Template:+obj
[]
- The following documentation is located at Template:+obj/documentation. [edit]
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Uses Lua: |
This template creates a description of the arguments that a term takes and their meaning.
Parameters
|1=
(required)- The language code of the term being defined. (See Wiktionary:Languages.)
|2=
,|3=
, ...- Specs for the arguments that the term takes. See below.
Arguments
Parameters to {{+obj}}
indicate the arguments (direct and indirect objects, prepositions and associated cases, etc.) that a term (most commonly a verb, sometimes a noun, adjective or adverb) can take. A basic argument is either an inflection tag of the sort used in {{infl of}}
(see the documentation of that template), such as dat
(dative); or a literal word (e.g. preposition or conjunction) preceded by a colon, such as the German preposition :auf
or the Italian conjunction :che
. (Postpositions, as well as conjunctions whose associated clause precedes rather than follows, as in a head-final language like Japanese, should be preceded by two colons.) A literal word can be followed by an inflection tag in parentheses to indicate the governance of the associated object (i.e. what case or form it takes). Examples are :auf(acc)
(German auf + accusative) and :di(inf)
(Italian di + infinitive). For example, the German verb achten might be defined as follows:
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[care]] about, to [[pay attention]] to {{+obj|de|:auf(acc)}}
which produces
- (intransitive) to care about, to pay attention to [with auf (+ accusative)]
Either form of argument (inflection tag or literal word) can be followed by a gloss in angle brackets, e.g. German richten mgiht be defined as follows:
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[direct]], to [[point]] (e.g. a weapon) {{+obj|de|:auf(acc)<at>}}
which produces
- (transitive) to direct, to point (e.g. a weapon) [with auf (+ accusative) ‘at’]
If a given argument can take more than one possible form with no difference in semantics, separate the possible forms with a slash (grouping them into an alternant set). An example is German vertrauen:
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[trust]], to [[place]] [[confidence]] {{+obj|de|dat/:in(acc)<in someone/something>}}
which produces
- (intransitive) to trust, to place confidence [with dative or in (+ accusative) ‘in someone/something’]
If a given term can take more than one argument with different semantics, separate the arguments with a plus sign, as with Polish truć dupę:
# {{lb|pl|idiom|vulgar}} to [[bother]]; to [[pester]] {{+obj|pl|dat<someone> + :o(acc/loc)<about something>}}
which produces
- (idiomatic, vulgar) to bother; to pester [with dative ‘someone’ and o (+ accusative or locative) ‘about something’]
This also shows that a slash can be used inside of parens when a given literal word can govern an object in more than one possible case.
Multiword arguments
Examples shown so far use a single inflectional tag and a single literal word. In point of fact, however, the space character is not considered a separator, so you can freely use multiword inflectional tags and multiword "literal words". A fairly simple example of the latter occurs with Italian armeggiare:
# to [[maneuver]]/[[manoeuvre]] or [[scheme]] {{+obj|it|:intorno a/:con/:su}}
which appears as
Here, intorno a is a single compound preposition and is linked as such. If it is desired to link each word separately, surround them in double brackets, as with Bulgarian стига (stiga):
# [[provided]] (that), [[as long as|as long (as)]] {{+obj|bg|:да(clause)/:[[са́мо]] [[да]](clause)}}
which appears as
Note also in this case that when non-Latin script literal words are used along with a governance tag, both the transliteration of the literal word(s) and the governance tag appear in the same set of parentheses.
When it is necessary to specify a multiword inflection tag, it is often best to join the individual words with &
unless the combination with a space in it is recognized as an inflection tag in its own right. An example occurs with Old Polish wrócić:
# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Masovia|Greater Poland|Lesser Poland}} to [[return]], to [[give back]] {{gl|to give something back to its original holder or owner}} {{+obj|zlw-opl|:w(acc&poss&pronoun)<to whom>}}
which appears as
- (attested in Masovia, Greater Poland, Lesser Poland) to return, to give back (to give something back to its original holder or owner) [with w (+ accusative possessive pronoun) ‘to whom’]
The &
says to treat each joined word or word set as an inflection tag and join them as if there were given as separate parameters to {{infl of}}
(which usually means with spaces). That is, the output of acc&poss&pronoun
is similar to the output of {{infl of|zlw-opl|wrócić||acc|poss|pronoun}}
(minus the lemma and preceding of at the end).
A special use of &
is when placed before the beginning of the first inflection tag. This suppresses the preceding with. This is useful with certain tags such as transitive
, such as with Romanian sări:
# {{lb|ro|transitive}} to [[skip]] {{+obj|ro|&transitive/:peste}}
which displays as
- (transitive) to skip [transitive or with peste]
This means that the object can either directly follow the verb or follow after the preposition peste. Without the initial &
, you'd get the following:
- (transitive) to skip [with transitive or peste]
which doesn't look quite right.
Multiple parameters
If two or more arguments or argument sets with different semantics can co-occur, they should be separated with a +
sign, as shown above. However, if two such arguments cannot co-occur, there are two ways to handle this. One is to use separate parameters, as follows, for Italian accanirsi:
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[rage]] {{+obj|it|:su/:con/:contro<against someone/something>|:a(inf)<against (doing something)>}}
which appears as
- (intransitive) to rage [with su or con or contro ‘against someone/something’; or with a (+ infinitive) ‘against (doing something)’]
Another way, which works well especially if there is only a single argument each, is to group them into an alternant set by separating them with a slash, giving each alternant its own gloss, as for another meaning of accanirsi:
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[persist]] {{+obj|it|:in<in something>/:a(inf)<in (doing something)>}}
which appears as
- (intransitive) to persist [with in ‘in something’ or a (+ infinitive) ‘in (doing something)’]
This second way could be done with the earlier example but would likely be confusing due to the multiple alternants in the first argument set, and cannot be done at all when a parameter consists of arguments or argument sets joined by +
. An example of this occurs with the transitive use of Ancient Greek δέω (déō):
## {{lb|grc|transitive}} to [[beg]] {{+obj|grc|gen<something> + gen<from someone>|gen<someone> + inf<to do something>}}
which appears as
- (transitive) to beg [with genitive ‘something’ and genitive ‘from someone’; or with genitive ‘someone’ and infinitive ‘to do something’]
Another complex example where multiple parameters are necessary is with Ancient Greek αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai):
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} to [[perceive]], [[apprehend]], [[notice]] {{+obj|grc|gen/acc<something>|nom&part<oneself doing, that one is doing>|gen<someone> + gen<doing something>|:ὅτι(verb)/:ὡς(verb)<that ...>}}
which appears as
- (transitive) to perceive, apprehend, notice [with genitive or accusative ‘something’; or with nominative participle ‘oneself doing, that one is doing’; or with genitive ‘someone’ and genitive ‘doing something’; or with ὅτι (hóti, + verb) or ὡς (hōs, + verb) ‘that ...’]
Qualifiers
Qualifiers (and certain other inline modifiers) can be attached to any individual argument. Qualifiers take the form <q:...>
for a left qualifier (appearing directly before the argument) or <qq:...>
for a right qualifier (appearing directly after the argument). An example is Polish brać:
# {{lb|pl|reflexive-się}} to [[get]] to {{gl|to begin to do some activity}} {{+obj|pl|:do(gen)/:za(acc)<q:proscribed><to what>}}
which produces
- (reflexive with się) to get to (to begin to do some activity) [with do (+ genitive) or (proscribed) za (+ accusative) ‘to what’]
Here, the qualifier <q:proscribed>
attaches to the argument :za(acc)
and appears directly before it.
The qualifiers <q:...>
and <qq:...>
are individual qualifiers, meaning they are logically attached to a given individual argument and appear directly before or after it. There are also corresponding overall qualifiers <q*:...>
and <qq*:...>
, which logically attach to a alternant set of arguments (i.e. a set of arguments separated by a slash). These must appear after the last argument in the alternant set, and display slightly differently. For example, <q:...>
attached to the first argument in an alternant set appears after (inside of) the word with preceding the argument, while <q*:...>
attached the the end of an alternant set appears before (outside of) the word with preceding the arguments. The uses of these two types of qualifiers are different; for example, the above example could be further clarified as follows:
# {{lb|pl|reflexive-się}} to [[get]] to {{gl|to begin to do some activity}} {{+obj|pl|:do(gen)<q:standard>/:za(acc)<q:common but proscribed><to what>}}
appearing as
- (reflexive with się) to get to (to begin to do some activity) [with (standard) do (+ genitive) or (common but proscribed) za (+ accusative) ‘to what’]
Conversely, the following example for Polish odpowiedni shows where <q*:...>
is appropriate}}:
# {{senseid|pl|suitable}} [[suitable]], [[appropriate]], [[proper]], [[adequate]], [[relevant]] {{+obj|pl|:do(gen)<to what>|dat/:dla(gen)<for what><q*:obsolete>}}
which appears as
- suitable, appropriate, proper, adequate, relevant [with do (+ genitive) ‘to what’; or (obsolete) with dative or dla (+ genitive) ‘for what’]
Finally, it should be noted that if an argument is not part of an alternant set (i.e. does not have a slash next to it), any individual qualifiers (<q:...>
and <qq:...>
) are automatically promoted to overall qualifiers. An example where this occurs is Romanian întâlni:
# {{lb|ro|transitive|reflexive|or|reciprocal}} to [[meet]] {{+obj|ro|:cu<q:if reflexive>}}
which appears as
- (transitive, reflexive or reciprocal) to meet [(if reflexive) with cu]
The <q:...>
qualifier was automatically "promoted" to (i.e. converted into) <q*:...>
, causing it to appear outside (before) the preceding with.
Another example where q*
is needed is the following definition of the Portuguese verb prescindir:
# {{lb|pt|intransitive|transitive|or|reflexive}} to [[do without]]; to [[dispense]] with {{+obj|pt|:de<something>/:de(inf)<doing something><q*:without or with a reflexive pronoun>|dirobj<something><q*:without a reflexive pronoun>}}
- (intransitive, transitive or reflexive) to do without; to dispense with [(without or with a reflexive pronoun) with de ‘something’ or de (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’; or (without a reflexive pronoun) with direct object ‘something’]
This verb comes in several syntactic constructions: (a) non-reflexive, with a direct object; (b) reflexive or non-reflexive, with the object preceded by de; (c) reflexive or non-reflexive, with de followed by an infinitive verb. The intransitive (non-reflexive) construction with de appears the most common. This is expressed using a combination of qualifiers and alternants.
Arbitrary text can appear inside of qualifiers (as well as glosses and other inline modifiers surrounded by angle brackets). An example with Portuguese bater à porta:
# {{senseid|pt|to present itself}} {{lb|pt|intransitive|idiomatic}} to [[come knocking]] {{gl|of a bad situation: to present itself to someone}} {{+obj|pt|:de(object)/a possessive pronoun<q:preceding {{m|pt|porta}}><for someone>}}
which appears as
- (intransitive, idiomatic) to come knocking (of a bad situation: to present itself to someone) [with de (+ object) or (preceding porta) a possessive pronoun ‘for someone’]
Here, a template call to {{m}}
appears inside of angle brackets. This produces HTML that itself contains angle brackets, but this is parsed correctly because the parser ignores balanced angle brackets inside the inline modifier.
Labels
Labels, as in {{lb}}
, can be attached to any argument, just like qualifiers. The inline modifiers <l:...>
(for left labels) and <ll:...>
(for right labels) work parallel to left and right qualifiers. An example of such a label modifier in action is with Portuguese estar:
# {{senseid|pt|forms the progressive}} {{lb|pt|auxiliary}} to [[be]]; {{ng|forms the [[progressive]] aspect}} {{+obj|pt|ger<ll:Brazil>/:a(inf)<ll:Portugal>}}
which appears as
- (auxiliary) to be; forms the progressive aspect [with gerund (Brazil) or a (+ infinitive) (Portugal)]
Here, the verb estar has different syntax in Brazil and Portugal, and the labels auto-link to the appropriate Wikipedia article on the two dialects.
A similar example is with Polish abdykować:
# {{lb|pl|intransitive|law}} to [[abdicate]] {{gl|to surrender, renounce or relinquish, as a sovereign power}} {{+obj|pl|:na rzecz(gen)<on behalf of someone> + :z(gen)/:od(gen)<l:in <<Middle Polish>>><from what>}}
which appears as
- (intransitive, law) to abdicate (to surrender, renounce or relinquish, as a sovereign power) [with na rzecz (+ genitive) ‘on behalf of someone’, along with z (+ genitive) or (in Middle Polish) od (+ genitive) ‘from what’]
This uses the double angle-bracket syntax described in Template:label#Double angle bracket notation.
Another complex example follows, for Portuguese dar:
# {{lb|pt|<<transitive>> (<<Portugal>>) or <<intransitive>> (<<Brazil>>)|colloquial}} to [[defeat]] by a [[given]] [[score]] {{+obj|pt|dirobj<ll:Portugal>/:de<ll:Brazil><a score> + :a<ll:Portugal>/:em<ll:Brazil><someone or someone's team>}}
which appears as
- (transitive (Portugal) or intransitive (Brazil), colloquial) to defeat by a given score [with direct object (Portugal) or de (Brazil) ‘a score’, along with a (Portugal) or em (Brazil) ‘someone or someone's team’]
The distinction between individual and overall labels exists, exactly as for qualifiers, along with corresponding inline modifiers <l*:...>
and <ll*:...>
and corresponding "promotion" behavior for arguments not part of an alternant set.
Arguments inside of parentheses
The governance spec given in parentheses after a literal word (preposition, conjunction, or the like), which indicates the syntactic properties of the phrase or clause governed by the literal word, can be anything that goes in a single argument; it is processed recursively when parsing and formatting. Some examples were provided above where alternants can be given to indicate that a preposition can take a noun in more than one case, e.g. :o(acc/loc)<about something>
, and where multiple inflection tags separated by &
are given, e.g. :w(acc&poss&pronoun)<to whom>
. A more complex example of this occurs with Portuguese dar in its impersonal meaning "to be possible":
# {{lb|pt|impersonal}} to be [[possible]], [[can]] {{+obj|pt|:para(subject&pronoun<qq:optional> + pers&inf)<for someone to do something>}}
which appears as
- (impersonal) to be possible, can [with para (+ subject pronoun (optional) with personal infinitive) ‘for someone to do something’]
Another example with a somewhat complex argument inside parentheses occurs with Portuguese saber in its meaning "to know that ...":
# {{senseid|pt|to know a fact}} {{lb|pt|transitive|or|intransitive}} to be [[aware]], to [[know]] {{+obj|pt|:que(ind-cl&when positive/sub-cl&when negated)<that ...>}}
which appears as
- (transitive or intransitive) to be aware, to know [with que (+ indicative clause when positive or subjunctive clause when negated) ‘that ...’]
Another example with Azerbaijani oturub-durmaq:
# to [[dance to someone's tune]], to live and die by someone's word, to obey or follow every instruction from someone, to follow someone's guidance rather than taking independent decisions {{+obj|az|::ilə(:söz<word>/:dediyi<what was said><q*:mostly>)<with>}}
which appears as
- to dance to someone's tune, to live and die by someone's word, to obey or follow every instruction from someone, to follow someone's guidance rather than taking independent decisions [with ((mostly) söz ‘word’ or dediyi ‘what was said’ +) ilə ‘with’]
Here, in this usage of the term, the postposition ilə (“with”) is usually accompanied by söz or dediyi.
Another example with German berufen:
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[appoint]] {{+obj|de|acc<someone> + :auf(acc)/:zu(dat)<to a high office>/:als(acc&if active/nom&if passive)<as someone>}}
which appears as
- (transitive) to appoint [with accusative ‘someone’, along with auf (+ accusative) or zu (+ dative) ‘to a high office’ or als (+ accusative if active or nominative if passive) ‘as someone’]
Another example with German bringen, which shows that nesting (in fact, arbitrary nesting) is possible inside of parens:
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[get]], to [[cause]] {{+obj|de|acc<someone> + :zum(nominalized&verb)/:dazu(:zu(inf)/:dass(clause)/omitted&clause)<to do something>}}
which appears as
- (transitive) to get, to cause [with accusative ‘someone’, along with zum (+ nominalized verb) or dazu (+ zu (+ infinitive) or dass (+ clause) or omitted clause) ‘to do something’]
The intent is that when German bringen means "to cause", the verb expressing the action that is caused can be expressed either using zum followed by a nominalized verb or by dazu, which can optionally be followed by a zu-infinitive clause, a clause headed by dass (“that”), or nothing.
Notes on inflection tags
Inflection tags were originally created for use in {{inflection of}}
, which sometimes leads to mismatches between what is most convenient for the inflection tags used in {{inflection of}}
and those used in {{+obj}}
. Some things of note:
- The
direct
tag refers to the direct case. For a direct object, spell outdirect object
as a single tag or use its abbreviationdirobj
. - Likewise the
indirect
tag refers to the indirect case (see direct case). For an indirect object, spell outindirect object
as a single tag or use its abbreviationindirobj
. - The abbreviations
adj
andadv
stand foradjectival
andadverbial
, used as modifiers e.g. for participles in various Slavic languages. Spell outadjective
andadverb
to refer to these parts of speech. - The tag
in
is an abbreviation forinanimate
; to get the word in, either use!in
or put it as part of a larger tag with embedded spaces. - Shortcuts are provided for various types of clauses for use inside of parentheses to describe the part or speech governed by a given preposition or conjunction, e.g.
ind-cl
for an indicative clause,sub-cl
for a subjunctive clause,pres-cl
for a present-tense clause,pres-sub-cl
for a present subjunctive clause,cond-cl
for a conditional clause, etc. See the documentation for{{inflection of}}
under Template:inflection of#Non-alias shortcuts for the full list. - As a general rule, the part of speech aliases used in conjunction with the
|pos=
parameter to various templates (see Template:head#Part of speech) do not work here — and worse, actually have different meanings. For example,n
meansneuter
, notnoun
;pre
andprep
refer to the prepositional case (found in Russian), not to prepositions; etc. It is best to spell out the parts of speech in full.
Examples
- German vertrauen
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[trust]], to place confidence in {{+obj|de|dat|:in(acc)}}
- (intransitive) to trust, to place confidence in [with dative; or with in (+ accusative)]
- German stoßen
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[bump]] (into something); to [[knock]] (against something) {{+obj|de|:an(acc)|:gegen(acc)}} {{+aux|de|sein}}
- (intransitive) to bump (into something); to knock (against something) [with an (+ accusative); or with gegen (+ accusative)] [auxiliary sein]
- German geraten
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[get]] (into); to [[fall]] (into); to [[come]] (to); to [[fly]] (into) {{+obj|de|:in/:unter(acc)<state or condition>}}
- (intransitive) to get (into); to fall (into); to come (to); to fly (into) [with in or unter (+ accusative) ‘state or condition’]
- German kloppen
# {{lb|de|informal}} to [[thump]], to [[hit]] hard {{+obj|de|&transitive|&intransitive + :auf}}
- (informal) to thump, to hit hard [transitive; or intransitive with auf]
- German achten
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[care]] about, to [[pay attention]] to {{+obj|de|:auf(acc)}}
- (intransitive) to care about, to pay attention to [with auf (+ accusative)]
- German richten
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[direct]], to [[point]] (e.g. a weapon) {{+obj|de|:auf(acc)<at>}}
- (transitive) to direct, to point (e.g. a weapon) [with auf (+ accusative) ‘at’]
- German richten
# {{lb|de|reflexive}} to be [[directed]] (of emotions, words, etc.) {{+obj|de|:auf(acc)<towards>|:gegen(acc)<at>}}
- (reflexive) to be directed (of emotions, words, etc.) [with auf (+ accusative) ‘towards’; or with gegen (+ accusative) ‘at’]
- German sehen
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[look]] at; to [[watch]] {{+obj|de|:auf<q:often>|:nach<q:also>}} {{ngd|the construction with {{m|de||nach}} often implies a turning of the head; other prepositions can be used depending on the context}}
- (intransitive) to look at; to watch [(often) with auf; or (also) with nach] the construction with nach often implies a turning of the head; other prepositions can be used depending on the context
- German bedanken
# {{lb|de|reflexive}} to be [[thankful]], to express [[thanks]] {{+obj|de|:für<for> + :bei<to>}}
- German beginnen
# {{lb|de|chiefly|literary}} to [[start]] something; to [[begin]] something {{+obj|de|&transitive|:mit}}
- (chiefly literary) to start something; to begin something [transitive; or with mit]
- German anziehen
# {{lb|de|reflexive|colloquial|regional|western Germany}} to be [[touch]]ed by; to [[care]] much about; to have oneself be [[impressed]] by; to [[feel]] responsible for {{+obj|de|indefinite & pronoun + :von(dat)}}
- (reflexive, colloquial, regional, western Germany) to be touched by; to care much about; to have oneself be impressed by; to feel responsible for [with indefinite pronoun and von (+ dative)]
- German anziehen
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[dress]] someone in {{+obj|de|dat}}
- (transitive) to dress someone in [with dative]
- German erinnern
# {{lb|de|reflexive|ambitransitive}} to [[remember]] {{+obj|de|gen/:an<which matter>}}
- (reflexive, transitive, intransitive) to remember [with genitive or an ‘which matter’]
- German erinnern
# {{lb|de|ditransitive}} to [[remind]] {{+obj|de|acc<whom> + gen/:an<which matter>}}
- (ditransitive) to remind [with accusative ‘whom’, along with genitive or an ‘which matter’]
- German erstatten
# {{tlb|de|ditransitive}} {{+obj|de|acc+dat}}
- (ditransitive) [with accusative and dative]
- German nahestehen
# to be [[similar]] in respect to a [[certain]] [[trait]] {{+obj|de|dat<similar to whom> + :in<by which trait>}}
- German überziehen
# to [[hit]], [[whack]] {{+obj|de|:eins/:ein Paar + dat}}
- German anziehen
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[put on]]; to [[dress]] oneself in {{+obj|de|reflexive<q:often>&dat}}
- (transitive) to put on; to dress oneself in [(often) with reflexive dative]
- German retten
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[save]], to [[rescue]] {{+obj|de|:vor/:aus(dat)<from>}}
- German bringen
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to [[get]], to [[cause]] (someone to do something) {{+obj|de|:zum(nominalized verb)|:dazu + :zu(inf)|:dazu + :dass(clause)|:dazu<q:demonstrative>}}
- (transitive) to get, to cause (someone to do something) [with zum (+ nominalized verb); or with dazu and zu (+ infinitive); or with dazu and dass (+ clause); or (demonstrative) with dazu]
- German sein
# to [[feel like]], to be [[in the mood]] for {{+obj|de|dat + :nach/:danach + :zumute<q:sometimes>}}
- to feel like, to be in the mood for [with dative, along with nach or danach, (sometimes) along with zumute]
- German übertreten
# {{lb|de|intransitive}} to [[enter]], to [[pass]] [[into]] (a different medium, phase of life, etc.) {{+obj|de|:von(dat)<from> + :in(acc)<into>}} {{+aux|de|sein}}
- (intransitive) to enter, to pass into (a different medium, phase of life, etc.) [with von (+ dative) ‘from’ and in (+ accusative) ‘into’] [auxiliary sein]
- German vermögen
# {{lb|de|transitive}} to cause someone to do something, to [[impel]] {{+obj|de|acc + :zu(inf)}}
- (transitive) to cause someone to do something, to impel [with accusative and zu (+ infinitive)]
- German sehnen
# {{lb|de|reflexive}} to [[long]] {{+obj|de|:nach(dat)<q:usually><for>}}
- German machen
# {{lb|de|reflexive|colloquial}} to [[get cracking]], to [[get a move on]], to [[get down]] {{+obj|de|dat&reflexive&pronoun+:an(acc)<on/with/to something>}}; {{q|in imperative:}} [[come on]], [[let's go]]
- (reflexive, colloquial) to get cracking, to get a move on, to get down [with dative reflexive pronoun and an (+ accusative) ‘on/with/to something’]; (in imperative:) come on, let's go
- German bewerben
# {{lb|de|reflexive}} to [[apply]] {{gloss|submit oneself as a candidate}} {{+obj|de|:bei(dat)<to a company etc.> + :um/:für(acc)<for a position etc.> + :auf(acc)<in response to>}}
- (reflexive) to apply (submit oneself as a candidate) [with bei (+ dative) ‘to a company etc.’, along with um or für (+ accusative) ‘for a position etc.’, along with auf (+ accusative) ‘in response to’]
- German gehen
# {{lb|de|impersonal|intransitive}} to be going; to be [[alright]] {{+obj|de|dat<logical subject>}}
- (impersonal, intransitive) to be going; to be alright [with dative ‘logical subject’]
- Russian залипать (zalipatʹ)
# {{lb|ru|slang}} to be [[engrossed]] in; to be [[obsessed]] with; to be {{q|figuratively}} [[addicted]] to {{+obj|ru|:на(acc)<a subject>|:в(prep/acc)<a gadget, a platform, social media>}}
- (slang) to be engrossed in; to be obsessed with; to be (figuratively) addicted to [with на (na, + accusative) ‘a subject’; or with в (v, + prepositional or accusative) ‘a gadget, a platform, social media’]
- Polish truć dupę
# {{lb|pl|idiom|vulgar}} to [[bother]]; to [[pester]] {{+obj|pl|dat<someone> + :o(acc/loc)<about something>}}
- (idiomatic, vulgar) to bother; to pester [with dative ‘someone’ and o (+ accusative or locative) ‘about something’]
- Moroccan Arabic حصل
# to [[obtain]] {{+obj|ary|:على<tr:ʕla>}}
- Azerbaijani atmaq
# {{lb|az|intransitive, transitive}} to [[pass the buck]], to give the blame to someone {{+obj|az|dat|::üstünə<to>}}
- (intransitive, transitive) to pass the buck, to give the blame to someone [with dative; or with üstünə ‘to’]
- Polish być
# to [[be]] {{qualifier|indicates sameness or membership in a class}} {{+obj|pl|nom|ins}}
- to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [with nominative; or with instrumental]
- Polish być
# {{non-gloss definition|In future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs.}} {{+obj|pl|inf|past-cl}}
- In future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs. [with infinitive; or with past-tense clause]
- Azerbaijani fərqlənmək
# {{lb|az|intransitive}} to [[be]] [[notable]] {{+obj|az|::üçün<for>}}
- (intransitive) to be notable [with üçün ‘for’]
- Ancient Greek ἐπέρχομαι (epérkhomai)
# to [[go against]], [[attack]], [[invade]] {{+obj|grc|dat|acc<q:rarely>}}
- to go against, attack, invade [with dative; or (rarely) with accusative]
- Veps käta
# to [[translate]] {{+obj|vep|ela<from> + ill<into>}}
- Arabic أهوى
# to make [[fall]], to [[take down]], to [[blow]] into {{+obj|ar|:بِ<what thing> + :إِلَى/:عَلَى<onto what>}}
- to make fall, to take down, to blow into [with بِ (bi) ‘what thing’, along with إِلَى (ʔilā) or عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘onto what’]
- Polish płonąć
# {{lb|pl|intransitive|literary}} to [[burn]] {{+obj|pl|ins<with some feeling> + :do(gen)<toward someone / something>}}; to feel an intense emotion
- (intransitive, literary) to burn [with instrumental ‘with some feeling’ and do (+ genitive) ‘toward someone / something’]; to feel an intense emotion
- Ancient Greek αἰτέω (aitéō)
# {{lb|grc|usually|transitive}} to [[ask for]], [[crave]], [[demand]], [[beg]] {{+obj|grc|acc<something>|acc<something> + acc<from someone>}}
- (usually transitive) to ask for, crave, demand, beg [with accusative ‘something’; or with accusative ‘something’ and accusative ‘from someone’]
- Ancient Greek βούλομαι (boúlomai)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} to [[prefer]] {{+obj|grc|acc<something>|inf<to do something>}} {{+obj|grc|:[[μᾶλλον]] [[ἤ]]/:ἤ<over something else><q:often>}}
- (transitive) to prefer [with accusative ‘something’; or with infinitive ‘to do something’] [with μᾶλλον ἤ (mâllon ḗ) or (often) ἤ (ḗ) ‘over something else’]
- Ancient Greek λανθάνω (lanthánō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} to do {{+obj|grc|part|inf<q:rarely><something>}} without being noticed {{+obj|grc|acc<by someone>}}
- (transitive) to do [with participle; or (rarely) with infinitive ‘something’] without being noticed [with accusative ‘by someone’]
- Ancient Greek λιλαίομαι (lilaíomai)
# to desire, be eager or anxious {{+obj|grc|inf<for something to happen, to do something>|gen<for something>}}
- to desire, be eager or anxious [with infinitive ‘for something to happen, to do something’; or with genitive ‘for something’]
- Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda)
# {{lb|grc|transitive|when main verb and participle have separate subjects}} to know that {{+obj|grc|acc&noun<someone else> + acc&part<does something>}}
- (transitive, when main verb and participle have separate subjects) to know that [with accusative noun ‘someone else’ and accusative participle ‘does something’]
- Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda)
# {{lb|grc|intransitive|when subject of main verb and subject of participle are the same}} to know that {{+obj|grc|nom&part<one does something>}}
- (intransitive, when subject of main verb and subject of participle are the same) to know that [with nominative participle ‘one does something’]
- Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda)
# to know that {{+obj|grc|acc + :ὅτι/:ὡς + indirect statement}}
- to know that [with accusative, along with ὅτι (hóti) or ὡς (hōs), along with indirect statement]
- Ancient Greek πειράω (peiráō)
# to [[try]] {{+obj|grc|inf<to do>}}
- to try [with infinitive ‘to do’]
- Ancient Greek πολεμέω (poleméō)
# to [[make]] [[war]], be at war, [[fight]], [[quarrel]] {{+obj|grc|dat<with, against someone>|:πρός(acc)<with, against someone>}}{{Q|grc|Th.||1|1|quote=Θουκυδίδης Ἀθηναῖος ξυνέγραψε τὸν πόλεμον τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ Ἀθηναίων, ὡς '''ἐπολέμησαν''' πρὸς ἀλλήλους|trans=Thucydides the Athenian wrote down [the history of] the war of the Pelopponesians and Athenians, how they '''fought''' against each other}}
- to make war, be at war, fight, quarrel [with dative ‘with, against someone’; or with πρός (prós, + accusative) ‘with, against someone’]460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.1:
- Θουκυδίδης Ἀθηναῖος ξυνέγραψε τὸν πόλεμον τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ Ἀθηναίων, ὡς ἐπολέμησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους
- Thoukudídēs Athēnaîos xunégrapse tòn pólemon tôn Peloponnēsíōn kaì Athēnaíōn, hōs epolémēsan pròs allḗlous
- Thucydides the Athenian wrote down [the history of] the war of the Pelopponesians and Athenians, how they fought against each other
- Θουκυδίδης Ἀθηναῖος ξυνέγραψε τὸν πόλεμον τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ Ἀθηναίων, ὡς ἐπολέμησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους
- Ancient Greek προσβάλλω (prosbállō)
# to [[strike]] {{+obj|grc|acc<something> + dat<against something>|dat<something>}}
- to strike [with accusative ‘something’ and dative ‘against something’; or with dative ‘something’]
- Arabic ألهى
# to [[divert]], to [[regale]], to [[delight]] {{+obj|ar|acc<whom> + :بِ<with>}}
- to divert, to regale, to delight [with accusative ‘whom’ and بِ (bi) ‘with’]
- Ancient Greek ἀγανακτέω (aganaktéō)
# {{lb|grc|metaphorically}} to be grieved, displeased, vexed, annoyed, angry, or discontented, to show outward signs of grief {{+obj|grc|:ὅτι<that ...>/:εἰ<if ...><q*:sometimes>}}
- (figuratively) to be grieved, displeased, vexed, annoyed, angry, or discontented, to show outward signs of grief [(sometimes) with ὅτι (hóti) ‘that ...’ or εἰ (ei) ‘if ...’]
- Ancient Greek ἀγανακτέω (aganaktéō)
# {{lb|grc|ambitransitive}} To be vexed at or with, to be [[angry]] at {{+obj|grc|dat<someone>|:κατά/:πρός}}
- (transitive, intransitive) To be vexed at or with, to be angry at [with dative ‘someone’; or with κατά (katá) or πρός (prós)]
- Ancient Greek ἀφαιρέω (aphairéō)
# to [[take away]] {{+obj|grc|acc<something> + gen/dat<from someone>|gen<something> + acc<something>}}
- to take away [with accusative ‘something’, along with genitive or dative ‘from someone’; or with genitive ‘something’ and accusative ‘something’]
- Ancient Greek ἀφαιρέω (aphairéō)
# to [[free]] someone {{+obj|grc|:[[εἰς]] [[ἐλευθερίᾱν]]}}
- to free someone [with εἰς ἐλευθερίᾱν (eis eleutheríān)]
- Ancient Greek ἐπικλώθω (epiklṓthō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive|or|intransitive|active|or|middle}} [[assign]] to, [[destine]] {{+obj|grc|dat<someone> + acc<something>|dat<someone> + inf<to do something>}}
- (transitive or intransitive, active voice or middle voice) assign to, destine [with dative ‘someone’ and accusative ‘something’; or with dative ‘someone’ and infinitive ‘to do something’]
- Middle Dutch achter
+obj [with accusative; or with dative]
- Azerbaijani darıxmaq
# {{lb|az|transitive}} to [[miss]], [[long for]] {{+obj|az|::üçün}}
- (transitive) to miss, long for [with üçün]
- Veps ka
# [[let's]] {{+obj|vep|1&p&impr}}
- let's [with first-person plural imperative]
- Polish krajać
# {{lb|pl|transitive}} to cut {{gloss|to incise}} {{+obj|pl|acc<someone or something>|gen<someone or something><q:in negations>}}
- (transitive) to cut (to incise) [with accusative ‘someone or something’; or (in negations) with genitive ‘someone or something’]
- Azerbaijani yoluxmaq
# {{lb|az|intransitive}} to [[catch]], to [[contract]], to [[be]] [[infected]] with {{+obj|az|::ilə|dat}}
- Ancient Greek αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} I [[perceive]], [[apprehend]], [[notice]] {{+obj|grc|gen/acc<something>|nom&part<oneself doing, that one is doing>|gen + gen&part<that someone or something is doing, does>}} {{+obj|grc|:ὅτι/:ὡς + verb<that ...>}}
- (transitive) I perceive, apprehend, notice [with genitive or accusative ‘something’; or with nominative participle ‘oneself doing, that one is doing’; or with genitive and genitive participle ‘that someone or something is doing, does’] [with ὅτι (hóti) or ὡς (hōs), along with verb ‘that ...’]
- Ancient Greek δέω (déō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} To [[beg]] {{+obj|grc|gen<something> + gen<from someone>|gen<someone> + inf<to do something>}}
- (transitive) To beg [with genitive ‘something’ and genitive ‘from someone’; or with genitive ‘someone’ and infinitive ‘to do something’]
- Ancient Greek διανοέομαι (dianoéomai)
# to [[intend]] {{+obj|grc|pres|aor|fut&inf<to do>}}
- to intend [with present; or with aorist; or with future infinitive ‘to do’]
- Ancient Greek κλύω (klúō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} to [[hear]], [[listen]] to {{+obj|grc|gen<someone> + part<doing something>|acc<something>}}
- (transitive) to hear, listen to [with genitive ‘someone’ and participle ‘doing something’; or with accusative ‘something’]
- Ancient Greek κρίνω (krínō)
# To [[decide]] or [[judge]] {{+obj|grc|acc<that something> + inf<does something>|acc<that something> + acc<is something>}}
- To decide or judge [with accusative ‘that something’ and infinitive ‘does something’; or with accusative ‘that something’ and accusative ‘is something’]
- Ancient Greek μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} To call to mind, [[remember]] {{+obj|grc|gen|acc<q:less commonly><something, someone>}}
- (transitive) To call to mind, remember [with genitive; or (less commonly) with accusative ‘something, someone’]
- Arabic ظل
# to [[keep]] doing, to [[do]] constantly, to [[persist]] in, to remain {{+obj|ar|part/imperf<doing>}}
- to keep doing, to do constantly, to persist in, to remain [with participle or imperfect ‘doing’]
- Sanskrit विना (vinā)
# [[without]], [[except]] {{+obj|sa|acc|ins|abl}}
- without, except [with accusative; or with instrumental; or with ablative]
- Ancient Greek ἀγανακτέω (aganaktéō)
# {{lb|grc|ambitransitive}} To be vexed {{+obj|grc|dat|acc<q:rarely>/gen<at something>}}
- (transitive, intransitive) To be vexed [with dative; or with (rarely) accusative or genitive ‘at something’]
- Ancient Greek ἀκολουθέω (akolouthéō)
# {{lb|grc|ambitransitive}} to [[follow]], go after, go with {{+obj|grc|dat|acc<q:rarely>|:σύν(dat)|:μετά(gen)|:ἐπί(acc)<someone>}}
- (transitive, intransitive) to follow, go after, go with [with dative; or (rarely) with accusative; or with σύν (sún, + dative); or with μετά (metá, + genitive); or with ἐπί (epí, + accusative) ‘someone’]
- Ancient Greek ἀμείβω (ameíbō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} to [[exchange]] {{+obj|grc|acc<something> + gen<for something>}}
- (transitive) to exchange [with accusative ‘something’ and genitive ‘for something’]
- Ancient Greek ἀμείβω (ameíbō)
# {{lb|grc|transitive}} to give in exchange {{+obj|grc|:ἀντί<q:often>}}
- (transitive) to give in exchange [(often) with ἀντί (antí)]
- Ancient Greek ἐχθρός (ekhthrós)
# {{lb|grc|with active meaning}} [[hating]], [[hostile]] {{+obj|grc|dat/gen<to someone or something>}}
- Ancient Greek ὁράω (horáō)
# {{lb|grc|copulative}} To look a certain way {{+obj|grc|acc + adjective/adverb}}
- (copulative) To look a certain way [with accusative, along with adjective or adverb]
- Hindi चर्चा करना (carcā karnā)
# to [[discuss]], engage in [[talk]]s {{+obj|hi|::की/::पर<about>}}
- Hindi बाँधना (bāndhnā)
# to [[tie]] {{+obj|hi|::पर<on, around> + ::से<with>}}
- Russian оскорбиться (oskorbitʹsja)
# to [[feel]] [[insult]]ed, to [[get]] [[offend]]ed {{+obj|ru|ins/:на(acc)<by something>}}
- to feel insulted, to get offended [with instrumental or на (na, + accusative) ‘by something’]
- Russian поскупиться (poskupitʹsja)
# to be [[sparing]] with, to be [[stingy]] with, to [[skimp]], to [[scrimp]] {{+obj|ru|:на(acc&pl)}}
- Russian просигнализировать (prosignalizirovatʹ)
# to [[signal]], to [[indicate]] {{+obj|ru|acc/:о(prepositional)/clause<something> + dat<to someone/something>}}
- to signal, to indicate [with accusative or о (o, + prepositional) or clause ‘something’, along with dative ‘to someone/something’]
- ??
# to [[discuss]] {{+obj|ar|&transitive<with someone> + :فِي<the question>}}
- to discuss [transitive ‘with someone’ with فِي (fī) ‘the question’]
- Polish wskazać
# {{lb|pl|ambitransitive}} to [[point]], to [[indicate]], to [[show]] {{gl|to show with one's finger or gesture}} {{+obj|pl|dat<to whom>/acc<whom>/:na(acc)<at whom/what> + ins<with what>}}
- (transitive, intransitive) to point, to indicate, to show (to show with one's finger or gesture) [with dative ‘to whom’ or accusative ‘whom’ or na (+ accusative) ‘at whom/what’, along with instrumental ‘with what’]
- Polish czekać
# {{lb|pl|intransitive}} to [[wait]], to [[await]] {{gl|to expect with hope or worry}} {{+obj|pl|:na(acc)/:za(ins)<l:Poznań,from <<German>>><for/on what/whom>|gen<whom/what>|:żeby(past)<for someone to do something>}}
- (intransitive) to wait, to await (to expect with hope or worry) [with na (+ accusative) or (Poznań, from German) za (+ instrumental) ‘for/on what/whom’; or with genitive ‘whom/what’; or with żeby (+ past) ‘for someone to do something’]
- Ukrainian обернутися (obernutysja)
# {{lb|uk|figuratively}} to [[turn]] {{+obj|uk|:на(acc)/:в(acc)/ins<into>}} {{gl|to change fundamentally}}
- (figuratively) to turn [with на (na, + accusative) or в (v, + accusative) or instrumental ‘into’] (to change fundamentally)
- Ukrainian обернутися (obernutysja)
# {{lb|uk|figuratively}} to [[turn]] {{+obj|uk|ins/:на(acc)/:в(acc)<into>}} {{gl|to change fundamentally}}
- (figuratively) to turn [with instrumental or на (na, + accusative) or в (v, + accusative) ‘into’] (to change fundamentally)
- Polish okazja
# [[chance]], [[occasion]], [[opportunity]] {{gl|chance for advancement, progress or profit}} {{+obj|pl|inf/:żeby(inf/past-cl)<to do what>|:do(gen)<for what>}}
- chance, occasion, opportunity (chance for advancement, progress or profit) [with infinitive or żeby (+ infinitive or past-tense clause) ‘to do what’; or with do (+ genitive) ‘for what’]
- Polish wystarczać
# {{lb|pl|intransitive}} to [[suffice]], to be [[enough]], to [[do]] {{gl|to occur in sufficient quantity or degree}} {{+obj|pl|gen<enough of what>|;|dat<for whom>|:na(acc)/:do(gen)<for what>|:żeby(past-cl/inf)/inf<to do what>}}
- (intransitive) to suffice, to be enough, to do (to occur in sufficient quantity or degree) [with genitive ‘enough of what’; in addition, with dative ‘for whom’; or with na (+ accusative) or do (+ genitive) ‘for what’; or with żeby (+ past-tense clause or infinitive) or infinitive ‘to do what’]
- Georgian დაკავშირებით (daḳavširebit)
# [[regarding]], in [[connection]] with, [[about]] {{+obj|ka|::-თან(dat)}}
- regarding, in connection with, about [with (dative +) -თან (-tan)]
- Catalan reparar
# to [[notice]] {{+obj|ca|&transitive/:en<something/someone>}}
- to notice [transitive or with en ‘something/someone’]