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Gandhari (Mahabharata)

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For other uses, see Gandhari.

Gandhari
An illustration of Gandhari (left) and an attendant by Nandalal Bose, 1919
In-universe information
FamilySubala (father)
Shakuni, Ashvaketu, Achala, Gaja, and various other brothers
SpouseDhritarashtra
Children100 Kauravas including Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna (sons)
Duhsala (daughter)
Yuyutsu (step son)
OriginGandhara Kingdom

Gandhari (Sanskrit: गान्धारी, lit. 'of Gandhara', IAST: Gāndhārī) is a prominent figure in the Hindu epic the Mahabharata. She was the princess of the Gandhara Kingdom and wife of Dhritrashtra, the blind king of Kuru. In the epic, she is depicted with a blindfold, which she wore in order to live like her blind husband. Due to divine boons, she became the mother of a hundred sons, the Kauravas, who are the primary antagonists of the epic. She also had a daughter named Duhsala. Following the Kurukshetra War and the end of her hundred sons, Gandhari cursed Krishna, leading to the destruction of his Yadu Dynasty.[1]

Early life and marriage

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Gandhari was born to Subala and Sudharmaa of Gandhara. Gandhari is regarded as an incarnation of the goddess Mati.[2] She was the sister of Shakuni.[citation needed]

As a maiden, she is said to have impressed Shiva through penance and received a boon to bear a hundred children. However, the reason for her penance and her receiving such boon is unknown. In alternate versions, she is said to have impressed Veda Vyasa with her gracious and generous nature.

One of the main reasons of Bhishma choosing Gandhari to be the elder daughter-in-law of the Kuru Kingdom is said to be this boon, which would put an end to his worry of the throne remaining vacant.[citation needed]

Gandhari's marriage was arranged with Dhritarashtra, the eldest prince of the Kuru kingdom. The Mahabharata depicted her as a devout woman, beautiful and virtuous. Their marriage was arranged by Bhishma. When she found out that her would-be husband was born blind, she decided to blindfold herself in order to emulate her husband's experiences. It is stated that the act of blindfolding herself was a sign of dedication and love.

The Mahabharata depicts her marriage as a major reason for the story's central conflict, since her brother Shakuni was furious to learn that her husband was blind. However in Vyasa's Mahabharata, there is no mention of Shakuni objecting to Gandhari's marriage with Dhritarashtra. As per the Adi Parva of the Mahabharata, Shakuni brought Gandhari to Hastinapura for marriage. Gandhari was welcomed by the Kuru elders and Shakuni gave many gifts to Hastinapura and returned to his kingdom.[3]

Her husband Dhritarashtra was denied the throne because of his blindness, despite being the eldest son. The throne went to Pandu, his younger brother. After being cursed by Sage Kindama, Pandu renounced his kingdom in order to repent. With this turn of events, her husband was crowned King of Hastinapura and she became queen.[4]

Pregnancy and birth of her children

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Once, an exhausted Veda Vyasa came to Gandhari's palace. Vyasa was impressed by Gandhari's hospitality and gave her a boon which she desired that "she should have century of sons each equal unto her lord in strength and accomplishments".[5] She became pregnant but carried the child for an unusually long period of two years. Later, when she heard that Kunti had given birth to the eldest of the Pandavas, she struck her stomach in frustration only to result in the birth of a "hard mass of flesh" like an "iron ball," not a child.[5]

Just as the Kuru elders were about to discard the mass of flesh, Veda Vyasa arrived. Before Vyasa, she admitted her jealousy of Kunti and complained about the boon he had given her. Veda Vyasa assured her that he had never spoken "untruth" and ordered that a "hundred pots full of clarified butter be brought instantly, and let them be placed at a concealed spot. In the meantime, let cool water be sprinkled over this ball of flesh".[5]

The lump of flesh was cut into one hundred parts, but when Gandhari revealed she wanted a daughter the mass was cut once more to make one hundred and one parts. Then, Vyasa "brought another pot full of clarified butter, and put the part intended for a daughter into it." These cuts of flesh, "sprinkled over with water," developed in the course of a month to become Gandhari's hundred sons and only daughter, Dushala, youngest of her children.[5][6]

After the birth of her first son Duryodhana, many ill omens occurred: the child "began to cry and bray like an ass" and caused "violent winds" and "fires in various directions." A frightened Dhritarashtra summoned Vidura, Bhishma and other Kurus and countless Brahmanas regarding his firstborn's possibility of succession to the throne. Observing ill omens, Vidura and the brahmanas suggested the king forsake his first born since the child might cause destruction to the Kuru clan; out of paternal love for his firstborn he chose to ignore this advice.[5]

Later life and death

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Kunti leading Dhritarashtra and Gandhari as she goes to the forest in exile

After the Mahabharata War, Gandhari cursed Krishna that his clan, the Yadavas, would perish the way her children perished. Krishna accepted the curse and it came true 36 years after the war, when the Yadavas were drinking and enjoying life. They started teasing rishis, who cursed Krishna's son into birthing an iron club. The iron club was broken down, thrown in the ocean, but found its way back onto land and into the weapons that destroyed every member of the clan—including Krishna.[citation needed]

It is believed that Gandhari made a single purposeful exception to her blindfolded state, when she removed her blindfold to shield her eldest son Duryodhana. She poured all her power into her son's body in one glance, rendering Duryodhana's entire body, except his loins, as strong as a thunderbolt. Krishna foiled Gandhari's plan by asking Duryodhana to cover up his private parts before meeting his mother.[7] On their decisive encounter on the eighteenth day of the Kurukshetra battle, Bhima smashed Duryodhana's thighs, a move both literally and figuratively below the belt. Despite its popularity the story is not mentioned in the original version of the Mahabharata written by Veda Vyasa. As per Vyasa's Mahabharata, Duryodhana, while fighting against Bhima, displayed his superior mace skills, due to which Bhima could not defeat him and had to break rules to kill him.[8]

All of Gandhari's sons were killed in the war against their cousins, the Pandavas, at Kurukshetra, specifically at the hands of Bhima. Upon hearing the news, it is said that through a small gap in the blindfold, her gaze fell on Yudhishthira's toe. His clean toe was charred black due to her wrath and power. When she heard the news of the death of all the sons of Pandavas (Upapandavas), she embraced the Pandavas and consoled them for their loss. Later her wrath turned to Krishna for allowing all this destruction to happen.[9] She cursed that he, his city and all his subjects would be destroyed. Krishna accepted the curse. Her curse took its course 36 years after the great war when Yadu dynasty perished after a fight broke out between Yadavas at a festival. Krishna ascended to his heavenly abode after living for 126 years. The golden city of Dvaraka drowned exactly seven days after his disappearance. Gandhari along with her husband Dhritarashtra, brother-in-law Vidura and sister-in-law Kunti, left Hastinapur about 15 years after the war to seek penance. She is said to have died in the Himalayas in a forest fire along with Dhritarastra, Vidura and Kunti and attained moksha.[citation needed]

Portrayal in the Mahabharata

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The Mahabharata attributes high moral standards to Gandhari. Although her sons are portrayed as villains she repeatedly exhorted her sons to follow dharma and make peace with the Pandavas. Famously, when Duryodhana would ask for her blessing of victory during the Kurukshetra war, Gandhari would only say "may victory find the side of righteousness". Gandhari's major flaw was her love for her sons, especially her firstborn Duryodhana, which often blinded her to his menacing character.[citation needed]

Gandhari fostered a sisterly relationship with Kunti, often sharing her joy, anguish and anger with her. There is little information about her relationship with the Pandavas but it is hinted that she felt deep sympathy for their wife Draupadi. Throughout the happenings of the epic, Gandhari is portrayed to be composed and calm; however after losing all her sons, she is distraught and furious and blames Krishna for not using his divine powers to stop the war from happening.

Legacy

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In Hebbya village, Nanjangud, Mysore, India, there is a temple called Gāndhārī temple dedicated to her. This temple honours her devotion and loyalty as she epitomized the goodness of a mother and a loving wife. The foundation stone of the temple was laid on June 19, 2008.[10]

Rabindranath Tagore wrote a Bengali poetic play about her, named Gandharir Abedon (Bangla: গান্ধারীর আবেদন, Translation: Supplication of Gandhari). Gandhari, her husband Dhritarashtra and their son Duryodhana are central characters in the play.[11] Aditi Banerjee wrote a novel named The Curse of Gandhari, which depicts the story of the Mahabharata through the perspective of Gandhari.[12]

In media and television

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References

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  1. ^ Ganguli, Kisari Mohan. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web.
  2. ^ "Adi Parva Sambhava Parva : Section LXVII". Mahabharata Book 1. p. 139.
  3. ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CX". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  4. ^ Irawati Karve. Yuganta: The End of an Epoch. p. 29.
  5. ^ a b c d e The Mahabharata, Book : Adi Parva:Sambhava Parva : Section:CXV. Sacred-texts.com.
  6. ^ The Mahabharata, Book : Adi Parva:Sambhava Parva : Section: CXVI. Sacred-texts.com.
  7. ^ "Gandhari, the Rebel". 29. Economic and Political Weekly: 1517–1519. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ "60-61". Mahabharata Book 9. Vol. Shalya Parva.
  9. ^ Roy, Pratap Chandra; Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1884–1894). The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Calcutta : Bharata press.
  10. ^ "Gandhari temple: a testimony to loyalty and womanhood". The Hindu. 20 June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.
  11. ^ Sanchayita by Rabindranath Tagore
  12. ^ Datta, Sravasti (15 October 2019). "Decoding Gandhari, the queen of iron will". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
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