Transgender: Difference between revisions
→Transgender: + author wl |
Sideswipe9th (talk | contribs) →See also: removing wikilink to transgender pornography per edit request on talk page |
||
Line 295: | Line 295: | ||
* [[List of people killed for being transgender]] |
* [[List of people killed for being transgender]] |
||
* [[Transgender history]] |
* [[Transgender history]] |
||
* [[Transgender pornography]] |
|||
== Notes == |
== Notes == |
Revision as of 22:51, 17 September 2022
Part of a series on |
Transgender topics |
---|
|
Part of a series on |
LGBT topics |
---|
|
Transgender people have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from the sex that they were assigned at birth.[1][2][3] Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another identify as transsexual.[4][5] Transgender, often shortened as trans, is also an umbrella term; in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (trans men and trans women), it may also include people who are non-binary or genderqueer.[2][6][7] Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender, or else conceptualize transgender people as a third gender.[8][9] The term transgender may be defined very broadly to include cross-dressers.[10] The term transgender does not have a universally accepted definition, including among researchers.[11]
Being transgender is distinct from sexual orientation.[12] Transgender people may identify as heterosexual (straight), homosexual (gay or lesbian), bisexual, asexual, or otherwise, or may decline to label their sexual orientation. The opposite of transgender is cisgender, which describes persons whose gender identity matches their assigned sex.[13] Accurate statistics on the number of transgender people vary widely,[14] in part due to different definitions of what constitutes being transgender.[11] Some countries, such as Canada, collect census data on transgender people.[15] Transgender occurrence is generally found in less than 1% of the worldwide population, with figures ranging from <0.1% to 0.6%.[16][17][18]
The degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity has been called transgender congruence.[19] Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria, and some seek medical treatments such as hormone replacement therapy, sex reassignment surgery, or psychotherapy.[20] Not all transgender people desire these treatments, and some cannot undergo them for financial or medical reasons.[20][21]
Many transgender people face discrimination in the workplace[22] and in accessing public accommodations[23] and healthcare.[24] In many places, they are not legally protected from discrimination.[25]
Terminology
Before the mid-20th century various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled transsexual, and later transgender from mid-century onward.[6][28] Imported from the German and ultimately modelled after German Transsexualismus (coined in 1923),[29] the English term transsexual has enjoyed international acceptability, though transgender (1965, by J. Oliven[30]) has been increasingly preferred[citation needed] over transsexual.
Transgender
Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University coined the term transgender in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology,[31] writing that the term which had previously been used, transsexualism, "is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism."[32][33] The term transgender was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including Virginia Prince,[4] who used it in the December 1969 issue of Transvestia, a national magazine for cross-dressers she founded.[34] By the mid-1970s both trans-gender and trans people were in use as umbrella terms,[note 1] while transgenderist and transgenderal were used to refer to people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery (SRS).[35] By 1976, transgenderist was abbreviated as TG in educational materials.[36]
By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which transgender was used as an umbrella term.[37] In 1985, Richard Elkins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the University of Ulster.[34] By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone transitioning.[38] Leslie Feinberg's pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity; in this way transgender has become synonymous with queer.[39] In 1994, gender theorist Susan Stryker defined transgender as encompassing "all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer socially constructed sex/gender boundaries", including, but not limited to, "transsexuality, heterosexual transvestism, gay drag, butch lesbianism, and such non-European identities as the Native American berdache or the Indian Hijra".[40]
Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have now been superseded by "trans man" and "trans woman", respectively.[41] This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans woman") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.[41]
Transfeminine is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.[42]
Transgendered is a common term in older literature; many within the transgender community now deprecate it on the basis that transgender is an adjective, not a verb.[43] Organizations such as GLAAD and The Guardian also state that transgender should never be used as a noun (e.g., "Max is transgender" or "Max is a transgender man", not "Max is a transgender").[6][44] However, transgender is also used as a noun equivalent to the broader topic of transgender identity and experience.[45]
Although the term "transgenderism" was once considered acceptable, it has come to be viewed as offensive, according to GLAAD.[46] In 2020 the International Journal of Transgenderism changed its name to the International Journal of Transgender Health "to reflect a change toward more appropriate and acceptable use of language in our field."[47]
Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.[48][49]
In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called cisgender.[50]
Transsexual
Inspired by Magnus Hirschfeld's 1923 term seelischer Transsexualismus, the term transsexual was introduced to English in 1949 by David Oliver Cauldwell[note 2] and popularized by Harry Benjamin in 1966, around the same time transgender was coined and began to be popularized.[4] Since the 1990s, transsexual has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people[4][51][52] who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance (for example, sex reassignment surgery) with this.
Distinctions between the terms transgender and transsexual are commonly based on distinctions between gender and sex.[53][54] Transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one's sex, while transgender considerations deal more with one's psychological gender disposition or predisposition, as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role.[55] Many transgender people reject the term transsexual.[5][56][6] Christine Jorgensen publicly rejected transsexual in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as trans-gender, saying, "gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."[57][58] Some have objected to the term transsexual on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than sexuality.[59][better source needed][note 3][failed verification] Some transsexual people object to being included in the transgender umbrella.[60][61][62]
In his 2007 book Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, anthropologist David Valentine asserts that transgender was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term transgender should not be included in the transgender spectrum.[60] Leslie Feinberg likewise asserts that transgender is not a self-identifier (for some people) but a category imposed by observers to understand other people.[61] According to the Transgender Health Program (THP) at Fenway Health in Boston, there are no universally-accepted definitions, and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may now be deemed offensive. The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer, and avoid the term transsexual unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it.[59][undue weight? – discuss]
Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites, called the Sex Orientation Scale (SOS), in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross-dressing and the relative urgency of their need (if any) for sex reassignment surgery.[63] Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin's original opinions.[64] Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis, or for distinction between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender-variant behavior and expression. Benjamin's scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women, and trans men's identities do not align with its categories.[65]
Non-binary identity
Some non-binary (or genderqueer) people identify as transgender. These identities are not specifically male or female. They can be agender, androgynous, bigender, pangender, or genderfluid,[66] and exist outside of cisnormativity.[67][68] Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories; bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles (genderfluid) or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously (androgynous), and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless (agender), between genders (intergender), moving across genders (genderfluid), or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders (pangender).[69] Non-binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation.[70][71]
Related identities and practices
Transvestism and cross-dressing
A transvestite is a person who cross-dresses, or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth.[72][73] The term transvestite is used as a synonym for the term cross-dresser,[74][75] although cross-dresser is generally considered the preferred term.[75][76] The term cross-dresser is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Michael A. Gilbert, professor at the Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, offers this definition: "[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to [that] sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex."[77] This definition excludes people "who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons", such as "those female impersonators who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers."[78] Cross-dressers may not identify with, want to be, or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to change their bodies medically or surgically. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual.[79]
The term transvestite and the associated outdated term transvestism are conceptually different from the term transvestic fetishism, as transvestic fetishist refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes.[80][81] In medical terms, transvestic fetishism is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302.3[81] in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and F65.1[80] in the ICD.
Drag
Drag is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining, unlike those who are transgender or who cross-dress for other reasons.[82] Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by second-wave feminism. Drag artists have a long tradition in LGBT culture.
Generally the term drag queen covers men doing female drag, drag king covers women doing male drag, and faux queen covers women doing female drag.[83][84] Nevertheless, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons. Drag performers are not inherently transgender. Some drag performers, transvestites, and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically-derived term tranny for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross-dressing; however, this term is widely considered an offensive slur if applied to transgender people.
History
Transgender people are known to have existed since ancient times. A wide range of societies had traditional third gender roles, or otherwise accepted trans people in some form.[85] However, a precise history is difficult because the modern concept of being transgender, and gender in general, did not develop until the mid-1900s. Historical understandings are thus inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical lens until the late 1900s.[86]
Ancient Greek Hippocrates (interpreting the writing of Herodotus) discusses transgender individuals briefly. He describes the "disease of the Scythians" (regarding the Enaree), which he attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups. Hippocrates' reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s–1700s. Pierre Petit writing in 1596 viewed the "Scythian disease" as natural variation, but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a "melancholy", or "hysterical" psychiatric disease. By the early 1800s, being transgender separate from Hippocrates' idea of it was claimed to be widely known, but remained poorly documented. Both MtF and FtM individuals were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s. The most complete account of the time came from the life of the Chevalier d'Éon (1728–1810). As cross-dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s, discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender. Much study came out of Germany, and was exported to other Western audiences. Cross-dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s; it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose. But in the latter half of the 1800's, cross-dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger.[86]
William A. Hammond wrote an 1882 account of transgender Pueblo shamans (mujerados), comparing them to the Scythian disease. Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s (including Hammond's associates in the American Neurological Association) had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples. Explanations varied, but authors generally did not ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes, instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense. Native groups provided much study on the subject, and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII.[86]
Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany, with the works of Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld coined the term "transvestite" in 1910 as the scope of transgender study grew. His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin. Though Hirscheld's legacy is disputed, he revolutionized the field of study. The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and its research was infamously burned in the May 1933 Nazi book burnings.[87] Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II. Even when they re-emerged, they reflected a forensic psychology approach, unlike the more sexological that had been employed in the lost German research.[86][88]
Sexual orientation
Gender, gender identity, and being transgender are distinct concepts from sexual orientation.[89] Sexual orientation is an individual's enduring pattern of attraction to others (being straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, etc.), whereas gender identity is a person's innate knowledge of their own gender (being a man, woman, non-binary, etc.).[46] Transgender people can have any orientation, and generally use labels corresponding to their gender, rather than assigned sex at birth. For example, trans women who are exclusively attracted to other women commonly identify as lesbians, and trans men exclusively attracted to women would identify as straight.[46] Many trans people describe their sexual orientation as queer, in addition to or instead of, other terms.[90][91][92]
For much of the 20th century, transgender identity was conflated with homosexuality and transvestism.[93][94] In earlier academic literature, sexologists used the labels homosexual and heterosexual transsexual to categorize transgender individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex.[95] Critics consider these terms "heterosexist",[96] "archaic",[97] and demeaning.[98] Newer literature often uses terms such as attracted to men (androphilic), attracted to women (gynephilic), attracted to both (bisexual), or attracted to neither (asexual) to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.[99] Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences.[100]
The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey reported that of the 27,715 transgender and non-binary respondents, 21% said queer best described their sexual orientation, 18% said pansexual, 16% said gay, lesbian, or same-gender-loving, 15% said straight, 14% said bisexual, and 10% said asexual.[91] A 2019 Canadian survey of 2,873 trans and non-binary people found that 51% described their sexual orientation as queer, 13% as asexual, 28% as bisexual, 13% as gay, 15% as lesbian, 31% as pansexual, 8% as straight or heterosexual, 4% as two-spirit, and 9% as unsure or questioning.[92]
LGBT community
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2022) |
Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history the gay, lesbian, and bisexual subculture was often the only place where gender-variant people were socially accepted in the gender role they felt they belonged to; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. This acceptance has had a complex history. Like the wider world, the gay community in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and often perceived gender-variant people more as homosexuals who behaved in a gender-variant way than as gender-variant people in their own right. In addition, the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBT rights is often overlooked, as shown in Transforming History.[101]
Healthcare
Mental healthcare
Most mental health professionals recommend therapy for internal conflicts about gender identity or discomfort in an assigned gender role, especially if one desires to transition.[102] People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth; however, research on gender identity with regard to psychology, and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues, is relatively new.[103] The term gender incongruence is listed in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) by the WHO. In the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the term gender dysphoria is listed under code F64.9.[104]
France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010,[105][106] but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.[107] In 2017, the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders. The DSM-5 refers to the topic as gender dysphoria (GD) while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness.[108]
Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria "only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability."[109] This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD, which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD. Moreover, GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning. Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviors of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD. GD does not imply an opinion of immorality; the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this solution often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition.[103]
Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients, which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals.[110] Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.[103] This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly non-binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients' sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance.[19]
Acknowledgment of the lack of clinical training has increased; however, research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians' experiences instead of transgender clients' experiences.[111] Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs. Prior to the seventh version of the Standards of Care (SOC), an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery. The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual, transgender, and all gender-nonconforming people.[112]
The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual. A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic. The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing transphobia pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life, as one trans woman reflected: "Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do, specifically, with being transgendered. It has to do because they've had to hide, they've had to lie, and they've felt all of this guilt and shame, unfortunately usually for years!"[111] Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender, and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality-of-life issues.[111] Others regret having undergone the procedure and wish to detransition.[113]
Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people's mental health experiences. One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training: "Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender, but maybe that's it. I don't think I've had any formal training just going through [clinical] programs ... I don't think most [therapists] know. Most therapists – Master's degree, PhD level – they've had ... one diversity class on GLBT issues. One class out of the huge diversity training. One class. And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle."[111] Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition, and numerous people are under- or uninsured, which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients, potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need.[111] Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity, but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population.[114] In February 2010, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.[115][116]
A 2014 study carried out by the Williams Institute (a UCLA think tank) found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide, with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare, harassment, physical or sexual assault, or rejection by family.[117] A 2019 follow-up study found that transgender people who wanted and received gender-affirming medical care had substantially lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.[118]
Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric. It is not known whether there is a biological basis. This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval, and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others.[119]
Physical healthcare
Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people, though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. Hormone replacement therapy for trans men induces beard growth and masculinizes skin, hair, voice, and fat distribution. Hormone replacement therapy for trans women feminizes fat distribution and breasts. Laser hair removal or electrolysis removes excess hair for trans women. Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the voice, skin, face, Adam's apple, breasts, waist, buttocks, and genitals. Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the chest and genitals and remove the womb, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The acronyms "GRS" and "SRS" refer to genital surgery. The term "sex reassignment therapy" (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition. Use of the term "sex change" has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery, and the term "transition" is preferred.[6][120] Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,[121] and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction.
Trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone are at increased risk for endometrial cancer because androstenedione, which is made from testosterone in the body, can be converted into estrogen, and external estrogen is a risk factor for endometrial cancer.[122]
Detransition
Detransition refers to the cessation or reversal of a sex reassignment surgery or gender transition. Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[123] of disputed quality,[124] and politically controversial.[125] Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary from less than 1% to as high as 13%.[126] Those who undergo sex reassignment surgery have very low rates of detransition or regret.[127][128][129][130]
The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey collected responses from 27,715 individuals who identified as "transgender, trans, genderqueer, [or] non-binary".[91] 13.1% of respondents who had pursued gender affirmation said they had ever detransitioned,[clarification needed] even temporarily. Detransition was associated with assigned male sex at birth, nonbinary gender identity, and bisexual orientation, among other cohorts.[129] Only 5% of detransitioners reporting doing so because gender transition was "not for them"; 82% cited external reason(s), including pressure from others, the difficulties of transition, and discrimination.[131][132]
Law
Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of transsexualism, to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician that attests the individual's gender transition or having established a different gender role.[133] In 1994, the DSM IV entry was changed from "Transsexual" to "Gender Identity Disorder". In many places, transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations.[25] A report released in February 2011 found that 90% of transgender people faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population,[23] and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services.[23] Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care.[134]
Europe
36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries require sterilisation.[135] In April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights.[136]
Denmark
Since 2014 it has been possible for adults without the requirement of a psychiatric evaluation, medical or surgical treatment, divorce or castration, to after a six-month 'reflection period' have their social security number changed and legally change gender.[137][138]
Germany
In November 2017, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the civil status law must allow a third gender option.[139] Thus officially recognising "third sex" meaning that birth certificates will not have blank gender entries for intersex people. The ruling came after an intersex person, who is neither a man nor woman according to chromosomal analysis, brought a legal challenge after attempting to change their registered sex to "inter" or divers.[140]
Canada
Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories. This includes legal change of gender classification. On June 19, 2017, Bill C-16, having passed the legislative process in the House of Commons of Canada and the Senate of Canada, became law upon receiving Royal Assent, which put it into immediate force.[141][142][143] The law updated the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code to include "gender identity and gender expression" as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publications and advocating genocide. The bill also added "gender identity and expression" to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics. Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories.[144]
United States
In the United States, transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Exceptions apply to certain types of employers, for example, employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations.[145] In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.[146]
Nicole Maines, a trans girl, took a case to Maine's supreme court in June 2013. She argued that being denied access to her high school's women's restroom was a violation of Maine's Human Rights Act; one state judge has disagreed with her,[147] but Maines won her lawsuit against the Orono school district in January 2014 before the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.[148] On May 14, 2016, the United States Department of Education and Department of Justice issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities.[149]
On June 30, 2016, the United States Department of Defense removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military.[150] On July 27, 2017, President Donald Trump tweeted that transgender Americans would not be allowed to serve "in any capacity" in the United States Armed Forces.[151] Later that day, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Joseph Dunford announced, "there will be no modifications to the current policy until the president's direction has been received by the Secretary of Defense and the secretary has issued implementation guidance."[152] Joe Biden later reversed Trump's policy when he became president in 2021.[153][154]
India
In April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be a 'third gender' in Indian law.[155][156][157] The transgender community in India (made up of Hijras and others) has a long history in India and in Hindu mythology.[158][159] Justice KS Radhakrishnan noted in his decision that, "Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex", adding:
Non-recognition of the identity of Hijras/transgender persons denies them equal protection of law, thereby leaving them extremely vulnerable to harassment, violence and sexual assault in public spaces, at home and in jail, also by the police. Sexual assault, including molestation, rape, forced anal and oral sex, gang rape and stripping is being committed with impunity and there are reliable statistics and materials to support such activities. Further, non-recognition of identity of Hijras/transgender persons results in them facing extreme discrimination in all spheres of society, especially in the field of employment, education, healthcare etc.[160]
Hijras face structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses, and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits. It is also common for them to be banished from communities.[161]
Religion
The Roman Catholic Church has been involved in the outreach to LGBT community for several years and continues doing so through Franciscan urban outreach centers, for example, the Open Hearts outreach in Hartford, Connecticut.[162] The Vatican, however, holds that transgender people cannot become godparents and compares transitioning to self-harm.[163]
The Church of England passed a motion at the 2017 General Synod, which would ensure Anglican churches accepted transgender people, even suggesting on their website that transgender people could be gifted a Bible with their new name inscribed to support them.[164]
Feminism
Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time, but have generally become more inclusive. Second-wave feminism saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women, since they were not seen as "true" women, and as invading women-only spaces.[165][166] Though second-wave feminism argued for the sex and gender distinction, some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause; e.g., they believed that male-to-female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes.[167] By the emergence of third-wave feminism (around 1990), opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities.[168][169] Fourth-wave feminism (starting around 2012) has been widely trans-inclusive, but trans-exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority, though one that is especially prominent in the UK.[170][168][171] Feminists who do not accept that trans women are women have been labeled "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" (TERFs) or gender-critical feminists.[172][173]
Discrimination
Employment discrimination
Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination. Approximately 90% of trans people have encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace. Moreover, 47% have experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender; of this figure, 44% were passed over for a job, 23% were denied a promotion, and 26% were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender.[174]
Support
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2021) |
Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men.[175][176][177][178]
Scientific studies of transsexuality
A 1996 study of Swedes estimated a ratio of 1.4:1 trans women to trans men for those requesting sex reassignment surgery and a ratio of 1:1 for those who proceeded.[179][non-primary source needed] A study in 2020 noted that, since 1990, of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men, such that they now equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment.[180]
An observational study revealed that transgender people receiving hormone therapy from the Amsterdam University Medical Centre in the Netherlands had higher mortality rates than the general population, and that this did not decrease during the duration of the study (1972 to 2018). Other studies have also found increased mortality in transgender people.[181]
Population figures and prevalence
Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable definitions of transgender.[182] According to a recent systematic review, an estimated 9.2 out of every 100,000 people have received or requested gender affirmation surgery or transgender hormone therapy; 6.8 out of every 100,000 people have received a transgender-specific diagnoses; and 355 out of every 100,000 people self-identify as transgender.[182] These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender, as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of "transsexualism", "gender identity disorder", or "gender dysphoria", none of which may relate with those that assess self-reported identity.[182] Common terminology across studies does not yet exist, so population numbers may be inconsistent, depending on how they are being counted.
Asia
In Thailand and Laos,[183] the term kathoey is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people[184] and effeminate gay men.[185] Transgender people have also been documented in Iran,[186] Japan,[187] Nepal,[188] Indonesia,[189] Vietnam,[190] South Korea,[191] Jordan,[192] Singapore,[193] and the greater Chinese region, including Hong Kong,[194][195] Taiwan,[196] and the People's Republic of China.[197][198]
The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender, referred to as hijra in Hindi. In India, the Supreme Court on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating "Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue."[199] In 1998, Shabnam Mausi became the first transgender person to be elected in India, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.[200]
Europe
European Union
According to Amnesty International, 1.5 million transgender people live in the European Union, making up 0.3% of the population.[201]
UK
A 2011 survey conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the UK found that of 10,026 respondents, 1.4% would be classified into a gender minority group. The survey also showed that 1% had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process (including thoughts or actions).[202]
North America
Canada
The 2021 Canadian census released by Statistics Canada found that 59,460 Canadians (0.19% of the population) identified as transgender.[203]
According to the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces by Statistics Canada in 2018, 0.24% of the Canadian population identified as transgender men, women or non-binary individuals.[204]
United States
The Social Security Administration, since 1936, has tracked the sex of citizens.[205] Using this information, along with the Census data, Benjamin Cerf Harris tracked the prevalence of citizens changing to names associated with the opposite sex or changing sex marker. Harris found that such changes had occurred as early as 1936. He estimated that 89,667 individuals included in the 2010 Census had changed to an opposite-gendered name, 21,833 of whom had also changed sex marker.[205] Prevalence in the States varied, from 1.4 to 10.6 per 100,000.[205] While most people legally changed both name and sex, about a quarter of people changed name, and then five years later changed sex.[205] An earlier estimate in 1968, by Ira B. Pauly, estimated that about 2,500 transsexual people were living in the United States, with four times as many trans women as trans men.[206]
One effort to quantify the population in 2011 gave a "rough estimate" that 0.3% of adults in the US are transgender.[207][208] More recent studies released in 2016 estimate the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0.5 to 0.6%. This would put the total number of transgender Americans at approximately 1.4 million adults (as of 2016[update]).[209][210][211][212]
A survey by the Pew Research Center in 2017 found that American society is divided on "whether it's possible for someone to be a gender different from the sex they were assigned at birth."[213] It states, "Overall, roughly half of Americans (54%) say that whether someone is a man or a woman is determined by the sex they were assigned at birth, while 44% say someone can be a man or a woman even if that is different from the sex they were assigned at birth."[213]
Native American and First Nations
In what is now the United States and Canada, some Native American and First Nations cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders,[214] such as the Zuni male-bodied lhamana,[215] the Lakota male-bodied winkte,[216] and the Mohave male-bodied alyhaa and female-bodied hwamee.[217] These traditional people, along with those from other North American Indigenous cultures, are sometimes part of the contemporary, pan-Indian Two-Spirit community.[216] Historically, in most cultures who have alternate gender roles, if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise gender variant, they have not generally been regarded as other-gendered themselves, simply for being in a same-sex relationship.[217] In Mexico, the Zapotec culture includes a third gender in the form of the Muxe.[218] Mahu is a traditional third gender in Hawai'i and Tahiti. Mahu are valued as teachers, caretakers of culture, and healers, such as Kapaemahu. Diné (Navajo) have Nádleehi.[85]
Latin America
In Latin American cultures, a travesti is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine, transfeminine, or "femme" gender identity. Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery. Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself (a "third gender"), a mix between man and woman ("intergender/androgynes"), or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person ("bigender"). They are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women, who possess the same gender identity of people assigned female at birth.[219]
Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.[220] These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term "genderqueer",[220] along with the older travesti term, are known as non-binary and go along with binary transgender identities (those traditionally diagnosed under the now obsolete label of "transsexualism") under the single umbrella of transgender, but are distinguished from cross-dressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.[221]
Deviating from the societal standards for sexual behavior, sexual orientation/identity, gender identity, and gender expression have a single umbrella term that is known as sexodiverso or sexodiversa in both Spanish and Portuguese, with its most approximate translation to English being "queer".[citation needed]
Ancient cultures
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2022) |
Among the ancient Middle Eastern Akkadian people, a salzikrum was a person who appeared biologically female but had distinct male traits. Salzikrum is a compound word meaning male daughter. According to the Code of Hammurabi, salzikrūm had inheritance rights like that of priestesses; they inherited from their fathers, unlike regular daughters. A salzikrum's father could also stipulate that she inherit a certain amount.[222] In Ancient Rome, the Gallae were castrated[223] followers of the Phrygian goddess Cybele and can be regarded as transgender in today's terms.[224][225]
In early Medina, gender-variant[226] male-to-female Islamic people were acknowledged[227] in the form of the Mukhannathun. Also, in Fa'asamoa traditions, the Samoan culture allows a specific role for male to female transgender individuals as Fa'afafine.
Coming out
Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when, whether, and how to disclose their transgender status to family, close friends, and others. The prevalence of discrimination[228] and violence (transgender people are 28% more likely to be victims of violence)[229] against transgender persons can make coming out a risky decision. Fear of retaliatory behavior, such as being removed from the parental home while underage, is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood.[230] Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of a transgender child may result in parents treating a newly revealed gender identity as a "phase" or making efforts to change their children back to "normal" by utilizing mental health services to alter the child's gender identity.[231][232]
The internet can play a significant role in the coming out process for transgender people. Some come out in an online identity first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social sanctions in the real world.[233]
Media representation
As more transgender people are represented and included within the realm of mass culture, the stigma that is associated with being transgender can influence the decisions, ideas, and thoughts based upon it. Media representation, culture industry, and social marginalization all hint at popular culture standards and the applicability and significance to mass culture as well. These terms play an important role in the formation of notions for those who have little recognition or knowledge of transgender people. Media depictions represent only a minuscule spectrum of the transgender group,[234] which essentially conveys that those that are shown are the only interpretations and ideas society has of them.
However, in 2014, the United States reached a "transgender tipping point", according to Time.[235][236] At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.[237] Research has found that viewing multiple transgender TV characters and stories improves viewers' attitudes toward transgender people and related policies.[238]
Events
International Transgender Day of Visibility
International Transgender Day of Visibility is an annual holiday occurring on March 31[239][240] dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide. The holiday was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist[241] Rachel Crandall in 2009.[242]
Transgender Awareness Week
Transgender Awareness Week is a one-week celebration leading up to Transgender Day of Remembrance. The purpose of Transgender Awareness Week is to educate about transgender and gender non-conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity.[243]
Transgender Day of Remembrance
Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR) is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998, in an anti-transgender hate crime. TDOR serves a number of purposes:
- it memorializes all of those who have been victims of hate crimes and prejudice,
- it raises awareness about hate crimes towards the transgender community,
- and it honors the dead and their relatives[244]
Trans March
Annual marches, protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues, often taking place during the time of local Pride parades for LGBT people. These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community, address human rights struggles, and create visibility.[245][246][247][248]
Pride symbols
A common symbol for the transgender community is the Transgender Pride Flag, which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999, and was first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2000. The flag consists of five horizontal stripes: light blue, pink, white, pink, and light blue. Helms describes the meaning of the flag as follows:
The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for "those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender", and those who are intersex. The pattern is such that "no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives."[249]
Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis),[250] and a pink/light blue yin and yang symbol.[251] Several gender symbols have been used to represent transgender people, including ⚥ and ⚧.[252][253]
See also
- List of transgender and transsexual fictional characters
- List of transgender people
- List of transgender publications
- List of transgender-related topics
- List of transgender-rights organizations
- List of people killed for being transgender
- Transgender history
Notes
- ^ * In April 1970, TV Guide published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."("Sunday Highlights". TV Guide. April 26, 1970. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
[R]aquel Welch (left), moviedom's sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine/hero of Gore Vidal's transgendered "Myra Breckinridge"...
)- In the 1974 edition of Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions, transgender was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 "National TV.TS Conference" held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used "trans-gender" and "trans.people" as umbrella terms.(Oliven, John F. (1974). Clinical sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions (3rd ed.). Lippincott. "Transgender deviance" p 110, "Transgender research" p 484, "transgender deviates" p 485, Transvestites not welcome at "Transgender Center" p 487. ISBN 9780397503292. OCLC 563898062. Archived from the original on 2015-12-05.), (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon (Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.)
- However A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry (1974) references "transgender surgery" noting, "The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman."(Novello, Joseph R. (1974). A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas. p. 176. ISBN 9780398028688. OCLC 643581864. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19.))
- ^ Magnus Hirschfeld coined the German term Transsexualismus in 1923, which Cauldwell translated into English.
- ^ The recurring concern that transsexual implies sexuality stems from the tendency of many informal speakers to ignore the sex and gender distinction and use gender for any male/female difference and sex for sexual activity. (Liberman, Mark. "Single-X Education". Language Log. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.)
References
- ^ Altilio, Terry; Otis-Green, Shirley (2011). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work. Oxford University Press. p. 380. ISBN 978-0199838271. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
'Transgender' is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007).
- ^ a b Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Sage Publications. p. 740. ISBN 978-1483364698. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth.
- ^ Berg-Weger, Marla (2016). Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1317592020. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
- ^ a b c d Bevan, Dana J. (17 November 2014). The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio/Greenwood Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781440831270. OCLC 1021404840. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince.
- ^ a b Polly, Ryan; Nicole, Julie (March 2011). "Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice". Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID 21317698. S2CID 2481961. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history.
- ^ a b c d e "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender". Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth [...] Transgender should be used as an adjective, not as a noun. Do not say, 'Tony is a transgender,' or 'The parade included many transgenders.' [...] The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous '-ed' tacked onto the end. An '-ed' suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. You would not say that Elton John is 'gayed' or Ellen DeGeneres is 'lesbianed,' therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is 'transgendered.'
- ^ Bilodeau, Brent (21 October 2008). "Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education. 3 (1). Routledge: 29–44. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_05. S2CID 144070536. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender.
- ^ Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen; Aizura, Aren Z. (18 October 2013). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: Routledge; Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 666. ISBN 978-1135398842. OCLC 1120816658. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term 'third gender' is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term 'transgender.'
- ^ Chrisler, Joan C.; McCreary, Donald R. (12 March 2010). Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 1. New York; London: Springer Publishing. p. 486. ISBN 9781441914651. OCLC 647897357. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity [...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative.
- ^ Reisner, S. L.; Conron, K.; Scout, N.; Mimiaga, M. J.; Haneuse, S.; Austin, S. B. (13 March 2014). "Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research". LGBT Health. 1 (2): 98–106. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. PMID 26789619. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and…
- ^ a b "Transgender". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
- ^ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Transgender Persons". CDC. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 29, 2020. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ Blank, Paula (2014-09-24). "Will the Word "Cisgender" Ever Go Mainstream?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ^ Factsheet: Trans People in the UK (PDF) (Report). gov.uk. 3 July 2018. ISBN 9781786556738. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ Easton, Rob (27 April 2022). "'Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for the first time". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ "What Percentage of the Population is Transgender 2022". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ "Counting Trans Populations | Division of Prevention Science". prevention.ucsf.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ a b Kozee, H. B.; Tylka, T. L.; Bauerband, L. A. (2012). "Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 36 (2). SAGE Publications: 179–196. doi:10.1177/0361684312442161. S2CID 10564167. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
- ^ a b Maizes, Victoria; Low Dog, Tieraona (19 November 2015). Integrative Women's Health. Oxford University Press. p. 745. ISBN 978-0190214807.
Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria – distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender. Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all.
- ^ "Understanding Transgender People FAQ". National Center for Transgender Equality. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Lombardi, Emilia L.; Anne Wilchins, Riki; Priesing, Dana; Malouf, Diana (October 2008). "Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination". Journal of Homosexuality. 42 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05. PMID 11991568. S2CID 34886642.
- ^ a b c "Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community". Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
- ^ Bradford, Judith; Reisner, Sari L.; Honnold, Julie A.; Xavier, Jessica (2013). "Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (10): 1820–1829. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796. PMC 3780721. PMID 23153142.
- ^ a b Whittle, Stephen (2002). Respect and equality : transsexual and transgender rights. London Portland, OR: Cavendish Pub. ISBN 978-1-85941-743-0. OCLC 810082841.
- ^ DiGuglielmo, Joey (11 May 2016). "Querry: Bianca Rey". Washington Blade. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ^ Griggs, Brandon (1 June 2015). "America's transgender moment". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
Hayden Mora, deputy chief of staff at the Human Rights Campaign and a transgender man....
- ^ Polly, Nicole J (2011). "Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice". Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID 21317698. S2CID 2481961.
- ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus; "Die intersexuelle Konstitution" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 1923.
- ^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions. Lippincott. OCLC 264364221. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
- ^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions. Lippincott. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
- ^ Oliven, John F. (1965). "Sexual Hygiene and Pathology". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 250 (2): 235. doi:10.1097/00000441-196508000-00054.: "Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes "transsexualism." The term is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.", p. 514
- ^ Rawson, K. J.; Williams, Cristan (2014). "Transgender: The Rhetorical Landscape of a term". Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ a b Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
- ^ Ekins, Richard; King, Dave (1999). "Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies". The Sociological Review. 47 (3): 580–602. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00185. S2CID 144738527.
Virginia Prince pioneered the term 'transgenderist' and 'transgenderal' (Prince, 1976: 145) to refer to people who lived full-time in the gender opposite their biological sex, but did not seek sex/gender re-assignment surgery. Richard Ekins established the Trans-Gender Archive, at the University of Ulster, in 1986 (Ekins, 1988). The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite; which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena; and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex, sexuality and gender (not just gender), including the binary divide, all have socially constructed components. Not long afterwards, the 'transgender community' came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals, transvestites, transgenderists, drag queens, and so on, as well as (in some uses) to include their partners and friends and professional service providers.
- ^ The Radio Times (1979: 2 June)
- ^ Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors, Roger E (1984). "The 'Origins' and 'Cures' for Transgender Behavior". The TV-TS Tapestry. No. 2. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ "First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992)". organizational pamphlet. ICTLEP/. 1992. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment.
- ^ Stryker, Susan. "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review, Vol. 2008, No. 100. (Winter 2008), pp. 145–157
- ^ Currah, Paisley (2006). "Gender Pluralisms under the Transgender Umbrella". In Currah, P.; Juang, R.M.; Minter, S. (eds.). Transgender Rights. University of Minnesota Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8166-4312-7. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- ^ a b Myers, Alex (14 May 2018). "Trans Terminology Seems Like It's Changing All the Time. And That's a Good Thing". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Mardell, Ashley (2016). The ABC's of LGBT+. Coral Gables, Florida: Mango Media Inc. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-63353-408-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ Vincent, Ben (2020). Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. p. 17, note 10. ISBN 978-1-4473-5192-4.
- ^ "Guardian and Observer style guide: T". London: Guardian News & Media. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09.
[U]se transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never 'transgendered person' or 'a transgender'.
- ^ "transgender, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. March 2003. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b c "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender Terms". GLAAD. 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ Bouman, Walter Pierre (8 January 2020). "Sumamus exordio: International Journal of Transgender Health". International Journal of Transgender Health. 21 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/15532739.2020.1709316. Retrieved 13 August 2022. See paragraph 5.
- ^ Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). "Transgender terminology: It's complicated". Monitor on Psychology. 44 (4). American Psychological Association: 39. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers
- ^ "Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility" (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute. p. 24. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity
- ^ Martin, Katherine. "New words notes June 2015". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ Transgender Rights (2006, ISBN 0-8166-4312-1), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter
- ^ A. C. Alegria, Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation, in the Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, volume 23, issue 4 (2011), pages 175–182: "Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)."
- ^ For example, Virginia Prince used transgender to distinguish cross-dressers from transsexual people ("glbtq > social sciences >> Prince, Virginia Charles". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-11.), writing in Men Who Choose to Be Women (in Sexology, February 1969) that "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former."
- ^ "Sex -- Medical Definition". medilexicon.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.: defines sex as a biological or physiological quality, while gender is a (psychological) "category to which an individual is assigned by self or others...".
- ^ "UNCW: Developing and Implementing a Scale to Assess Attitudes Regarding Transsexuality" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014.
- ^ A Swenson, Medical Care of the Transgender Patient, in Family Medicine (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."
- ^ Parker, Jerry (October 18, 1979). "Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx". Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity.
- ^ "News From California: 'Transgender'". Appeal-Democrat/Associate Press. May 11, 1982. pp. A–10. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
she describes people who have had such operations' "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained
- ^ a b "Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms" (PDF). Boston, Mass.: Fenway Health. January 2010. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013.
- ^ a b Valentine, David. Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, Duke University, 2007
- ^ a b Stryker, Susan. "Introduction". In Stryker and S. Whittle (eds.), The Transgender Studies Reader, New York: Routledge, 2006. pp. 1–17. ISBN 1-135-39884-4.
- ^ Winters, Kelley. "Gender Madness in American Psychiatry, essays from the struggle for dignity, 2008, p. 198. "Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not."
- ^ Benjamin, H. (1966). The transsexual phenomenon. New York: Julian Press, page 23.
- ^ Ekins, Richard (2005). Science, politics and clinical intervention: Harry Benjamin, transsexualism and the problem of heteronormativity Sexualities July 2005 vol. 8 no. 3 306-328 doi:10.1177/1363460705049578
- ^ Hansbury, Griffin (2008). The Middle Men: An Introduction to the Transmasculine Identities. Studies in Gender and Sexuality Volume 6, Issue 3, 2005 doi:10.1080/15240650609349276
- ^ McCrea, Amy. Under the Transgender Umbrella: Improving ENDA's Protections, in the Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law (2013): "This article will begin by providing a background on transgender people, highlighting the experience of a subset of non-binary individuals, bigender people, ..."
- ^ Wilchins, Riki Anne (2002) 'It's Your Gender, Stupid', pp.23–32 in Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins (eds.) Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002.
- ^ Nestle, J. (2002) "...pluralistic challenges to the male/female, woman/man, gay/straight, butch/femme constructions and identities..." from Genders on My Mind, pp.3–10 in Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary, edited by Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins, published by Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002:9. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Lindqvist, Anna (18 Feb 2020). "What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender". Psychology & Sexuality. 12 (4): 332–344. doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844.
- ^ "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions". Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
- ^ Adams, Cydney (March 24, 2017). "The difference between sexual orientation and gender identity". CBS News. Viacom CBS. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ E. D. Hirsch, Jr., E.D., Kett, J.F., Trefil, J. (2002) "Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex." in Definition of the word "transvestite" Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine from The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Archived August 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ various (2006) "trans·ves·tite... (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in Definition of the word "transvestite" Archived 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine from the Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition) Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ Raj, R (2002) "transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD):" in Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients from the International Journal of Transgenderism 6,2. Retrieved 2007-08-13. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Hall, B. et al. (2007) "...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing..." and "...transvestite (TV) – same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term..." in Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from the Ontario Human Rights Commission Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ Green, E., Peterson, E.N. (2006) "...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England..." in LGBTTSQI Terminology Archived 2013-09-05 at the Wayback Machine from Trans-Academics.org Archived 2007-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ Gilbert, Michael A. (2000). "The Transgendered Philosopher". International Journal of Transgenderism. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
- ^ Gilbert, Michael 'Miqqi Alicia' (2000) "The Transgendered Philosopher" in Special Issue on What is Transgender? Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from The International Journal of Transgenderism, Special Issue July 2000 Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ Docter, Richard F.; Prince, Virginia (1997). "Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 26 (6): 589–605. doi:10.1023/a:1024572209266. PMID 9415796. S2CID 43816859.
- ^ a b World Health Organisation (1992) "...Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines...." in ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F65.1 Archived 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine published by the World Health Organisation Archived 2016-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ a b APA task force (1994) "...The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross-dressing. Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross-dress. While cross dressed, he usually masturbates..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.3 Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ "Understanding Drag". National Center For Transgender Equality. National Center For Transgender Equality. 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
- ^ "The Many Styles Of Drag Kings, Photographed In And Out Of Drag". HuffPost. 2019-11-12. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
- ^ "How Drag Queens Work". HowStuffWorks. 2012-11-12. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
- ^ a b "The Trans History You Weren't Taught in Schools". YES! Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Janssen, Diederik F. (2020-04-21). "Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1415–1425. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 32319033. S2CID 216073926.
- ^ "Holocaust Memorial Day Trust | 6 May 1933: Looting of the Institute of Sexology". Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ "WashingtonPost.com: Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ^ Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?"
- ^ Bockting, Walter; Benner, Autumn; Coleman, Eli (28 March 2009). "Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (5): 688–701. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3. PMID 19330439. S2CID 27207925.
- ^ a b c "The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey" (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10". 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ Haefele-Thomas, Ardel (5 February 2019). Introduction to transgender studies. Combs, Thatcher,, Rains, Cameron,, Stryker, Susan,, Clifford, Jo, 1950-. New York, NY, USA. pp. 107–110. ISBN 978-1-939594-28-0. OCLC 1048658263.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gill-Peterson, Julian (23 October 2018). Histories of the transgender child. Minneapolis. pp. 80–90. ISBN 978-1-4529-5815-6. OCLC 1027732161.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Blanchard, R. (1989) The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias from Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 18, Number 4, August 1989. Retrieved via SpringerLink Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
- ^ Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714
- ^ Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transmasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood. in Aldama AJ (ed.) Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X
- ^ Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6,Guilford Press of New York, c2000.
- ^ APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual's sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters Archived 2007-04-07 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
- ^ Goethals, S.C. and Schwiebert, V.L. (2005) "...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons..." Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients from the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, Vol. 27, No. 3, September 2005. Retrieved via SpringerLink Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
- ^ Retro Report (2015-06-15). "Transforming History". Retro Report. Retro Report. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ "A transgender psychologist has helped hundreds of teens transition. But rising numbers have her concerned". Los Angeles Times. 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
- ^ a b c Brown, M.L. & Rounsley, C.A. (1996) True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism – For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals Jossey-Bass: San Francisco ISBN 0-7879-6702-5
- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013)
- ^ Atwill, Nicole (2010-02-17). "France: Gender Identity Disorder Dropped from List of Mental Illnesses | Global Legal Monitor". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
- ^ "La transsexualité ne sera plus classée comme affectation psychiatrique". Le Monde. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
- ^ "La France est très en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels". Libération (in French). 2011-05-17. Archived from the original on 2014-11-30.
En réalité, ce décret n'a été rien d'autre qu'un coup médiatique, un très bel effet d'annonce. Sur le terrain, rien n'a changé.
- ^ Garloch, Karen (9 May 2016). "What it means to be transgender: Answers to 5 key questions". Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- ^ Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "Is being transgender a mental disorder?"
- ^ Carroll, L.; Gilroy, P.J.; Ryan, J. (2002). "Transgender issues in counselor education". Counselor Education and Supervision. 41 (3): 233–242. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x.
- ^ a b c d e Benson, Kristen E (2013). "Seeking support: Transgender client experiences with mental health services". Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. 25 (1): 17–40. doi:10.1080/08952833.2013.755081. S2CID 144491629. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
- ^ "Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people – 7th version" (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ Shute, Joe (2 October 2017). "The new taboo: More people regret sex change and want to 'detransition', surgeon says". Nationalpost. Postmedia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Dr. Miroslav Djordjevic says more people, particularly transgender women over 30, are asking for reversal surgery, yet their regrets remain taboo.
- ^ Hanssmann, C.; Morrison, D.; Russian, E. (2008). "Talking, gawking, or getting it done: Providing trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 5: 5–23. doi:10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.5. S2CID 52025741.
- ^ "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France". ilga.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09-10.
- ^ "Le transsexualisme n'est plus une maladie mentale en France" [Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France]. Le Monde.fr (in French). December 2, 2010. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
- ^ Haas, Ann P.; Rodgers, Philip L.; Herman, Jody L. (2014). Suicide Attempts among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults: Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (PDF). American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy. pp. 2–3, 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Herman, Jody L.; Brown, Taylor N.T.; Haas, Ann P. (September 2019). "Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults" (PDF). Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ Urquhart, Evan (March 21, 2018). "A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why?". Slate. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991 from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ^ APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters Archived 2007-04-07 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
- ^ Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women (2011). "Committee Opinion No. 512". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 118 (6): 1454–1458. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823ed1c1. PMID 22105293.
- ^
- "There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
- "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
- ^ "The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." Marchiano 2017
- ^ "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
- ^ "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." Clark-Flory 2015
- ^ Detransition estimates:
- "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
- "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." Dhejne et al. 2014
- ^ Hall, R.; Mitchell, L.; Sachdeva, J. (1 October 2021). "Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review". BJPsych Open. 7 (6): e184. doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1022. ISSN 2056-4724. PMC 8503911. PMID 34593070.
Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.
- ^ a b Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (2021-06-01). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
- ^ Bustos, Valeria P.; Bustos, Samyd S.; Mascaro, Andres; Del Corral, Gabriel; Forte, Antonio J.; Ciudad, Pedro; Kim, Esther A.; Langstein, Howard N.; Manrique, Oscar J. (2021-03-19). "Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 9 (3): e3477. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 8099405. PMID 33968550.
- ^ Boslaugh 2018, p. 43; James et al. 2016, pp. 111, 292–294
- ^ Boslaugh, Sarah (3 August 2018). Transgender Health tIssues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9781440858888. OCLC 1031430413.
- ^ Currah, Paisley; M. Juang, Richard; Minter, Shannon Price, eds. (2006). Transgender Rights. Minnesota University Press. pp. 51–73. ISBN 978-0-8166-4312-7. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "IN THE LIFE Follows LGBT Seniors as They Face Inequality in Healthcare" Archived 2011-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, "GLAAD", USA, November 3, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "– Trans Rights Europe Map & Index 2017". tgeu.org. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
- ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
- ^ "www.cpr.dk". www.cpr.dk. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
- ^ "English translation of the laws regarding the Danish social security system (CPR)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-19.
- ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Press - Civil status law must allow a third gender option". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ "Germany's top court just officially recognised a third sex". The Independent. 2017-11-08. Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ "LEGISinfo". www.parl.ca. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016.
- ^ "LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-16 (42-1)". www.parl.ca. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016.
- ^ Tasker, John Paul (June 16, 2017). "Canada enacts protections for transgender community". CBC News. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
- ^ "Overview of Human Rights Codes by Province and Territory in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Center for Diversity and Inclusion. January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21". finduslaw. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Neidig, Harper (June 15, 2020). "Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ June, Daniel (13 June 2013). "Transgender Girl in Maine Seeks Supreme Court's Approval to Use School's Girls Room". JD Journal. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- ^ Sharp, David (January 31, 2014). "Maine Court Rules In Favor Of Transgender Pupil". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
- ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (May 14, 2016). "Feds issue guidance on transgender access to school bathrooms". CNN. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
- ^ "Transgender Service Members Can Now Serve Openly, Carter Announces". June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
- ^ "Trump: Transgender people 'can't serve' in US military". BBC News. July 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
- ^ "The Joint Chiefs say there'll be no transgender policy changes until Trump clarifies his Tweets". NBC News. 2017-07-26. Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
- ^ Kate Sullivan (25 January 2021). "Biden lifts transgender military ban". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
- ^ "Biden to transgender Americans: 'Your president has your back'". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
- ^ "India recognises transgender people as third gender". The Guardian. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ McCoy, Terrence (15 April 2014). "India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender'". The Times of India. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2015-12-03.
- ^ "Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC". The Economic Times. 2015-06-15. Archived from the original on 2016-01-25.
- ^ "IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.400 OF 2012" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ "Hijras: The Battle for Equality". 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
- ^ "Open Hearts LGBT Ministry :: Community Life :: St. Patrick - St. Anthony Church and the Franciscan Center for Urban Ministry :: Hartford, CT Roman Catholic Church". Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ "Vatican rejects gender change to alarm of LGBT Catholics". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ "Guidance for welcoming transgender people published". The Church of England. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ "What Is a Woman?". The New Yorker. 2014-07-28. Archived from the original on 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ^ Marcus, Eric (2002). Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights. New York: Harper. p. 156. ISBN 9780060933913. OCLC 1082454306.
- ^ Hines, Sally (2007). TransForming Gender: Transgender Practices of Identity, Intimacy and Care. Bristol: Policy Press. pp. 85–101. ISBN 978-1861349163.
- ^ a b Grady, Constance (20 June 2018). "The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ^ Yenor, Scott (31 July 2017). "The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History". Public Discourse. Witherspoon Institute. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Flaherty, Colleen (2018-06-06). "By Any Other Name". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
- ^ Lewis, Sophie (7 February 2019). "Opinion | How British Feminism Became Anti-Trans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Stryker, Susan; Bettcher, Talia (2016). "Introduction: Trans/Feminisms". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 3 (1–2). Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/23289252-3334127. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ Zanghellini, Aleardo (April 2020). "Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion" (PDF). SAGE Open. 10 (2): 215824402092702. doi:10.1177/2158244020927029. S2CID 219733494.
- ^ "Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment". Generation Progress. 2011-06-03. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
- ^ Carrera-Fernández, María Victoria; Almeida, Ana; Cid-Fernández, Xosé Manuel; Vallejo-Medina, Pablo; Rodríguez-Castro, Yolanda (18 December 2019). "Patrolling the Boundaries of Gender: Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People in Portuguese Adolescents". International Journal of Sexual Health. 32 (1): 40–56. doi:10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170. S2CID 214355852. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ Konopka, Karolina; Prusik, Monika; Szulawski, Michał (2020). "Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland". Sex Roles. 82 (9–10): 600–621. doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01071-7. S2CID 199862108.
- ^ Landau, Nitsan; Hamiel, Uri; Latzer, Itay Tokatly; Mauda, Elinor; Levek, Noah; Tripto-Shkolnik, Liana; Pinhas-Hamiel, Orit (2020). "Paediatricians' attitudes and beliefs towards transgender people: a cross-sectional survey in Israel". BMJ Open. 10 (4): e031569. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031569. PMC 7204925. PMID 32341041. Archived from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
- ^ Hackimer, Laura; Chen, Cliff Y.-C.; Verkuilen, Jay (5 March 2021). "Individual factors and cisgender college students' attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals". Journal of Community Psychology. 49 (6): 2023–2039. doi:10.1002/jcop.22546. ISSN 0090-4392. PMID 33667012. S2CID 232121524. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ Landén, M; Wålindel, J; Lundström, B (1996). "Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 93 (4): 261–3. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10645.x. PMID 8712025. S2CID 145126158.
- ^ Leinung, Matthew C (2020). "Changing Demographics in Transgender Individuals Seeking Hormonal Therapy: Are Trans Women More Common Than Trans Men?". Transgender Health. 11 (5): 241–245. doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0070. PMC 7906237. PMID 33644314.
- ^ de Blok, Christel JM; Wiepjes, Chantal M; van Velzen, Daan M; Staphorsius, Annemieke S; Nota, Nienke M; Gooren, Louis JG; Kreukels, Baudewijntje PC; den Heijer, Martin (2021). "Mortality trends over five decades in adult transgender people receiving hormone treatment: a report from the Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 9 (10): 663–670. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00185-6. PMID 34481559. S2CID 237423345.
- ^ a b c Collin, Lindsay; Reisner, Sari L.; Tangpricha, Vin; Goodman, Michael (2016). "Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 13 (4): 613–626. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.001. PMC 4823815. PMID 27045261.
- ^ Doussantousse, S. (2005) "...The Lao Kathoey's characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region..." in Male Sexual Health: Kathoeys in the Lao PDR, South East Asia – Exploring a gender minority Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Jackson, P. (2003) Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine in Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, Issue 9, August 2003.
- ^ Winter, S. and Udomsak, N. (2002) Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand in the International Journal of Transgender, Volume 6, Number 1, January – March 2002. Archived February 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Harrison, F. (2005) "...He shows me the book in Arabic in which, 41 years ago, Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality. "I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change," says Hojatulislam Kariminia. The Ayatollah's ruling that sex-change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader..." in Iran's sex-change operations Archived 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, from the BBC Archived 1999-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Mitsuhashi, J. (2006). "The transgender world in contemporary Japan: the male to female cross‐dressers' community in Shinjuku". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2). Translated by Hasegawa, K.: 202–227. doi:10.1080/14649370600673847. S2CID 143080943. "...the male to female cross-dressing (MTFCD) community in Shinjuku, Tokyo, which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live..."
- ^ Haviland, C. (2005) "...The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis, who dance in female clothes..." in Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal Archived 2007-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, from the BBC Archived 1999-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Graham, S. (2002) "...Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para-gender identity. In addition to male-men (oroane) and female-women (makunrai)..., there are calalai (masculine females), calabai (feminine males), and bissu..." in Priests and gender in South Sulawesi, Indonesia Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Walters, I. (2006) "...In Vietnam, male to female (MtF) transgender people are categorised as lai cai, bong cai, bong lai cai, dong co, or be-de..." in Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Shim, S. (2006) "...Rush, catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders, is a cafe owned by a 46-year-old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho-rong. "...Many people in South Korea don't really understand the difference between gay and transgender. I'm not gay. I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful," said Lee..." in S. Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose Archived 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine from the Yonhap News Agency Archived 2007-07-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ "News reporting an average of 2-3 Jordanians per year officially change their gender". Ammon News (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- ^ Heng, R. (2005) "...Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point, we should remember that cross-dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere. Across Asia, there is a tradition of cross-dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them...." in Where queens ruled! - a history of gay venues in Singapore Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from IndigNation. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Emerton, R. (2006). "Finding a voice, fighting for rights: the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 243–269. doi:10.1080/14649370600673896. S2CID 145122793. "...Hong Kong's transgender movement at its current stage, with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement..."
- ^ Hung, L. (2007) "...there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female-to-male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained, dashing iconic presence..." in Trans-Boy Fashion, or How to Tailor-Make a King Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from the Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Ho, J. (2006). "Embodying gender: transgender body/subject formations in Taiwan". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 228–242. doi:10.1080/14649370600673888. S2CID 43951816. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2019-11-27. "...specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body- and subject-formations, in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self-fashioning, but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self-construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it..."
- ^ Hahn, L. (2005) "...Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man, Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995; a daring move in a conservative Chinese society..." in Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript – June 13, 2005 Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from CNN Archived 2001-09-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Goldkorn, J. (2006) "...At one point in 2003, there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it..." in Transsexuals in the Chinese media again Archived 2007-08-27 at the Wayback Machine from Danwei Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ "Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court". NDTV. April 15, 2014. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
- ^ "Telangana assembly elections 2018: Chandramukhi eyes Goshamahal glory, ready for tryst with 1st transgender party". The Times of India. November 22, 2018. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
- ^ M.H. (1 September 2017). "Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries". The Economist. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ Glen, Fiona; Hurrell, Karen (2012). "Technical note: Measuring Gender Identity" (PDF). Equality and Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ Easton, Rob (2022-04-27). "'Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for first time". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 20, 2020). "Sex at birth and gender: Technical report on changes for the 2021 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Harris, Benjamin Cerf (2015). "Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
- ^ Pauly, Ira B. (1968). "The Current Status of the Change of Sex Operation". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 147 (5): 460–471. doi:10.1097/00005053-196811000-00003. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 5726920. S2CID 42050429.
- ^ Miller, Claire Cain (June 8, 2015). "The Search for the Best Estimate of the Transgender Population". Archived from the original on February 24, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ thisisloyal.com, Loyal. "How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender?" (PDF). Williams Institute. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015.
- ^ Steinmetz, Katy (30 June 2016). "1.4 Million Americans Identify as Transgender, Study Finds". Time. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ "How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States" (PDF). The Williams Institute. June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
- ^ Crissman, Halley P.; Berger, Mitchell B.; Graham, Louis F.; Dalton, Vanessa K. (2016). "Transgender Demographics: A Household Probability Sample of US Adults, 2014". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (2): 213–215. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303571. PMC 5227939. PMID 27997239.
- ^ FAAD, Marie Benz MD. "About 1 in 189 US Americans Identify as Transgender". Archived from the original on January 3, 2017.
- ^ a b Brown, Anna (November 8, 2017). "Republicans, Democrats have starkly different views on transgender issues". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
- ^ Fulton, Robert; Anderson, Steven W. (1992). "The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity". Current Anthropology. 33 (5): 603–10. doi:10.1086/204124. ISSN 1537-5382. JSTOR 2743927. S2CID 145077361.
- ^ Parsons, Elsie Clews (1916). "The Zuñi Ła'mana". American Anthropologist. 18 (4): 521–8. doi:10.1525/aa.1916.18.4.02a00060. ISSN 1548-1433. JSTOR 660121.
Of these 'men-women' ....
- ^ a b Medicine, B. (2002) Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories Archived 2003-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, taken from Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Unit 3, Chapter 2, Western Washington University.
- ^ a b Parker, H. N. (2001). "The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists". Arethusa. 34 (3): 313–362. doi:10.1353/are.2001.0016. S2CID 161526282.
- ^ Stephen, Lynn (2002). "Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1177/0094582x0202900203. ISSN 0094-582X. JSTOR 3185126. S2CID 145808692.
- ^ Kulick, Don (1998). Travesti : Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46099-1. OCLC 38842085. Archived from the original on 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ a b "Folha de S.Paulo - Ilustríssima - A nova geração gay nas universidades dos EUA - 17/02/2013". Folha online. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
- ^ João W. Nery: Viagem solitária: Memórias de um transexual 30 anos depois; São Paulo: Leya, 2012, p. 293.(in Portuguese)
- ^ Code of Hammurabi § 178 and following, and § 184 and following.
- ^ Tillyard, E. M. W. (1917). "A Cybele Altar in London". The Journal of Roman Studies. 7: 284–8. doi:10.2307/295591. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 295591. S2CID 164007464. Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ^ Endres, N. Galli: Ancient Roman Priests Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture.
- ^ Brown, K. 20th Century Transgender History And Experience Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Partial Translation of the Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910, USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts, University of Southern California, translated by Prof. Ahmad Hasan. Archived February 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rowson, Everett K. (1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 671–93. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399.
... They played an important role in the development of Arabic music in Umayyad Mecca and, especially, Medina, where they were numbered among the most celebrated singers and instrumentalists ....
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community". Archived from the original on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2011-02-24., "GLAAD", USA, February 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ Bolles, Alexandra (June 4, 2012). "Violence Against Transgender People and People of Color is Disproportionately High, LGBTQH Murder Rate Peaks". GLAAD. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Sassafras Lowrey's Kicked Out Anthology Shares Stories of LGBTQ Youth Homelessness" Archived 2011-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, "GLAAD", USA, February 25, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ^ "Coming Out to Family as Transgender". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- ^ Campaign, Human Rights. "Transgender Children & Youth: Understanding the Basics | Human Rights Campaign". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
- ^ Marciano, A. (2014). "Living the VirtuReal: Negotiating transgender identity in cyberspace". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 19 (4): 824–838. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12081.
- ^ "MTV to launch new channel for gay viewers in 2005 – May. 25, 2004". CNN. Archived from the original on 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Steinmetz, K. (May 28, 2014). "The transgender tipping point". Time. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
- ^ Snow, N. (May 8, 2015). "Laverne Cox: 'Time' magazine's 'transgender tipping point' cover girl". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
- ^ Townsend, M. (November 3, 2016). "GLAAD's 'Where We Are on TV' report finds progress in LGBTQ representation on TV, but much work still to be done". GLAAD. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
- ^ Gillig, Traci K; Rosenthal, Erica L; Murphy, Sheila T; Folb, Kate Langrall (2017). "More than a Media Moment: The Influence of Televised Storylines on Viewers' Attitudes toward Transgender People and Policies". Sex Roles. 78 (7–8): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0816-1. S2CID 149238194.
- ^ "Nenshi proclaims Trans Day of Visibility". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
- ^ "Model: Why I came out as transgender". KSPR News. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ "A time to celebrate". The Hamilton Spectator. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Carreras, Jessica. "Transgender Day of Visibility plans erupt locally, nationwide". PrideSource. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
- ^ "Transgender Awareness Week". GLAAD. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "About TDOR at Transgender Day of Remembrance". Transgenderdor.org. 1998-11-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
- ^ "Trans March on Friday". Jun 21, 2006. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ "Transgender and Intersex Community Marks 20 Years of Marching in Paris (Video)". www.advocate.com. 2016-10-19. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Paul, Gallant (June 18, 2009). "Trans march 'overdue'". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ "London's first Trans Pride support 'overwhelming'". bbc.com. 14 September 2019. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ Ford, Zack (August 27, 2014). "Transgender Pride Flag Designer Applauds Smithsonian LGBT Artifacts Collection". ThinkProgress. United States of America. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
- ^ "I'm Scared to Be a Woman". Human Rights Watch. 24 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
a 22-year-old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly – a transgender symbol signifying transformation
- ^ Sperry, Len (2016). Mental health and mental disorders : an encyclopedia of conditions, treatments, and well-being. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 1150. ISBN 9781440803826. OCLC 915943054.
- ^ "Symbols". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008.
- ^ Petronzio, Matt (June 13, 2014). "A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols". Mashable. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
Further reading
- Bettcher, Talia Mae; Lombardi, Emilia (2005). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual Individuals". In Levy, Barry; Sidel, Victor (eds.). Social Injustice and Public Health. Oxford University Press.
- Sellers, Mitchell D. (2011). "Discrimination and the Transgender Population: A Description of Local Government Policies that Protect Gender Identity or Expression". Applied Research Projects. Texas State University-San Marcos. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11.
- Thanem, Torkild; Wallenberg, Louise (2016). "Just doing gender? Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work". Organization. 23 (2): 250–271. doi:10.1177/1350508414547559. S2CID 144150015.
External links
The dictionary definition of transgender at Wiktionary
Media related to Transgender at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Transgender at Wikiquote
- Transgendered (sic) at Curlie