MOS:DATEUNIFY
This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page. |
Manual of Style (MoS) |
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This page guides the presentation of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, coordinates, and similar items in articles. The aim is to promote clarity, cohesion, and consistency, and to make the encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use. For numbers, dates, and similar items in Wikipedia article titles, see the "Naming conventions (numbers and dates)" guideline.
Where this manual gives options, maintain consistency within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The Arbitration Committee has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style; edit-warring over optional styles is unacceptable.[lower-alpha 1] If discussion fails to resolve the question of which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.
General notes
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Quotations, titles, etc.
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they use formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via [bracketed interpolation], article text, or footnotes.
Non-breaking spaces
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Guidance on the use of non-breaking spaces ("hard spaces") is given in some sections below, but not all situations in which hard spaces ({{nbsp}} or
) or {{nowrap}}
may be appropriate are described.
Chronological items
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Statements likely to become outdated
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Except on pages that are inherently time-sensitive and updated regularly (e.g. the "Current events" portal), terms such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., and Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Wording can usually be modified to remove the "now" perspective: not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Terms likely to go out of date include Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., etc.[lower-alpha 2] For current and future events, use phrases such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to signal the time-dependence of the information; use the template {{as of}} (or {{updated}}) in conjunction. Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Dates, months, and years
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles; .
- Special rules apply to citations; .
- See also Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines.
Formats
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]General use | Only in limited situations where brevity is helpful[lower-alpha 3] |
Comments |
---|---|---|
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | A comma doesn't follow the year unless otherwise required by context:
|
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | A comma follows the year unless other punctuation obviates it:
|
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity:
|
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
No equivalent for general use | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Use yyyy-mm-dd format only with Gregorian dates from 1583 onward.[lower-alpha 4] |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
- Dates, years, and other chronological items should be linked only when they are relevant to the subject and likely to be useful to a reader; this rule does not apply to articles that are explicitly on a chronological item, e.g. 2002, 19th century .[lower-alpha 5]
- For issues related to dates in sortable tables,
{{dts|Nov 1, 2008}}
.
and , or consider using - Phrases such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Comments | ||
---|---|---|
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.[lower-alpha 3] | Do not add a full stop (period) to an abbreviated month or to the day-of-month.[lower-alpha 6] |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Months should be capitalized. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Do not use ordinals (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., etc.). | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Do not use these formats. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Do not zero-pad day ... | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.[lower-alpha 3] | ... except in all-numeric (yyyy-mm-dd) format, where both month and day should be zero-padded to two digits. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not use separators other than hyphens. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not omit the hyphens. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not abbreviate year to two digits. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Do not use dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy or yyyy-dd-mm formats.[lower-alpha 7] | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Do not use these formats. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not use these formats. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | No comma between month and year. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Comma required between day and year. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not abbreviate year. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Roman numerals are not normally used for dates. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Years and days of the month are not normally written in words. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not zero-pad years. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Do not add a comma to a four-digit year. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Write "the year" only where needed for clarity (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). |
Consistency
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
- Dates in article body text[lower-alpha 8] should all use the same format: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Publication dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:For example, publication dates within a single article might be in one, but only one, of these formats (among others):
- the format used in the article body text,
- an abbreviated format from the "Acceptable date formats" table, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body
- the format expected in the citation style being used (but all-numeric date formats other than yyyy-mm-dd must still be avoided).
If an article uses a template such as- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
{{Use mdy dates}}
or{{Use dmy dates}}
, then Citation Style 1 and 2 templates automatically render dates (|date=
,|access-date=
,|archive-date=
, etc) in the specified format, regardless of the format they are entered in. (The|cs1-dates=
parameter can be used to fine-tune the generated output, .) - Access and archive dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:For example, access/archive dates within a single article might be in one, but only one, of these formats (among others):
- the format used for publication dates in the article (see above);
- the format expected in the citation style adopted in the article; or
- yyyy-mm-dd
When a citation style does not expect differing date formats, it is permissible to normalize publication dates to the article body text date format, and/or access/archive dates to either, with date consistency being preferred.- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Strong national ties to a topic
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]For any given article, the choice of date format and the choice of national variety of English (see Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Strong national ties to a topic) are independent issues.
- Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is (for example) Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; for most other English-speaking countries it is Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Articles related to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article. Tɛmplet:See below
- In topics where a date format that differs from the usual national one is in customary usage, that format should be used for related articles: for example, articles on the modern US military, including biographical articles related to the modern US military, should use day-before-month, in accordance with US military usage.
Retaining existing format
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- If an article has evolved using predominantly one date format, this format should be used throughout the article, unless there are reasons for changing it based on the topic's strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, or consensus on the article's talk page.
- The date format chosen in the first major contribution in the early stages of an article (i.e., the first non-stub version) should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on the topic's strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, or consensus on the article's talk page.
- Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".
Era style
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- The default calendar eras are Anno Domini (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) and Common Era (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Either convention may be appropriate for use in Wikipedia articles depending on the article context. Apply Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles with regard to changes from one era to the other.
- Use either the BC–AD or the BCE–CE notation consistently within the same article. Exception: do not change direct quotations, titles, etc.
- An article's established era style should not be changed without reasons specific to its content; seek consensus on the talk page first (applying Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Retaining existing styles) by opening a discussion under a heading using the word era, or another similarly expressive heading, and briefly stating why the style should be changed.
- BCE and CE or BC and AD are written in upper case, unspaced, without a full stop (period), and separated from the numeric year by a space (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). It is advisable to use a non-breaking space.
- AD appears before or after a year (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); the other abbreviations appear only after (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- In general, omit CE or AD, except to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness.
- Typically, write Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- But Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not simply Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) may avoid confusion unless the era is clear from context.
- One- and two-digit years may look more natural with an era marker (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. nor Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Ranges beginning in BC/BCE should specify the ending era: write Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Tɛmplet:See below
- Uncalibrated (BCE) radiocarbon dates: Calibrated and uncalibrated dates can diverge widely, and some sources distinguish the two only via BCE or BC (for calibrated dates) versus bce or bc (uncalibrated). When feasible, avoid uncalibrated dates except in direct quotations, and even then ideally give the calibrated date in a footnote or square-bracketed note – Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or at least indicate the date type – Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. This also applies to other dating systems in which a calibration distinction is drawn.
- BP or YBP: In scientific and academic contexts, BP (Before Present) or YBP (years Before Present) are often used. (Present in this context by convention refers to January 1, 1950.) Write Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but not forms such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. If one of the abbreviated forms is used, link to Before Present on first use: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Other era systems may be appropriate in an article. In such cases, dates should be followed by a conversion to Anno Domini or Common Era, and the first instance linked: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Astronomical year numbering is similar to the Common Era. There is no need to follow a year expressed with astronomical year numbering with a conversion to Common Era. The first instance of a non-positive year should still be linked: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (The expressions Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. refer to the same year.)
Julian and Gregorian calendars
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear.
- Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.
- Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the Continent of Europe from 1582, the British Empire from 14 September 1752, and Russia from 14 February 1918 .
- Dates before 15 October 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar.
- Dates after 4 October 1582 in a place where the Julian calendar was observed should be given in the Julian calendar.
- For either the Julian or Gregorian calendars, the beginning of the year should be treated as 1 January even if a different start-of-year date was observed in the place being discussed.
- Dates for Roman history before 45 BC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.
- For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.
The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory footnote). The guidance above is in line with the usage of reliable sources such as American National Biography,[1] Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and Encyclopædia Britannica.[lower-alpha 9]
Where it is not obvious that a given date should be given in Julian alone or in Gregorian alone, consider giving both styles, for example by using {{OldStyleDate}}. If a date appears without being specified as Old Style or New Style, tagging that date with {{which calendar?}} will add the page to Category:Articles containing ambiguous dates for further attention.
If an article contains Julian calendar dates after 4 October 1582 (as in the October Revolution), or if a start-of-year date other than 1 January was in force in the place being discussed, or both, a footnote should be provided on the first usage, explaining the calendar usage adopted for the article. The calendar usage should be compatible with this guideline.
Ranges
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
- A simple year–year range is written using an en dash (
–
,–
or{{ndash}}
, or{{nbnd}}
for a non-breaking en dash), not an em dash, hyphen, or slash; this dash is unspaced (that is, with no space on either side); and the end year is usually given in full:- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- Markup:
1881{{ndash}}1882
or1881–1882
- Markup:
- Although non-abbreviated years are generally preferred, two-digit ending years (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but never Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) may be used in any of the following cases: (1) two consecutive years; (2) infoboxes and tables where space is limited (using a single format consistently in any given table column); and (3) in certain topic areas if there is a very good reason, such as matching the established convention of reliable sources.[lower-alpha 10] For consistency, avoid abbreviated year ranges when they would be used alongside non-abbreviated ranges within an article (or related pages, if in titles). Never use abbreviated years for ranges across centuries (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or for years from the first millennium (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- The Tɛmplet:Visible anchor (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) may be used to signify a fiscal year or other special period, if that convention is used in reliable sources.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- Other "simple" ranges use an unspaced en dash as well:
- day–day: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- month–month: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; (but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. uses a spaced en dash; )
- In certain cases where at least one item on either side of the en dash contains a space, then a spaced en dash (
{{snd}}
) is used. For example:- between specific dates in different months: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- between dates in different years:
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- between months in different years: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Where era designations, c. or other modifiers are present Tɛmplet:See below:
- if the modifier applies to only one of the two endpoints of the range, use a spaced en dash: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- if the modifier applies to the range as a whole, disregard the modifier: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Use an en dash, or a word such as from or between, but not both: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- MOS:DATED says "terms such as ... 'present' should usually be avoided". For ranges, if "to present" or "–present" is used, the current year (or, in cases where necessary, date) of "present" at the time of writing should be included. Thus Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. – if writing in 2024 – is preferable to Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. If the "from" date has an internal space, a spaced en dash is used. Other constructions may be more appropriate in prose . An alternative form is Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- In tables and infoboxes where space is limited, pres. may be used (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Do not use incomplete-looking constructions such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. .
- Consider adding the {{As of}}, or {{Update after}} templates to such constructions, depending on how important it is for editors to keep "present" up to date.
For a person still living: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
Do not use
*
to indicate born; useb.
only where space is limited e.g. tables and infoboxes; use eitherborn
orb.
consistently in any given table column.Where birthdate is unknown: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Do not use
†
to indicate died; used.
only where space is limited, with consistency within any given table column.An overnight period may be expressed using a slash between two contiguous dates: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
Or use an en dash: (unspaced) Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; (spaced) Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- The
{{Age}}
template can keep ages current in infoboxes and so on:{{age|1989|7|23}}
returns: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.{{age|1989|7|23}}-year-old
returns: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.{{age|1989|7|23}} years old
returns: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Date mathematics templates are available for other age calculations.
Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- To indicate "around", "approximately", or "about", the use of the
{{circa}}
template is preferred at first occurrence over just Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. At later occurrences, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. is preferred over Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.:- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Where both endpoints of a range are approximate,
c.
should appear before each date (the two-argument form of{{circa}}
does this):- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- Where birth/death limits have been inferred from known dates of activity:
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- When birth and death dates are unknown, but the person is known to have been active ("flourishing") during certain years, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.,
[[Floruit|fl.]]
, or{{fl.}}
may be used:- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- The corresponding template
{{r.}}
produces reign output: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., though it is often clearer to write out Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., especially in the lead. With both of these templates, linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for occupations not relating to the composition of works, whether it be musical, grammatical, historical, or any other such work.
- When a date is known to be either of two years (e.g. from a regnal or AH year conversion, or a known age at death):
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Other forms of uncertainty should be expressed in words, either in article text or in a footnote: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Do not use a question mark (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), because it fails to communicate the nature of the uncertainty.
- Where Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or a similar form appears which applies only to one of the two endpoints of the range, use a spaced en dash (
{{snd}}
).- Examples: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Markup:
1896{{snd}}after 1954
,470{{snd}}{{c.|540}}
,{{c.|470}}{{snd}}540
,{{c.|470|540}}
.
- Where a modifier applies to the range as a whole, such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., use a spaced or unspaced en dash as appropriate to the range if this modifier is disregarded.
- Examples: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Some modifiers, such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., sometimes apply to only one endpoint, and sometimes to the whole range. Whether the en dash should be spaced or unspaced should still be determined by the above guidelines, but consider rephrasing if the result is ambiguous or possibly confusing.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. mean two different things, which may not be obvious to the reader.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. can have two different meanings, and which one is meant may not be clear.
- Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. clearly has Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. applying only to one endpoint, but the range is ambiguous. Consider using Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., depending on what is meant.
- Technically, Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. is currently unambiguous (because there is no Taishō 57), but it is better to use both era designations in this case: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Ideally a non-breaking space should follow very short modifiers such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Times of day
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Context determines whether the 12- or 24-hour clock is used. In all cases, colons separate hours, minutes, and (where present) seconds, e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Use figures (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) rather than words (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- 12-hour clock times end with lower-case Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn, or Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn, preceded by a non-breaking space, e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
2:30{{nbsp}}p.m.
or2:30{{nbsp}}pm
), not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Hours should not have a leading zero (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Usually, use Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. rather than Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; whether "midnight" refers to the start or the end of a date should be explicitly specified unless clear from the context. Where several times that are all a.m. or all p.m. appear in close proximity, then a.m. or p.m. need be given only once if there is no risk of confusion. - 24-hour clock times have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix, and include a colon (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Hours under 10 should have a leading zero (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). The time Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. refers to midnight at the start of a date, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to noon, and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to midnight at the end of a date, but Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. should not be used for the first hour of the next day (e.g. use Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. for ten minutes after midnight, not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Time zones
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Give dates and times appropriate to the time zone where an event took place. For example, the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor should be December 7, 1941 (Hawaii time/Tɛmplet:Zwspdate). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker in Monaco attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases, the best solution may be to add the date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For example:
Tɛmplet:In5Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Alternatively, include just the UTC offset:
Tɛmplet:In5Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Rarely, the time zone in which an event took place has since changed; for example, China until 1949 was divided into five time zones, whereas all of modern China is one time zone; UTC+8. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960;[2] Universal Time (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the prime meridian (Greenwich) when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ.
Days of the week
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Where space is limited (e.g. tables), days of the week may be abbreviated as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (without dots, i.e. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., etc.).
Seasons of the year
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Do not use seasons to refer to a particular time of year (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) as this would be ambiguous; the seasons are six months apart in the northern and southern hemispheres; winter in the northern hemisphere spans two calendar years, as does summer in the southern hemisphere; and areas near the equator have only wet and dry seasons. Unambiguous alternatives include Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Referring to a season by name is appropriate when it is part of a conventional name or designation (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Season names are generally not capitalized (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), except when personified (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or when part of a formal name (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) that is capitalized under the guidelines for capitalization. They are capitalized when part of the title of a work (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), except that seasonal editions may be lower-cased in running text (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Decades
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- To refer to a decade as a chronological period per se (not with reference to a social era or cultural phenomenon), always use four digits and an s, as in Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Do not use Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Prefixes should be hyphenated (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Adjectives should not be hyphenated (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- For a social era or cultural phenomenon associated with a particular decade:
- Two digits (with a preceding apostrophe) may be used as an alternative to four digits, but only in well-established phrases seen in reliable sources: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.Tɛmplet:Mdashbut Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Do not write: Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Another alternative (where seen in reliable sources) is to spell the decade out, capitalized: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
Centuries and millennia
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]The sequence of numbered years in dates runs Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; there is no "year zero".
- Treat the 1st century AD as years 1–100, the 17th century as 1601–1700, and the second millennium as 1001–2000; similarly, the 1st century BC/BCE was 100–1 BC/BCE, the 17th century BC/BCE was 1700–1601 BC/BCE, and the second millennium 2000–1001 BC/BCE.
- Centuries and millennia are identified using either Arabic numerals (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or words (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), with in-article consistency (MOS:ORDINAL notwithstanding). When used adjectivally they contain a hyphen (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Do not use superscripts (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Do not capitalize (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- Do not use Roman numerals (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. refers to the period (1701–1800), while strictly Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. refers either to (1700–1799) or (1700–1709)
- When using forms such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., ensure there is no ambiguity as to whether the century or the decade is meant.
Long periods of time
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- When the term is frequent, combine Tɛmplet:Xtn (years) or Tɛmplet:Xtn (years ago) with Tɛmplet:Xtn (thousand): Tɛmplet:Xtn, Tɛmplet:Xtn; Tɛmplet:Xtn (million): Tɛmplet:Xtn, Tɛmplet:Xtn; and Tɛmplet:Xtn (short-scale billion): Tɛmplet:Xtn, Tɛmplet:Xtn.
- In academic contexts, annus-based units are often used with an SI prefix: Tɛmplet:Xtn (kiloannus), Tɛmplet:Xtn (megaannus), and Tɛmplet:Xtn (gigaannus).
- Show the meaning parenthetically, and consider linking to the appropriate section of the Year article on first occurrence and where the use is a standalone topic of interest. In source quotations, use square brackets: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Numbers
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Numbers as figures or words
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Generally, in article text:
- Integers from zero to nine are spelled out in words.
- Integers greater than nine expressible in one or two words may be expressed either in numerals or in words (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). When written as words, integers from 21 to 99 that are not multiples of 10 are hyphenated (including when part of a larger number): Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
Notes and exceptions:
- Avoid beginning a sentence with a figure:
- Use: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Or: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Not: Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Use: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Not: Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (Nor: Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. – comparable numbers should be both written in words or both in figures.)
- In tables and infoboxes, quantities are expressed in figures (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); but numbers within a table's explanatory text and comments follow the general rule.
- Numbers in mathematical formulae are never spelled out (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), and "numbers as numbers" are rarely spelled out in other mathematical contexts (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Sport scores and vote tallies should be given as numerical figures (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., though Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. would be acceptable, instead of Tɛmplet:Xtn).
- Comparable values nearby one another should be all spelled out or all in figures, even if one of the numbers would normally be written differently: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Similar guidance applies where "mixed units" are used to represent a single value (as is often done with time durations, and in the imperial and US customary systems): Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Adjacent quantities not comparable should ideally be in different formats: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Avoid awkward juxtapositions: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Sometimes figures and words carry different meanings; for example, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. implies there is a single exception (without specifying which), while Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. implies that locker number 1 was the only locker not searched.
- Proper names, technical terms, and the like are never altered: [[10 Downing Street|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Nine Inch Nails|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Channel 8 (Thailand)|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Seven Samurai|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[The Sixth Sense|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Chanel No. 5|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Fourth Estate|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[The Third Man|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Second Coming|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[First Amendment|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], [[Zero Hour!|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]], "[[Less than Zero (Elvis Costello song)|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]]", [[C7 vertebra|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]].
- Figures as figures: Use a figure when the figure itself (its glyph, shape, etc.) is meant: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Only figures are used with unit symbols (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); but figures or words may be used with unit names (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), subject to the provisions above.
Other numbers
- Other numbers are given in numerals (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or in forms such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (or billion, trillion, etc. – but rarely thousand or hundred). Markup:
21{{nbsp}}million
- Billion and trillion are understood to represent their short-scale values of 109 (1,000,000,000) and 1012 (1,000,000,000,000), respectively. Keep this in mind when translating articles from non-English or older sources.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (unspaced, capitalized) or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (unspaced), respectively, may be used for "million" or "billion" after a number, when the word has been spelled out at the first occurrence (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- SI prefixes and symbols, such as Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn) and Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), should be used only with units of measure as appropriate to the field and not to express large quantities in other contexts. Examples of misuse: Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Sometimes, the variety of English used in an article may suggest the use of a numbering system other than the Western thousands-based system. For example, the Indian numbering system is conventionally used for certain things (especially monetary amounts) in South Asian English. This is discouraged in Wikipedia articles by WP:Manual of Style § Opportunities for commonality.
- When it is done anyway, for contextually important reasons, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g.
[[crore]]
, which yields: crore). If no instances are spelled out, provide a note after the first instance, directing the reader to the article about the numbering system. - Provide a conversion to Western numbers for the first instance of each quantity (For Indian figures, the templates
{{lakh}}
and{{crore}}
may be used for this purpose), and provide conversions for subsequent instances if they do not overwhelm the content of the article. For example, write Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. When converting a currency amount, use the exchange rate that applied at the time being written about; the{{FXConvert}}
template can be used for this purpose, or specialized templates for a currency such as{{INRConvert}}
(for Indian Rupees) or{{KRWConvert}}
(for Korean Won) can be used. - Group digits in Western thousands-based style (e.g., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); .
- An article's variety of English does not uniquely determine its formatting of numbers. Other considerations – such as conventions used in mathematics, science, and engineering – may also apply. In general, choice and order of formats and conversions is a matter of editorial discretion and consensus at the article.
- When it is done anyway, for contextually important reasons, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g.
Ordinals
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
- The general principles set out in § Numbers as figures or words apply to ordinals. In particular, do not start a sentence with a figure, and generally use Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. through Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. through Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., for single-digit ordinals.
- In "suffix" forms, use two-letter suffixes: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and so on (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Do not superscript (e.g. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Do not use ordinals for dates (see MOS:BADDATE).
- In English text, do not use a dot (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or the ordinal indicator (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). The masculine Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or feminine Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. ordinal indicator is acceptable in names, quotations, etc. from languages that conventionally use it. An Italian example: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Use HTML markup for languages that do not have a special character but conventionally use a superscript, like Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. in French.
- Regnal numbers are normally written with ASCII Roman numerals (without suffix, e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Number ranges
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Like en dash: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Except within quotations, avoid abbreviated forms such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., which are not understood universally, are sometimes ambiguous, and can cause inconsistent metadata to be created in citations.
, number ranges and page ranges should state the full value of both the beginning and end of the range, separated by anSport scores, vote tallies, etc.
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]These use an unspaced en dash, directly or with the template {{en dash}}
AKA {{ndash}}
:
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
To avoid potential line breaks, use {{nowrap}}
around the entire score construction, or use {{nbnd}}
between scores instead of {{ndash}}
.
Singular versus plural
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Nouns following simple fractions are singular (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Nouns following mixed numbers are plural (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Nouns following the lone, unsigned digit 1 (one) are singular, but those following other decimal numbers (i.e. base-10 numbers not involving fractions) are plural (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- The same rules apply to numbers given in words (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Fractions and ratios
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Where numerator and denominator can each be expressed in one word, a fraction is usually spelled out (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); use figures if a fraction appears with a symbol (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
{{frac|1|4}} mi
), not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). A common exception is a series of values: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. - Mixed numbers may be given in figures or words (perhaps applying the guidance above to the integer part). If given in figures, they are unspaced (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
{{frac|9|3|4}}
)). In any case the integer and fractional parts should be consistent (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). - Metric (SI) measurements generally use decimals, not fractions (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Non-metric (imperial and US customary) measurements may use fractions or decimals (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); the practice of reliable sources should be followed, and within-article consistency is desirable.
- In science and mathematics articles, mixed numbers are rarely used (use Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. rather than Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). The use of
{{frac}}
is discouraged; instead use one of these styles:- (markup:
<math>\textstyle\frac{1}{2}</math>
) - Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
{{sfrac|1|2}}
) - Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
1/2
)
- (markup:
- Do not use precomposed fraction characters such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (deprecated markup: Tɛmplet:!mxt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!mxt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).[lower-alpha 11]
- Except: If ¼, ½, and ¾[lower-alpha 12] are the only fractions needed, they may be used in an article, or category name, maintaining typographical consistency within an article where possible. (Examples: Floppy disk, Ranma ½, chess notation, Category:4 ft 6½ in gauge railways.)
- For other fractions, where templates cannot be used due to technical limitations, use the ASCII representation with spaces. For example, Category:4 ft 10 7/8 in gauge railways.
- Ordinal suffixes such as Tɛmplet:Xtn should not be used with fractions expressed in figures (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- For dimensionless ratios (i.e. those without accompanying units), place a colon between integers, or place to between numbers-as-words: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. The same style is used to express odds in sport, gambling, and other statistical predictions.
- Use a colon (spaced) when one or more decimal points is present (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
a 3.5 : 1 ratio
)). - Do not use the colon form where units are involved (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)Tɛmplet:Mdashbinstead see ratios section of table at § Unit names and symbols, below.
- Use a colon (spaced) when one or more decimal points is present (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
Decimals
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Use a period/full point (
.
) as the decimal separator, never a comma: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. - Numbers between −1 and +1 require a leading zero (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); exceptions are sporting performance averages (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) and conventional terms such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Although repeating digits may be indicated with an overbar (e.g.
14.31{{overline|28}}
gives Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), users of screen readers will not hear any indication of the overbar. Apart from in mathematics articles, consider rounding to a reasonable resolution instead (e.g. a half farthing Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., an inch Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), or showing initial repeats before the overbar (e.g. 0.33Tɛmplet:Overline). If overbars are used, consider explaining the notation on first use. Do not write e.g. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. because it resembles notation for uncertainty.
Grouping of digits
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
- In general, digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or by narrow gaps (never a period/full point).
- Grouping with commas
- Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), consistently within any given article.
- Do not use commas to the right of the decimal point, or with numbers not in base 10.
- Markup:
{{formatnum:}}
produces this formatting.
- Grouping with narrow gaps
- Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, usual practice is to have a final group of four in preference to leaving an "orphaned" digit at the end (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. would also be acceptable). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics, though in these contexts there may be cases in which grouping confuses rather than clarifies. (For example, for fractions written in horizontal format, adding spaces to a fraction like 123456/127 would cause it to be misread as 123456/127 or 123456/127.)
- Markup: Templates
{{val}}
or{{gaps}}
may be used to produce this formatting. Note that use of any space character as a separator in numbers, including non-breaking space, is problematic for screen readers. Screen readers read out each group of digits as separate numbers (e.g.30{{thin space}}000
is read as "thirty zero zero zero"). The output of{{val}}
and{{gaps}}
is compatible with screen readers.
- Grouping with commas
- Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article.
- Either use commas or narrow gaps, but not both in the same article.
- Either group the thousands in a four-digit number or do not, but not mixed use in the same article.
- However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.
- Four-digit page numbers and four-digit calendar years should never be grouped (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Percentages
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Throughout scientific/Tɛmplet:Zwsptechnical articles, and in tables and infoboxes in any article, the symbol
%
is generally preferred. No space (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), and do not use mixed forms such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. - The body[lower-alpha 8] of non-scientific/Tɛmplet:Zwspnon-technical articles may use either the
%
symbol or the word(s) Tɛmplet:Xtn (American English) or Tɛmplet:Xtn (British English): Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. - Ranges are written Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- When expressing the difference between two percentages, do not confuse a percentage change with a change in percentage points.
Scientific and engineering notation
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Scientific notation always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Engineering notation is similar, but with the exponent adjusted to a multiple of three: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations: Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup:
{{e|7}}
) - In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. means rounded to the nearest thousand; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to the nearest hundred; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to the nearest ten; and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to the nearest unit.
Markup: {{val}}
and {{e}}
may be used to format exponential notation.
Uncertainty and rounding
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Where explicit uncertainty information (such as a margin of error) is available and appropriate for inclusion, it may be written in various ways:
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not used with scientific notation)
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (equivalent to Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)[lower-alpha 13]
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Markup:
{{+-}}
,{{su}}
, and{{val}}
may be used to format uncertainties.
- Where explicit uncertainty is unavailable (or is unimportant for the article's purposes), round to an appropriate number of significant digits; the precision presented should usually be conservative. Precise values (often given in sources for formal or matter-of-record reasons) should be used only where stable and appropriate to the context, or significant in themselves for some special reason.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. – an official figure unlikely to be accurate at full precision)
- but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (unusual case in which the full-precision official figure is truly informative)
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (likely that accurate and precise figures were determined)
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (unlikely that any precise number can be accurate, even if an official figure is issued)
- or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (in reporting conflicting information, give detail sufficient to make the contrast intelligible)
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- The number of decimal places should be consistent within a list or context (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), unless different precisions are actually intended.
- It may sometimes be appropriate to note the lack of uncertainty information, especially where such information is normally provided and necessary for full interpretation of the figures supplied.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- The
{{undue precision}}
template may be added to figures appearing to be overprecise. - Avoid using "approximately", "about", and similar terms with figures that have merely been approximated or rounded in a normal and expected way, unless the reader might otherwise be misled.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. – heights are conventionally reported only to the nearest inch, even though greater precision may be available in principle)
- but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. ("about" because here the precise value is unknown, with substantial uncertainty)
- The reader may be assumed to interpret large round numbers (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) as approximations. Writing a quantity in words (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), especially if the indefinite article (a/an) is used instead of the word one (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), can further emphasize its approximate nature.
Non–base-10 notations
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- In computer-related articles, use the prefix
0x
for hexadecimal and0b
for binary,[lower-alpha 14] unless there is a strong reason to use some other notation.[lower-alpha 15] Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use. - In all other articles, use base: Tɛmplet:Base, Tɛmplet:Base. Markup:
{{base|137|9}}
,{{base|201|3}}
- For bases above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for base 16 use 0–9 and A–F.
- For octal, use Tɛmplet:Base. Avoid using a prefix unless it is needed for computer code samples, in which case explain the prefix on first use.
Mathematical formulae
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]There are multiple ways to display mathematical formulae, covered in detail at Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics § Typesetting of mathematical formulae. One uses special MediaWiki <math>...</math>
markup using LaTeX syntax, which is capable of complex formulae; the other relies on conventionalized HTML formatting of simple formulae.
The <math>
markup is displayed as a PNG image by default. Logged-in users can optionally have it rendered in MathML, or in HTML (via MathJax); detailed instructions are at Help:Displaying a formula.
Do not put <math>
markup in headings.
Units of measurement
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Unit choice and order
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed, when appropriate, by a conversion in parentheses e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section § Unit conversions. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of "strong national ties", where applicable:
- In non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United States, the primary units are US customary (pounds, miles, feet, inches, etc.)
- In non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United Kingdom, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,[lower-alpha 16] except that:
- UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units in which the subject project was drawn up (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion – see next bullet);
- the primary units for distance/Tɛmplet:Zwsplength, speed and fuel consumption are miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);
- the primary units for personal height and weight are feetTɛmplet:Zwsp/inches and stones/Tɛmplet:Zwsppounds;
- imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/Tɛmplet:Zwspcider and bottled milk;
- In all other articles, the primary units chosen will be SI units (such as kilograms), non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI, or such other units as are conventional in reliable-source discussions of the article topic (such as revolutions per minute (rpm) for rotational speed, hands for heights of horses, etc.)
- the primary SI units for personal height and weight are centimetres and kilograms.
Special considerations:
- Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Or use about to emphasize which is the statutory, exact value: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Nominal quantities (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. lumber) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases, the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.
- Whenever a conversion is given, the converted quantity's value should match the precision of the source .
- Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the
{{convert}}
template's|order=flip
flag can be used; this causes the original unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the converted unit to be shown as primary:{{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}}
→ Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Unit conversions
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, provide a conversion in parentheses: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. But in science-related articles, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so.
- Where an imperial unit is not part of the US customary system, or vice versa – and in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitions – a double conversion may be appropriate: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:
{{convert|80|kg|lb stlb}}
); Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup:{{convert|5|L/100km|mpgus mpgimp|abbr=on}}
). - Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except:
- When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- In some topic areas (for example maritime subjects where nautical miles are the primary units, or American football where yards are primary) it can be excessive to provide a conversion for every quantity. In such cases consider noting that the article will use a particular unit – possibly giving the conversion factor to other, familiar units in a parenthetical note or a footnote – and link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs. Applying this principle may require editorial discretion; for example, in scientific articles the expected level of reader sophistication should be taken into account.
- For units of measure that are obsolete, obscure outside of a particular specialty or geography (e.g. furlong), or not part of the SI or US customary systems (e.g. zolotnik), supply a parenthetical conversion into at least SI units. Convert each mention, unless this would be excessive given the context. Take care to distinguish between different definitions of the same unit if it has changed over time or differs geographically (e.g. cubit, batman). An approximate or range conversion is acceptable if the exact historical value is uncertain (e.g. stadion).
- Converted quantity values should use a level of precision similar to that of the source quantity value, so Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Small numbers, especially if approximate, may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles).
{{convert}}
and other conversion templates can be used to convert and format many common units, and have options to respect significant figures. To avoid problems with rounding and significant figures, for input to conversion templates use only the original quantity found in reliable sources, not one that a source has already converted. If required by the above rules, the conversion output can be displayed as the primary units with "order=flip". Conversion output can be displayed as the only units with "disp=out"; this retains the original quantity in wikitext for verification by editors.- In a direct quotation, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote.
{{Units attention}}
may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.
Unit names and symbols
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Definitions:
- Examples of unit names: foot, metre, kilometre, (US: meter, kilometer).
- Examples of unit symbols: ft, m, km.
- Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.
- In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Exception: Certain units are generally represented by their symbols (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. rather than Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) even on first use, though their unit names may be used for emphasis or clarity (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Exception: Consider using inches (but not in.) in place of in where the latter might be misread as a prepositionTɛmplet:Mdashbbut not where the value is followed by a parenthesized conversion e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or is part of such a conversion (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Where space is limited, such as in tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas, unit symbols are preferred.
- Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a name–symbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Ranges use unspaced en dash (
{{ndash}}
) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), and spaced en dash ({{snd}}
) if two symbols are used (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (all acceptable: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). - Length–width, length–width–height and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (
×
or×
) or the wordby
.- The Tɛmplet:Xtn symbol is preceded by a space (preferably non-breaking), and followed by a space (which may also be non-breaking in short constructions), and each number should be followed by a unit name or symbol:
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., nor Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- With Tɛmplet:Xtn, the unit need be given only once if it is the same for all dimensions: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- The unspaced letter Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. may be used in common terms such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- The Tɛmplet:Xtn symbol is preceded by a space (preferably non-breaking), and followed by a space (which may also be non-breaking in short constructions), and each number should be followed by a unit name or symbol:
Tɛmplet:Vert header | Guideline | ||
---|---|---|---|
rowspan=8 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Except as listed in the § Specific units table below, unit symbols are uncapitalized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.[lower-alpha 17] | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Unit symbols are undotted. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Unit names are given in lower case except: where any word would be capitalized, or where otherwise specified in the SI brochure[4] or this Manual of Style. |
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The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in § Specific units, below) varies with the variety of English followed by the article. | |||
Write unit names and symbols in upright ([[Roman type|Tɛmplet:Sic]]) type, except where emphasizing in context. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |||
Do not use precomposed unit symbol characters. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | ||
rowspan=7 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Do not spell out numbers before unit symbols ... | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
... but words or figures may be used with unit names. |
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Use a non-breaking space ({{nbsp}} or ) between a number and a unit symbol, or use {{nowrap}} ...
|
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Nowr or Tɛmplet:Nowr | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
... though with certain symbols no space is used (see "Specific units" table below) ... | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
... and a normal space is used between a number and a unit name. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup: 29 kilograms )
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To form a value and a unit name into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphens ... |
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... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit symbol. |
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Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
rowspan=5 Tɛmplet:Vert header | SI unit names are pluralized by adding Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. ... | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
... except for these irregular forms. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Some non-SI units have irregular plurals. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (unusual) | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | ||
Unit symbols (in any system) are identical in singular and plural. |
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Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
rowspan=5 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Format exponents using <sup>, not special characters. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (markup: km<sup>2</sup> )
|
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. ( km² )
|
Or use Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn (after the unit being modified). | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
For areas or volumes only, Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn may be used (before the unit being modified). | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | ||
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |||
Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn may be used with US customary or imperial units, but not with SI units. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
rowspan=4 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Indicate a product of unit names with either a hyphen or a space. |
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Indicate a product of unit symbols with ⋅ or .
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Exception: In some topic areas, such as power engineering, certain products take neither space nor ⋅ . Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area.
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To pluralize a product of unit names, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit symbols are never pluralized.) | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
rowspan=7 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Indicate a ratio of unit names with Tɛmplet:Xtn. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Indicate a ratio of unit symbols with a forward slash (/ ), followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbols – do not use multiple slashes. Or use −1, −2, etc.
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To pluralize a ratio of unit names, pluralize only the numerator unit. (Unit symbols are never pluralized.) |
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Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown here ... |
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... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units. |
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Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
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Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | ||
rowspan=4 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen. | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
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Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here: | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
The Tɛmplet:Xtn, Tɛmplet:Xtn, and Tɛmplet:Xtn prefixes should generally be avoided; exceptions include decibel, hectolitre, hectare, and hectopascal. |
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Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
Do not use [[wikt:M#Number|Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]] for 103, Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. for 106, or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. for 109 (except as noted elsewhere on this page for Tɛmplet:Xtn and Tɛmplet:Xtn, e.g. for monetary values) | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |
rowspan=4 Tɛmplet:Vert header | Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systems ... |
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... and in expressing time durations ... |
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... but are not used with metric units. |
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Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Note to table:
- ↑ Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). "Editorial note". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. xxi–xxii.
- ↑ Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (PDF). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. June 2, 2009. p. 3. CCTF/09-32. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
This coordination began on January 1, 1960, and the resulting time scale began to be called informally 'Coordinated Universal Time.'
- ↑ Fundamental Physical Constants: Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. US National Institute of Standards and Technology (June 25, 2015).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Chapter 4: Non-SI units that are accepted for use with the SI". SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (9th ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-24. Table 8, p 145, gives additional guidance on non-SI units.
- ↑ Council Directive of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement. Eur-Lex.Europa.eu. European Union (2017).
- ↑ Wilkins, G. A. (1989). "5.14 Time and angle". IAU Style Manual (PDF). International Astronomical Union. p. S23. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Specific units
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- The following table lists only units that need special attention.
- The SI Brochure[1] should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI and non-SI units.
Tɛmplet:Vert header | Unit name | Unit symbol | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
rowspan = 8 Tɛmplet:Vert header |
|
|
Do not use ′ (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), ″ (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), apostrophe (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), or quote (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Exception: in music, eight-foot pitch notation describes organ stops and wind instrument lengths in feet. A prime may be used with an explanation on first use, e.g. Template:Tq is only for quoting in talk and project pages. Do not use it in actual articles.; see MOS:MUSIC.
|
foot per second | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
hand | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. indicates 16 hands 2 inches. | |
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Used in aviation contexts for aircraft and wind speeds, and also used in some nautical and general meteorological contexts. When applied to aircraft speeds, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. means Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. unless stated otherwise; if Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. is used for calibrated airspeed, equivalent airspeed, true airspeed, or groundspeed, explicitly state and link to, upon first use, the type of speed being referred to (for instance, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or, if severely short of space, Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); for airspeeds other than indicated airspeed, the use of the specific abbreviation for the type of airspeed being referred to (such as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) is preferred. When referring to indicated airspeed, either Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. is permissible. Groundspeeds and wind speeds must use the abbreviation Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. only. | |
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | ||
micron | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | Markup: μm Link to micrometre (for which micron is a synonym) on first use.
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astronomical unit | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) |
The preferred form is Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Articles that already use Tɛmplet:Xtn may switch to au or continue with AU; seek consensus on the talk page. | |
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In nautical and aeronautical contexts where there is risk of confusion with nautical miles, consider writing out references to statute miles as e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. rather than simply Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. | |
rowspan = 7 Tɛmplet:Vert header |
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Markup: cm<sup>3</sup>
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Non-SI abbreviation used for certain engine displacements. Link to Cubic centimetre on first use. | ||
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cubic foot | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | Write Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. | |
cubic foot per second | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | The symbol l (lowercase "el") in isolation (i.e. outside forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digit 1 or the capital letter I ("eye") and should not be used. | |
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Derivative units of the litre may use l (lowercase "el"). | |
rowspan=7 Tɛmplet:Vert header |
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Not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
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Spell out in full. | ||
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
pound per square inch | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | ||
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The qualifier Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn must be specified where applicable. Use the qualifier avdp (avoirdupois) only where there is risk of confusion with troy ounce, imperial fluid ounce, US fluid ounce, or troy pound; but articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify which type of ounce (avoirdupois or troy) is being used, noting that these materials are normally measured in troy ounces and grams. | |
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carat | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls. | |
Tɛmplet:Vert header | carat or karat | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.) |
rowspan=3 Tɛmplet:Vert header |
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Do not use ′ (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), ″ (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), apostrophe (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or quote (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) for minutes or seconds. See also the hours–minutes–seconds formats for time durations described in the Unit names and symbols table.
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year | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Use Tɛmplet:Xtn only with an SI prefix multiplier (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). | |
Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | |||
rowspan=4 Tɛmplet:Vert header | bit | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | baud (Bd). | Do not confuse bit/second or byte/second with
byte | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
bit per second | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
byte per second | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
rowspan = 4 Tɛmplet:Vert header | |||
arcminute | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Markup: {{prime}} ([[prime (symbol)|prime Tɛmplet:Prime]] not apostrophe/Tɛmplet:Zwspsingle quote Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). No space (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
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arcsecond | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Markup: {{pprime}} ([[double prime (symbol)|double prime Tɛmplet:Pprime]] not double-quote Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). No space (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
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degree | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | Markup: degree ° not masculine ordinal Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or ring Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. No space (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). | |
rowspan = 4 Tɛmplet:Vert header | degree Fahrenheit | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | Markup: Non-breaking space, followed by °: 12{{nbsp}}°C , not 12°C 12°{{nbsp}}C |
degree Rankine | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
degree Celsius (not degree centigrade) | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | ||
kelvin (not degree kelvin) | Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) | Use a non-breaking space: 12{{nbsp}}K (use the normal Latin letter K, not Error using {{unichar}}: Input "212A" is not a hexadecimal value.). When writing out the unit (not usually necessary), pluralize, e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (see Kelvin#Orthography)
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rowspan = 2 Tɛmplet:Vert header |
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. | In certain subject areas, calorie is conventionally used alone; articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to SI units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C. A kilocalorie is also a kilogram calorie. |
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Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. |
Quantities of bytes and bits
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]In quantities of bits and bytes, the prefixes Tɛmplet:Xtn (symbol Tɛmplet:Xtn or Tɛmplet:Xtn), Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), etc., are ambiguous in general usage. The meaning may be based on a decimal system (like the standard SI prefixes), meaning 103, 106, 109, 1012, etc., or it may be based on a binary system, meaning 210, 220, 230, 240, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as RAM), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. Tɛmplet:Bit and byte prefixes Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles:
- Following the SI standard, a lower-case Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. instead.
- Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (
{{BDprefix}}
is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations. - The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on hard drives, bit rates, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.
- Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.
- Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include:
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- Avoid combinations with inconsistent form such as Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Footnotes, such as those seen in Power Macintosh 5500, may be used for disambiguation.
- Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits (see ).
- The IEC prefixes Tɛmplet:Xtn (symbol Tɛmplet:Xtn), Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), Tɛmplet:Xtn (Tɛmplet:Xtn), etc., are generally not to be used except:[lower-alpha 18]
- when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes;
- in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes;
- when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes; or
- in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.
Currencies and monetary values
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Choice of currency
- In country-specific articles, such as Economy of Australia, use the currency of the subject country.
- In non-country-specific articles, such as Wealth, use US dollars (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. on first use, generally Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. thereafter), euros (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), or pounds sterling (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Currency names
- Do not capitalize the names or denominations of currencies, currency subdivisions, coins and banknotes: not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Exception: where otherwise required, as at the start of a sentence or in such forms as Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- To pluralize Tɛmplet:Xtn, use the standard English plurals (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), not the invariant plurals used for European Union legislation and banknotes (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). For the adjectival form, use a hyphenated singular (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currencies (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
Currency symbols
- In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), unless this would be unclear. Exceptions:
- In an article referring to multiple currencies represented by the same symbol (e.g. the dollars of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries – Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., but not e.g. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) each time, except (possibly) where a particular context makes this both unnecessary and undesirable. ) use the full signifier (e.g.
- In articles entirely on US-related topics, all occurrences of the US dollar may be shortened (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), unless this would be unclear.
- For currencies that use a unit named the "pound":
- Use the Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. symbol (Error using {{unichar}}: Input "00A3" is not a hexadecimal value.) for unambiguous referrals to sterling, the United Kingdom's currency. Avoid the Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..[lower-alpha 19]
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., sterling's ISO 4217 code, should be used to disambiguate that currency from others. Avoid using Tɛmplet:Xt! or Tɛmplet:Xt!.[lower-alpha 20]
- For currencies other than sterling, use the symbol or abbreviation conventionally employed for that currency, if any.
- Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currency symbols (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.)
- If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the ISO 4217 standard.
Currency formatting
- A point (full stop or period,
.
) – never a comma – is used as the decimal marker (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). - For the grouping of digits (e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) see § Grouping of digits, above.
- Do not place a currency symbol after the accompanying numeric figures (e.g. Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) unless that is the normal convention for that symbol when writing in English: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Currency abbreviations preceding a numeric value are unspaced if they consist of a nonalphabetic symbol alone (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), or end with a nonalphabetic symbol (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.); but spaced (using {{nbsp}}) if completely alphabetic (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.).
- Ranges should be expressed giving the currency signifier just once: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. and Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. should be spelled out on first use, and (optionally) abbreviated Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. (both unspaced) thereafter: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.; Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- In general, a currency symbol should be accompanied by a numeric amount e.g. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. but Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles..
- Exceptions may occur in tables and infoboxes where space is limited e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. It may be appropriate to wikilink such uses, or add an explanatory note.
Currency conversions
- Conversions of lesser-known currencies may be provided in terms of more familiar currencies – such as the US dollar, euro or pound sterling – using an appropriate rate (which is often not the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, along with the convert-to year; e.g. Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
- For obsolete currencies, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. euros for amounts denominated in francs), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.
- In some cases, it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time.
- When converting among currencies or inflating/deflating, it is rarely appropriate to give the converted amount to more than three significant figures; typically, only two significant figures are justified: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.
Common mathematical symbols
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- The Insert menu below the editing window gives a more complete list of math symbols, and allows symbols to be inserted without the HTML encoding (e.g.
÷
) shown here. - Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used with two operands (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.), but no space is used when there is one operand (Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). Exception: spaces are usually omitted in inline fractions formed with
/
: Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. - The
{{mvar}}
(for single-letter variables) and{{math}}
(for more complicated expressions) templates are available to display mathematical formulas in a manner distinct from surrounding text. - The
{{nbsp}}
and{{nowrap}}
templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks.
Symbol name | Example | Markup | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Plus / positive |
x + y | {{math|''x'' + ''y''}}
|
|
+y | {{math|+''y''}}
| ||
Minus / negative |
x − y | {{math|''x'' − ''y''}}
|
Do not use hyphens (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.) or dashes (Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. or Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.). |
−y | {{math|−''y''}}
| ||
Plus-minus / minus-plus |
41.5 ± 0.3 | 41.5 ± 0.3
|
|
−(±a) = ∓a | {{math|1=−(±''a'') = ∓''a''}}
| ||
Multiplication, dot |
x ⋅ y | {{math|''x'' ⋅ ''y''}}
| |
Multiplication, cross |
x × y | {{math|''x'' × ''y''}}
|
Do not use the letter Tɛmplet:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. to indicate multiplication. However, an unspaced Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as [[4x4|Tɛmplet:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.]]. |
Division, obelus | x ÷ y | {{math|''x'' ÷ ''y''}}
|
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Equal / equals | x = y | {{math|1=''x'' = ''y''}} or{{math|''x'' {{=}} ''y''}}
|
Note the use of 1= or {{=}} to make the template parameters work correctly
|
Not equal | x ≠ y | {{math|''x'' ≠ ''y''}}
|
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Approx. equal | π ≈ 3.14 | {{math|''π'' ≈ 3.14}}
| |
Less than | x < y | {{math|''x'' < ''y''}}
| |
Less or equal | x ≤ y | {{math|''x'' ≤ ''y''}}
| |
Greater than | x > y | {{math|''x'' > ''y''}}
| |
Greater or equal | x ≥ y | {{math|''x'' ≥ ''y''}}
|
Geographical coordinates
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Quick guide:
Tɛmplet:Coord how-to Geographical coordinates on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. As long as the templates are adhered to, a robot performs the functions automatically.
First, obtain the coordinates. Avoid excessive precision.
The {{Coord}}
template offers users a choice of display format through user styles, emits a Geo microformat, and is recognised (in the title position) by the "nearby" feature of Wikipedia's mobile apps and by external service providers such as Google Maps and Google Earth, and Yahoo. Infoboxes automatically emit {{Coord}}
.
The following formats are available.
- For degrees only (including decimal values):
{{coord|dd|N/S|dd|E/W}}
- For degrees/minutes:
{{coord|dd|mm|N/S|dd|mm|E/W}}
- For degrees/minutes/seconds:
{{coord|dd|mm|ss|N/S|dd|mm|ss|E/W}}
where:
- dd, mm, ss are the degrees, minutes and seconds, respectively;
- N/S is either N for northern or S for southern latitudes;
- E/W is either E for eastern or W for western longitudes;
- negative values may be used in lieu of S and W to denote Southern and Western Hemispheres
For example:
For the city of Oslo, located at 59° 54′ 50″ N, 10° 45′ 8″ E:
{{coord|59|54|50|N|10|45|08|E}}
– which becomes 59°54′50″N 10°45′08″E / 59.91389°N 10.75222°E
For a country, like Botswana, with no source on an exact geographic center, less precision is appropriate due to uncertainty:
{{coord|22|S|24|E}}
– which becomes 22°S 24°E / 22°S 24°E
Higher levels of precision are obtained by using seconds:
{{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}}
– which becomes 33°56′24″N 118°24′00″W / 33.94000°N 118.40000°W
Coordinates can be entered as decimal values:
{{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}}
– which becomes 33°56′S 118°24′W / 33.94°S 118.40°W
Increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places controls the precision. Trailing zeros may be added as needed to give both values the same appearance.
Heathrow Airport, Amsterdam, Jan Mayen and Mount Baker are examples of articles that contain geographical coordinates.
Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the less precise the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than degrees (°), minutes (′), seconds (″) is not needed, which suffice to locate, for example, the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10 meters or even one meter in some cases (1″ ~15 m to 30 m, 0.0001° ~5.6 m to 10 m).
The final field, following the E/W, is available for attributes such as type:
, region:
, or scale:
.
When adding coordinates, please remove the {{coord missing}}
tag from the article, if present (often at the top or bottom).
Templates other than {{coord}}
should use the following variable names for coordinates: lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, lat_NS, long_d, long_m, long_s, long_EW.
See also
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Wikipedia:Date formattings
- m:Help:Date formatting feature at Meta
- m:Help:Calculation § Displaying numbers and numeric expressions at Meta
Notes
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedSI Brochure
References
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
A chirim ya: &It;ref>
tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/>
tuka maa bon nya
A chirim ya: &It;ref>
tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "note", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="note"/>
tuka maa bon nya
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