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Green recovery

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Green recovery packages are proposed environmental, regulatory, and fiscal reforms to rebuild prosperity in the wake of an economic crisis, such as the COVID-19 recession or the 2007–2008 financial crisis. They pertain to fiscal measures that intend to recover economic growth while also positively benefitting the environment, including measures for renewable energy, efficient energy use, nature-based solutions, sustainable transport, green innovation and green jobs, amongst others.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Support for a green recovery in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has come from multiple political parties, governments, activists, and academia across the globe.[8][9] Following similar measures in response to the GFC,[10] a key goal of the packages is to ensure that actions to combat recession also combat climate change. These actions include the reduction of coal, oil, and gas use, clean transport, renewable energy, eco-friendly buildings, and sustainable corporate or financial practices. Green recovery initiatives are supported by the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[11] Several global initiatives have provided live tracking of national fiscal responses, including the Global Recovery Observatory (from Oxford University, the UN, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)),[12] the Energy Policy Tracker,[13] and the OECD's Green Recovery Tracker.[14]

Delineating between rescue and recovery investment, in March 2021 analysis by the Global Recovery Observatory found that 18% of recovery investment and 2.5% of total spending was expected to enhance sustainability.[1] In July 2021, the International Energy Agency supported that analysis, noting that only around 2% of economic bailout money worldwide was going to clean energy.[15] According to a 2022 analysis of the $14tn that G20 countries spent as economic stimulus, only about 6% of pandemic recovery spending was allocated to areas that will also cut greenhouse-gas emissions, including electrifying vehicles, making buildings more energy efficient and installing renewables.[16]

Background

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Since the industrial revolution, the burning of coal, oil, and gas has released millions of tons of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing anthropogenic climate change. By 2020, the Earth's average temperature was 1 °C higher than pre-industrial levels.[citation needed] The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculated in its 2014 Synthesis Report that relative to the period of 1850-1900, the end of the 21st century (2081-2100) could see global mean surface temperature increase of 1.5-2.5°C.[17] Burning a fraction of fossil fuel reserves will therefore lead to dangerous planetary heating, resulting in widespread crop failures, and the 6th mass extinction event.[18]

By the end of 2019, increasing incidents of wild fires in Australia, the Amazon rainforest in Brazil, and the Arctic forests in Russia had been reported,[19] as well as increased risks of hurricanes in the United States and Caribbean, and flooding.[citation needed] In 2015, most countries signed the Paris Agreement committing to limit global carbon emissions to prevent temperature rises by over 2°C, with an ambition to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C. Activists and politicians, particularly younger people, demanded a "Green New Deal" in the US,[20] a Green Industrial Revolution in the UK, and to end the use of fossil fuels in transport, energy generation, agriculture, buildings, and finance. In late 2019, the EU announced a European Green Deal, although this was said to fall far short of the goal of ending fossil fuel use in the bloc by 2050.[21]

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused countries to lock down their economies, in an attempt to prevent infections and deaths. This required many businesses to suspend work, as people travelled less, shopped less, and stayed at home to work more. In most countries, this caused job losses. The fall in economic activity also caused a fall in greenhouse gas emissions.[22] [23] This drove groups to call for, and politicians and governments to promise, a green recovery.

In earlier discourses, the positive side effects of green policies have been termed co-benefits. According to the IPCC, co-benefits are "the positive effects that a policy or measure aimed at one objective might have on other objectives, without yet evaluating the net effect on overall social welfare".[24] Renewable energies can boost employment and industrial development. Depending on the country and the deployment scenario, replacing coal power plants with renewable energy can more than double the number of jobs per average MW capacity (albeit, this represents a concomitant 50% productivity loss).[25] Besides economic effects, climate mitigation strategies can provide health-related co-benefits. Solar mini-grids can improve electricity access for rural areas[26] and the replacement of coal-based energy with renewables can lower the number of premature deaths caused by air pollution.[27]

Proposals

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Proposals for a green recovery vary widely.

United States

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In the United States, a group of academics and activists introduced "a green stimulus to rebuild our economy" in March 2020.[28][29] The policies targeted eight fields: housing and civic infrastructure, transportation, labour and green manufacturing, energy generation, food and agriculture, environment and green infrastructure, innovation policy, and foreign policy. The requested funding level was set at 4% of the US GDP, or around $850 billion a year, until the dual achievement of full decarbonisation and an unemployment rate below 3.5%.[28][29]

Over the spring of 2021, US President Biden introduced his American Jobs Plan and American Families Plan, which incorporated green recovery principles including investments in carbon capture and storage, clean energy, and a Civilian Climate Corps similar to the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps. Progressives criticised the plans as not ambitious enough.[30][31][32][33]

United Kingdom

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In the UK, the government proposed "a green and resilient recovery," and announced £3 billion in funding for building renovations in July 2020.[34] By contrast, in early July, an academic and think tank group proposed a "Green Recovery Act" that targeted nine fields: transport, energy generation, agriculture, fossil fuels, local government, international agreement, finance and corporate governance, employment, and investment.[35] This established duties on all public bodies and regulators to end the use of fossil fuels "as fast as technologically practicable," with strict exceptions if absent technical alternatives.[35][36]

Europe

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In June 2020, the German government pledged a green recovery with funding of €40 billion as part of a €130 billion recovery package.[37]

In July 2020, the European Council agreed to a recovery fund of €750 billion, branded Next Generation EU (NGEU). An overall climate target of 30% would apply to the total amount of expenditure from the NGEU in compliance with the Paris climate agreement.[38]

Africa

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A comprehensive plan has been proposed to help Africa recover from the COVID-19 crisis and address the challenges of climate change. The plan focuses on key areas such as food security, water access, and resilient infrastructure. By empowering female farmers, leveraging technology, improving water governance, and investing in sustainable infrastructure, Africa can become more resilient and prosperous. Learning from past pandemics, it is crucial to take a fresh approach and prioritize sustainable investments for a better future. Implementing these recommendations will create a stronger Africa, capable of tackling future challenges and achieving economic recovery.[39]

Globally

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In February 2021, commentators such as the Council on Foreign Relations noted that other major economies such as China, India, and the European Union had begun "implementing some of the policies envisioned by the Green New Deal."[40][41]

A July 2021 update to the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity found that 17% of COVID-19 recovery investments funds that had reportedly been allocated to a green recovery as of March 2021 to be insufficient.[42] They warned that climate policies should be part of COVID-19 recovery. They demanded that plans address root causes and that immediate, drastic reductions in greenhouse gases be prioritised.[43][42]

According to a 2021 analysis by the Overseas Development Institute, China could do more to support a green recovery in developing countries.[44]

Economics

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See also: Economics of climate change mitigation

Economic growth has been a key driver of CO2 emissions.[45] Economic growth may also drive technological change and increase energy efficiency. Economic growth typically requires investment. Investment in energy-intensive sectors, specifically carbon energy sources, can strengthen the link between economic growth and emissions. If the investment is in clean energy the relationship can be the reverse. Investment in less energy-related sectors, such as the services sector, then the link may be tenuous. [citation needed]

The "environmental Kuznets curve" (EKC) hypothesis posits that at early stages of development, pollution per capita and GDP per capita move in the same direction. Beyond a certain income level, emissions per capita decrease as GDP per capita increases, thus generating a U-shaped relationship between GDP per capita and pollution. One study concluded that the econometrics literature did not support either an optimistic or a pessimistic interpretation of the hypothesis. Instead, it suggested some degree of flexibility between economic growth and emissions growth.[citation needed]

Digital technologies

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Digital technologies are important in achieving the green transition and the European Green Deal's environmental targets.[citation needed] Emerging digital technologies, if correctly applied, have the potential to play a critical role in addressing environmental issues. Smart city mobility, precision agriculture, sustainable supply chains, environmental monitoring, and catastrophe prediction are just a few examples.[46][47]

Digitally advanced companies put more money into energy-saving strategies. In the EU, 59% of companies that have made investments in both basic and advanced technologies have also invested in energy efficiency measures, compared to only 50% of US firms in the same category. Overall, there is a significant disparity between businesses' digital profiles and investments in energy efficiency.[46]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b O'Callaghan, Brian; Murdock, Em (10 March 2020). "Are We Building Back Better? Evidence from 2020 and pathways to green inclusive spending" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme.
  2. ^ Hepburn, Cameron; O'Callaghan, Brian; Stern, Nicholas; Stiglitz, Joseph; Zenghelis, Dimitri (2020). "Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate or retard progress on climate change?". Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 36 (Supplement_1): S359–S381. doi:10.1093/oxrep/graa015. hdl:10.1093/oxrep/graa015.
  3. ^ O'Callaghan, Brian; Yau, Nigel; Hepburn, Cameron (2022). "How Stimulating Is a Green Stimulus? The Economic Attributes of Green Fiscal Spending". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 697–723. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-112420-020640. S2CID 249833907.
  4. ^ Mutikani, Lucia (29 July 2021). "U.S. economy contracted 19.2% during COVID-19 pandemic recession". Reuters. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  5. ^ Barbier, Edward (2010). A global green new deal: rethinking the economic recovery. UNEP (1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13202-2.
  6. ^ Barbier, Edward B. (1 August 2020). "Greening the Post-pandemic Recovery in the G20". Environmental and Resource Economics. 76 (4): 685–703. Bibcode:2020EnREc..76..685B. doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00437-w. ISSN 1573-1502. PMC 7294987. PMID 32836827.
  7. ^ Barbier, Edward B. (18 May 2023). "Three climate policies that the G7 must adopt — for itself and the wider world". Nature. 617 (7961): 459–461. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..459B. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01586-w. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 37193811.
  8. ^ "Boosting the EU's green recovery: Commission invests €1 billion in innovative clean technology projects". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  9. ^ e.g. Tom Steyer, 'A fair, green recovery for all Californians Archived 19 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine'; New York City, COVID-19 Green Recovery.
  10. ^ Barbier, Ed (2010). "Green Stimulus, Green Recovery and Global Imbalances". World Economics. 11 (2): 149–177.
  11. ^ Holder, Michael (5 June 2020). "OECD and UN institutions demand green economic recovery from Covid-19". Business Green. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  12. ^ "Global Recovery Observatory". Oxford University Economic Recovery Project. University of Oxford, UNEP, and UNDP.
  13. ^ "Track public money for energy in recovery packages". Energy Policy Tracker.
  14. ^ "Focus on green recovery". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 22 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Key findings – Sustainable Recovery Tracker – Analysis". IEA. July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  16. ^ Nahm, Jonas M.; Miller, Scot M.; Urpelainen, Johannes (2 March 2022). "G20's US$14-trillion economic stimulus reneges on emissions pledges". Nature. 603 (7899): 28–31. Bibcode:2022Natur.603...28N. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00540-6. PMID 35236968. S2CID 247221463.
  17. ^ IPCC (2014). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR5 SYR 2014. p. 10.
  18. ^ Walsh, Alistair (2022). "What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction". dw.
  19. ^ Pearce, Fred (16 January 2020). "Long Shaped By Fire, Australia Enters a Perilous New Era". Yale E360. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  20. ^ "The Green New Deal". Bernie Sanders 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  21. ^ LAZARUS, Anton (27 May 2020). "EU plans multi-billion euro 'green recovery' but falls short in crucial areas". EEB - The European Environmental Bureau. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  22. ^ Evans, Simon (9 April 2020). "Analysis: Coronavirus set to cause largest ever annual fall in CO2 emissions". Carbon Brief. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  23. ^ Harvey, Fiona (19 May 2020). "Steep fall in emissions during coronavirus is no cause for celebration". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  24. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1275. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415416. ISBN 978-1-107-41541-6.
  25. ^ IASS/Green ID (October 2019). "Future skills and job creation through renewable energy in Vietnam. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" (PDF). Cobenefits Study. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021.
  26. ^ IASS/TERI (October 2019). "Secure and reliable electricity access with renewable energy mini-grids in rural India. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" (PDF). Cobenefits Study. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  27. ^ IASS/CSIR (March 2019). "Improving health and reducing costs through renewable energy in South Africa. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" (PDF). Cobenefits Study. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  28. ^ a b Green Stimulus Proposal (21 May 2020). "A Green Stimulus to Rebuild Our Economy". Medium. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  29. ^ a b Mock, Brentin (24 March 2020). "A Green Stimulus Plan for a Post-Coronavirus Economy". CityLab. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  30. ^ Mike Krancer (1 February 2021). "Biden's version of Green New Deal moves forward, but executive action has its limits". The Hill. Retrieved 9 October 2021. Comparing the Green New Deal to the Biden Plan for a Clean Energy Revolution And Environmental Justice, one might think they were written by the same person
  31. ^ Frazin, Rachel (20 April 2021). "Overnight Energy: Biden reportedly will pledge to halve US emissions by 2030 | Ocasio-Cortez, Markey reintroduce Green New Deal resolution". The Hill. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  32. ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (2 April 2021). "Ocasio-Cortez Sees Green New Deal Progress in Biden Plan, But 'It's Not Enough'". NPR. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  33. ^ Segers, Grace (13 May 2021). "Green New Deal advocates see imprint on Biden's climate agenda". CBS News. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  34. ^ Harvey, Fiona (7 July 2020). "Treasury's 'green recovery' not enough, say campaigners". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  35. ^ a b McGaughey, E; Lawrence, M; Common Wealth. "The Green Recovery Act". common-wealth.co.uk. Common-Wealth. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  36. ^ "The Guardian view on a post-Covid recovery: not much building back greener". The Guardian. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021. Mr Johnson has talked of a "new deal" and he could take up the suggestion by the Common Wealth think tank to legislate for a green recovery act to drive an economic revival with renewable energy at its core.
  37. ^ Murray, JS (4 June 2020). "Green Recovery: Germany unveils plans for €40bn climate spending surge". Business Green. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  38. ^ "Special meeting of the European Council" (PDF). 21 July 2020. p. paragraphs A21, 18. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Is a green recovery in Africa possible after Covid-19? | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". adaptation-undp.org. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  40. ^ Andrew Chatzky and Anshu Siripurapu (1 February 2021). "Envisioning a Green New Deal: A Global Comparison". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 18 February 2021. major world economies, including China, India, and the European Union, have begun implementing some of the policies envisioned by the Green New Deal,
  41. ^ Aris Roussinos (17 February 2021). "The age of empire is back". unHerd. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  42. ^ a b Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M; Gregg, Jillian W; Lenton, Timothy M; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A J; Law, Beverly E; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B; Rockström, Johan (28 July 2021). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021". BioScience. 71 (9): 894–898. doi:10.1093/biosci/biab079. hdl:1808/30278.
  43. ^ "Critical measures of global heating reaching tipping point, study finds". The Guardian. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  44. ^ "Driving a green recovery in developing countries: what role is China playing?". ODI: Think change. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  45. ^ Sathaye, J.; et al. (2007). "Sustainable Development and Mitigation". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  46. ^ a b Bank, European Investment (5 May 2022). Digitalisation in Europe 2021–2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5233-7.
  47. ^ "The potential of digital business models in the new energy economy – Analysis". IEA. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

References

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