Steviol

Steviol
Names
	IUPAC name 13-Hydroxy-5β,8α,9β,10α,13α-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid
	Systematic IUPAC name (4R,4aS,6aR,9S,11aR,11bS)-9-Hydroxy-4,11b-dimethyl-8-methylidenetetradecahydro-6a,9-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene-4-carboxylic acid
	Other names Hydroxydehydrostevic acid; 13-Hydroxykaurenoic acid; ent-13-Hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	471-80-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:145024;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL444122 ;
ChemSpider	398979 ;
PubChem CID	452967;
UNII	4741LYX6RT ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID50897427 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H30O3/c1-13-11-19-9-5-14-17(2,7-4-8-18(14,3)16(21)22)15(19)6-10-20(13,23)12-19/h14-15,23H,1,4-12H2,2-3H3,(H,21,22)/t14-,15-,17+,18+,19+,20-/m0/s1 Key: QFVOYBUQQBFCRH-VQSWZGCSSA-N ; InChI=1/C20H30O3/c1-13-11-19-9-5-14-17(2,7-4-8-18(14,3)16(21)22)15(19)6-10-20(13,23)12-19/h14-15,23H,1,4-12H2,2-3H3,(H,21,22)/t14-,15-,17+,18+,19+,20-/m0/s1 Key: QFVOYBUQQBFCRH-VQSWZGCSBR;
	SMILES O=C(O)[C@]4([C@H]3CC[C@@]21C[C@](O)(\C(=C)C1)CC[C@H]2[C@]3(C)CCC4)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C20H30O3
Molar mass	318.457 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Steviol is a diterpene first isolated from the plant Stevia rebaudiana in 1931.^[1] Its chemical structure was not fully elucidated until 1960.^[2]

Steviol occurs in the plant as steviol glycosides, sweet compounds that have found widespread use as sugar substitutes.^[3] The aglycon is prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis, since upon acid treatment steviol will undergo Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement to the very stable isosteviol.

Biosynthesis

In Stevia rebaudiana, the biosynthesis of steviol is confined to green tissues. The precursors of steviol are synthesized via the non-mevalonate pathway located in plant cell plastids, which produces isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). IPP and DMAPP are converted to geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which is the precursor of many diterpenoids, by GGDP synthase. GPDP is made into a cyclic compound, copalyl diphosphate (CDP), by CDP synthase, after which kaurene is produced by another cyclization catalyzed by kaurene synthase.

The kaurene is then transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is oxidized to kaurenoic acid by kaurene oxidase in a reaction that uses up oxygen and NADPH. Then steviol is produced by hydroxylation. The steviol is subsequently glycosylated in the cytoplasm.^[4]

References

^ Bridel, M.; Lavieille, R. (1931). "The sweet principle in Kaa-he-e (Stevia rebaudiana. Bertoni). II. Hydrolysis of stevioside by enzymes. III. Steviol by enzymic hydrolysis and isosteviol by acid hydrolysis". Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique. 13: 781–796.
^ Dolder, Fred; Lichti, Heinz; Mosettig, Erich; Quitt, Peter (1960). "The structure and stereochemistry of steviol and isosteviol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82: 246–247. doi:10.1021/ja01486a054.
^ Brandle J. E., Starratt A. N., Gijzen M. (1998). "Stevia rebaudiana: Its agricultural, biological, and chemical properties". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 78 (4): 527–536. doi:10.4141/P97-114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Brandle JE, Telmer PG (Jul 2007). "Steviol glycoside biosynthesis". Phytochemistry. 68 (14): 1855–63. Bibcode:2007PChem..68.1855B. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.010. PMID 17397883.

External links

PubChem summary of steviol molecule

[brid1931-1] Bridel, M.; Lavieille, R. (1931). "The sweet principle in Kaa-he-e (Stevia rebaudiana. Bertoni). II. Hydrolysis of stevioside by enzymes. III. Steviol by enzymic hydrolysis and isosteviol by acid hydrolysis". Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique. 13: 781–796.

[dolder1960-2] Dolder, Fred; Lichti, Heinz; Mosettig, Erich; Quitt, Peter (1960). "The structure and stereochemistry of steviol and isosteviol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82: 246–247. doi:10.1021/ja01486a054.

[brandleCJPS98-3] Brandle J. E., Starratt A. N., Gijzen M. (1998). "Stevia rebaudiana: Its agricultural, biological, and chemical properties". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 78 (4): 527–536. doi:10.4141/P97-114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[brandle2007-4] Brandle JE, Telmer PG (Jul 2007). "Steviol glycoside biosynthesis". Phytochemistry. 68 (14): 1855–63. Bibcode:2007PChem..68.1855B. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.010. PMID 17397883.

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