. He placed Yusuf ibn Tashfin in charge of Morocco in his absence. As was common among the Sanhaja tribes before extended military campaigns, Abu Bakr divorced Zaynab before he left, advising her to marry Yusuf if she needed protection.

Having quelled the discontent back in the Sahara, Abu Bakr returned north to Morocco in 1072. But Yusuf ibn Tashfin had enjoyed his taste of power, and was reluctant to give it up. Pushed by his new wife, Zaynab, Yusuf met Abu Bakr in the plain of Burnoose (between Marrakesh and Aghmat) and with a large outlay of gold, cattle and other gifts persuaded him to leave the northern dominions to him.[6] As a courtesy to his former leader, Yusuf kept Abu-Bakr's name on the Almoravid coinage until his death.[citation needed]

Abu Bakr returned to the Sahara desert to command the southern wing of the Almoravids, raiding the pagan Sudan and perhaps attacking the Ghana Empire, although opinion among historians is divided over whether the Almoravids ever established dominion over their Sub-Saharan neighbors.[7][8] If Ghana was in fact conquered, it was likely done by a son of Abu Bakr, Yahya, in 1076.[9]

Death

Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" (Soninke Wangara of the Tagant Region of southern Mauritania), relating that he was struck down by a poisoned arrow[10][11][12][13] from an old, blind[11] Gangara chieftain in the pass of Khma (between the Tagant and Assab mountains, en route to Ghana).[14][15] His grave is at Maksam in Tagant region,[16] it is 15 km from Quddiya[17] on the outskirts[17] of Tidjikja.[18] According to Wolof oral tradition, a Serer bowman named Amar Godomat killed him near lake Rkiz (Godomat's name apparently originates with this death).[19]

Dating

Following Ibn Abi Zar, Abu Bakr ibn Umar's death has been commonly dated to 1087.[20] This is supported by numismatic evidence, with coins minted in Sijilmassa in Abu Bakr's name until that date.[21] Ibn 'Idhari, however, records him dying only 3 years after his return to the desert, sometime in 1075 or 1076. The clear exaggerations in Ibn Abi Zar's account are perhaps a reason to view his dates with skepticism,[22] as well as the fact that the campaign against Ghana was possibly led by Abu Bakr's son, Yahya.[9]

No historian has yet accounted for the ease with which Almoravid historiography has appropriated Ibn Idhari's chronology—this, at the expense of that passed on by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun—at all junctures except the date he provides Abu Bakr's death.[23]

Legacy

Oral tradition records that at his death Abu Bakr left a pregnant Fula wife, Fâtimata Sal, who gave birth to a son, the legendary Amadou Boubakar ibn Omar, better known as Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who went on to found the Wolof kingdom of Waalo in the lower Senegal river.[24] This is clearly ahistorical, however.

See also

References

  1. ^ al-Fāsī, ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ; al-Gharnāṭī, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (1860). Roudh el-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès (in French). Impr. impériale. p. 185. The Emir Abou Beker ben Omar... had as mother Safiya, free woman, of the Djedala
  2. ^ Full patronymic record varies in the sources. Collating various sources, his full name was probably Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Talagagin (alias Ibrahim) ibn Turgut (or Turgit or Waraggut) ibn Wartantaq. See N. Levtzion and J.F.P. Hopkins, 200'0, editors, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, University of Ghana, p.409.
  3. ^ trans. from Arabic by A. Graulle & G. S. Colin, Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri (1925). Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ ["Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib"], vol. XXXI : Histoire du Maroc (in French). Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner. p. 136. his first act, ..., was to march against the Baraghwata, firmly determined to fight them, after having taken God as his agent in the holy war he was about to wage against them. He slew many of them and made captives a large number of them,... The survivors converted again to Islam; Abu Bakr ibn Umar wiped out their heresy from the Maghrib.
  4. ^ de la Roncière, Charles (1925). La découverte de l'Afrique au Moyen Age, cartographes et explorateurs (in French). Cairo: Sociéte royale de géographie d'Égypte.
  5. ^ Cortesão, Jaime (1975). Os Descobrimentos portugueses (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Livros Horizonte. p. 339.
  6. ^ Burkhalter 1992, p. 113.
  7. ^ Burkhalter 1992.
  8. ^ Conrad & Fisher 1982.
  9. ^ a b Burkhalter 1992, p. 111.
  10. ^ Norris, H. T. (1982). The Berbers in Arabic Literature. Longman. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-582-78303-4. Abū Bakr ibn ' Umar, who is known locally as Ibn ' Āmir, was killed by a poisoned arrow in 1087
  11. ^ a b Hama, Boubou; Guilhem, Marcel (1965). Histoire du Niger: l'Afrique, le monde. Cours moyens (in French). Ligel. p. 37.
  12. ^ Le Colloque senghorien de Dakar (in French). Presses universitaires de Dakar. 1998. p. 216.
  13. ^ Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines. Série B (in French). IFAN. 1955. p. 184.
  14. ^ P. Semonin (1964) "The Almoravid Movement in the Western Sudan: A review of the evidence" Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, v.7: p.58
  15. ^ R.A. Messier (2010) The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad, Sant Barbar: Praeger. p.209
  16. ^ Mauny, Raymond (1961). Tableau géographique de l'Ouest africain au Moyen Age: d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie (in French). IFAN. p. 49.
  17. ^ a b "من عبق التاريخ | ميادين". meyadin.net. Retrieved 2023-05-01. martyred Prince Abu Bakr bin Amer around 464 AH in Maksam in the Tagant region, 15 km from Quddiya currently known, on the outskirts of Tidjikja
  18. ^ Initiations et études africaines (in French). IFAN. 1966. p. 26. His grave, with his name but no date, is near Tijikja. in Tagant Region (Mauritania)
  19. ^ "Ce régicide dont l'exploit donna peut-être le signal de l'exode a ainsi pris le surnom de "Amar god o maat, "Amar (qui) sabre (le) roi"" Diouf, Marcel Mahawa, Lances mâles : Léopold Sédar Senghor et les traditions sérères, Centre d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale, Niamey, 1996, p. 54
  20. ^ Conrad & Fisher 1982, p. 22.
  21. ^ Hazard, Harry (1952). The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa. American Numismatic Society. p. 61-2. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  22. ^ Conrad & Fisher 1982, p. 35.
  23. ^ Burkhalter 1992, p. 127.
  24. ^ Wade, Amadou ([1941], 1964) "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", B. Cissé trans., V. Monteil, editor, Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4, 440-98.

Sources


Preceded by Almoravid
(in the early days with Abdallah ibn Yasin)
1056–1087 		Succeeded by
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