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1982 Andalusian regional election

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1982 Andalusian regional election
23 May 1982 1986 →
All 109 seats in the Parliament of Andalusia
55 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered4,342,408
Turnout2,874,121 (66.2%)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Rafael Escuredo Antonio Hernández Mancha[a] Luis Merino
Party PSOE–A AP UCD
Leader since 2 June 1979 10 February 1980 30 January 1982
Leader's seat Seville Córdoba Málaga
Seats won 66 17 15
Popular vote 1,498,619 484,474 371,154
Percentage 52.6% 17.0% 13.0%
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Leader Felipe Alcaraz Luis Uruñuela
Party PCA–PCE PSA–PA
Leader since 18 January 1981 October 1981
Leader's seat Seville Seville
Seats won 8 3
Popular vote 243,344 153,709
Percentage 8.5% 5.4%
Constituency results map for the Parliament of Andalusia
President before election

Rafael Escuredo
PSOE–A

Elected President

Rafael Escuredo
PSOE–A

The 1982 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 23 May 1982, to elect the 1st Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) under incumbent regional president Rafael Escuredo won a landslide victory with 66 seats and 52.6% of the share, the best result obtained by any party in an Andalusian regional election to date. The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), then in the Government of Spain, suffered from the effects of an ongoing economic crisis, internal party infighting and a massive unpopularity in the region over the party's handling of the 1980 autonomy initiative referendum and obtained just 15 seats and 13.0% of the vote, performing third behind the People's Alliance (AP) with 17.0% of the share and 17 seats. Both the Communist Party of Andalusia (PCA–PCE) and the Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) performed poorly with 8 (8.5% of the vote) and 3 seats (5.4%), respectively.[2]

After the election, Escuredo was re-elected as Andalusian president.[3] This would be the last regional election to be contested by the UCD before its electoral meltdown in the 1982 Spanish general election and its subsequent dissolution in February 1983, as well as the only time—together with 2004—that a party would secure an absolute majority of the vote. The PSOE would go on to form the regional government uninterruptedly until 2018.

Overview

Background

Further information: 1980 Andalusian autonomy initiative referendum and 1981 Andalusian Statute of Autonomy referendum

The Andalusian autonomic process started in 1977 with the constitution of an Assembly of Parliamentarians and the establishment of a pre-autonomic regional government in April 1978.[4][5] On 4 December 1978, all political parties signed the "Pact of Antequera" (Spanish: Pacto de Antequera), a commitment to achieving the greatest possible level of devolution for Andalusia in the shortest possible timeframe within the scope of the newly-approved Spanish Constitution,[6] and shortly thereafter, Rafael Escuredo from the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) was elected as the new pre-autonomic regional president,[7] initiating procedures for the region to apply to autonomy through the "fast-track route" set down in Article 151.[8]

Opposition from the governing Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) to the application of Article 151 for Andalusia led to an intensely fought campaign in the 1980 autonomy initiative referendum, which ultimately resulted in a major setback for the UCD.[9][10][11] An inter-party agreement in October 1980 resulted in legal amendments allowing Andalusia to access autonomy through the "fast-track route",[12][13] and in the drafting of a statute of autonomy which was ratified in a referendum on 20 October 1981,[14] then by the Cortes Generales in December.[15][16] Attempts to avoid similar political clashes in the future over the devolution issue had led to the so-called "rationalization" of the autonomic process, through the signing of the first autonomic pacts between UCD and PSOE on 31 July 1981, agreeing for a joint calendar of devolution for the remaining regions.[17] This would be embodied through the approval, in 1982, of the Organic Law of Harmonization of the Autonomic Process (LOAPA).[18][19]

Concurrently with the 1981 referendum, a regional election was held in Galicia which saw the success of the People's Alliance (AP) and the political thesis of its leader, Manuel Fraga, on the right's "natural majority": the prospects of an UCD–AP alliance which would eventually see the right-of-centre electorate converging around a single political pole.[20][21] Ever since the resignation of Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez and his replacement by Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, UCD had been slowly drifting rightwards amid an intensification of the political tensions between the various political families within the party—social-democrats, christian-democrats, moderates, liberals and conservatives—bringing the UCD ever close to the brink of internal rupture and leaving the political centre up for grabs by the PSOE.[22] Shortly after the UCD's defeat in the Galician election, Calvo-Sotelo forced Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún's resignation as UCD leader to take himself the reins of the party,[23][24] just as the UCD parliamentary groups in the Cortes Generales started to split up as a result of a number of defections.[25][26]

The election was held on the backdrop of the 23-F trial, the attempted military coup d'etat staged on 23 February 1981 by a group of Civil Guard officers led by Antonio Tejero during Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo's investiture as Prime Minister after Suárez's resignation and whose failure incidentally led to the decisive consolidation of democratic rule in Spain.[27][28] The four main political parties in Spain—UCD, PSOE, PCE and AP—had agreed for a joint strategy on the issue so as to avoid any interference both in the trial's procedure and from its effects on Spanish political life.[29][30]

Electoral system

The Parliament of Andalusia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Andalusia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the regional Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.[31]

Transitory Provision Fourth of the Statute established a specific electoral procedure for the first election to the Parliament of Andalusia, to be supplemented by the provisions within Royal Decree-Law 20/1977, of 18 March, and its related regulations. Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Andalusia and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The 109 members of the Parliament of Andalusia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville, with each being allocated a fixed number of seats: 11 for Almería, 15 for Cádiz, 13 for Córdoba, 13 for Granada, 11 for Huelva, 13 for Jaén, 15 for Málaga and 18 for Seville.[31][32][33]

The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[34]

Election date

The Provisional Regional Government of Andalusia, in agreement with the Government of Spain, was required to call an election to the Parliament of Andalusia within three months from the enactment of the Statute, with election day taking place within sixty days after the call.[31] As a result, an election could not be held later than the 150th day from the date of enactment of the Statute of Autonomy. The Statute was published in the Official State Gazette on 11 January 1982, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Thursday, 10 June 1982.[35]

After the Statute's approval, negotiations ensued between the central and regional governments to determine the date of the election,[36][37] resulting in the election being scheduled for late May 1982,[38] with either 23 or 30 May as the most likely dates over a wish from political parties to prevent a high abstention rate.[39][40] The vote was finally determined for Sunday, 23 May,[41] with the election decree being published in the Official Gazette of the Regional Government of Andalusia on 26 March.[33]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one-thousandth of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election—with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[32]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Gov. Ref.
PSOE–A
List
 Rafael Escuredo Social democracy checkY [42]
[43]
[44]
UCD
List
 Luis Merino Christian democracy
Social democracy
Liberalism 		checkY [45]
PCA–PCE
List
 Felipe Alcaraz Eurocommunism checkY [46]
PSA–PA
List
 Luis Uruñuela Andalusian nationalism
Socialism
Marxism 		checkY [47]
AP
List
 Antonio Hernández Mancha[a] Conservatism
National conservatism 		☒N [48]
[49]

The PSOE kept incumbent president Rafael Escuredo as its leading candidate, after an agreement with PSOE–A secretary general and Escuredo's long-time rival José Rodríguez de la Borbolla.[44][50] The UCD sought to present a renovated image after its fiasco in the 1980 referendum, its defeat in the Galician election and the party crisis in November 1981.[51][52] Soledad Becerril, newly appointed culture minister in the Spanish government, was elected as the regional UCD's new leader,[53] whereas former mayor of Málaga Luis Merino was chosen to lead the party into the election.[45][54][55] The conservative AP, reinvigorated after its recent victory in the 1981 Galician election, did not field a candidate for the regional presidency as the regional party leader, Antonio Hernández Mancha, was a still relatively unknown political figure in Andalusia.[1][49]

The Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) had appointed incumbent mayor of Seville Luis Uruñuela as its leading candidate during the 1981 referendum campaign,[47] with the party having joined forces with the Unified Andalusian Party–Party of Labour of Andalusia (PAU–PTA), aiming at securing the popular support from Andalusian nationalism and dispute President Escuredo's appeal within this electoral segment.[56] Simultaneously, two UCD's splinter groups were the subject of speculation on whether they would contest the election and challenge their former party:

A total of 1,188 candidates from 17 political parties stood for election,[67] with six candidacies running in all eight provinces: the main parties PSOE, UCD, PCE, PSA–PA and AP, as well as New Force (FN).[68][69][70] No electoral alliances were formed ahead of the election.[71]

Campaign

Positions

Opinion polls heading into the campaign predicted a wide lead from the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) over all other parties, with UCD, PCE, PSA and AP fighting for securing second place regionally.[72][73] The election was perceived as a major electoral test on Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo's party and government ahead of the next general election.[74][75] Among the main issues affecting Andalusia at the time of the election were the traditionally high unemployment in the region and the agrarian issue, with most farmlands being the property of a small number of landowners.[76]

Party slogans
Candidacies Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE–A « A la hora de la verdad » "Towards the moment of truth" [77][78]
UCD « Anda Andalucía, anda »
« El partido más ancho » 		"Go Andalusia, go"
"The broadest party" 		[78][79][80]
PCA–PCE « Juntos podemos » "Together we can" [78][81]
PSA–PA « El partido andaluz al Parlamento andaluz » "The Andalusian party to the Andalusian parliament" [82]
AP « El trabajo es lo que cuenta » "Work is what counts" [69]

The PSOE–A aimed at obtaining an absolute majority in the Parliament of Andalusia in order for avoiding post-election alliances that could prove troublesome for the party: an alliance with the PCE was seen as potentially damaging for the PSOE's new strategy of moderation, while allying with UCD seen as problematic due to its increasing unpopularity; alliances with AP and PSA were discarded outright out of ideological reasons.[83][84] Controversy arose after a PSOE–PCE coalition was formed in Asturias in April 1982,[85] being received both with dissatisfaction from the regional PSOE and criticism from other parties that such an arrangement would be mirrored by the Socialists in the Andalusian regional government.[86][87] PSOE leader Felipe González argued against any such alliance in Andalusia on the grounds that "the creation of antagonistic [ideological] blocs is not good",[88][89] and the party's official stance throughout the campaign was that it would govern alone,[90][91] either if it secured a majority in parliament or if it became the largest minority.[92][93]

The UCD faced a difficult task, seeking both to recover its former popularity in the region as well as to confront the growing challenge posed by the conservative AP within its traditional electorate.[94] While the party did not expect to win the election, it hoped to secure at least 20% of the votes.[95] To further this, the UCD-led Spanish government had launched an unprecedented package of economic and investment plans in the region,[96] as well as sending government ministers to host public events and infrastructure openings.[97][98] Party leaders had sought to invite former prime minister Adolfo Suárez to campaign rallies,[99][100] but these approachments were rejected amid the increasing political distance between Suárez and the UCD leadership.[74] The UCD campaign was the most expensive—worth 600 million Pta[101]—and included the establishment of a large image cabinet made of journalists, image technicians and consultants, as well as the use of three programmed robots to help spread the party's campaign manifesto.[102][103]

AP posed a significant threat to the UCD after its success in the Galician election as it concurrently secured financial support from the Spanish Confederation of Business Organizations (CEOE), but was hampered by a lack of territorial implantation in Andalusia and a historically negative perception of right-of-centre parties in the region.[104][105] The party campaigned for AP being the tactical vote among centre-right voters, affirming to constitute "the only possible brake on a Socialist triumph in Spain",[80] amid concerns that the UCD–AP competition could end up benefitting the PSOE as the largest party.[106] As in Galicia, the party's campaign was dominated by the presence of party national leader Manuel Fraga,[107][108] who kept warning of a possible post-election PSOE–UCD agreement as a reason for voters to choose AP over the UCD and foster his hypothesized "natural majority".[109]

Of the smaller parties, the Communist Party of Spain (PCE)'s organization in Andalusia was seen as amongst the most solid throughout Spain, but the party had been beset by internal struggles, expulsions and personal attacks among party members during the previous years, as well as strong electoral competition from both PSOE and the Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA).[110] The PCE hoped to maintain results from previous elections and secure a "kingmaker" position that forced the PSOE into the negotiating table, so as to allow the formation of a left-wing government in which the PCE's support came to prove essential,[111][112][113] while asserting that the PSOE leadership's stance on not seeking an alliance with the PCE constituted evidence of the Socialists' moving to the right.[114][115] Concurrently, PSA leaders adopted a stark Andalusian nationalist discourse and discarded joining any government not led by themselves, arguing that "under no circumstances shall [the PSA] participate in a coalition government with a centralist party" in reference to both UCD and PSOE, which became the focus of their main row of attacks.[116][117][118]

Events

The pre-campaign and campaign periods would unveil an intense political activity. In March, the PSOE-led regional government launched a campaign of support to King Juan Carlos I in response to the 23-F trial,[119][120] which was received with criticism from pro-business associations over alleged "electoralism".[121] In late April, the PSA had unsuccessfully attempted to challenge the PSOE's candidacies in all eight provinces over their use of the "Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia" label, arguing that such a name was not registered in the interior ministry.[70][77][122] The Spanish government was concurrently criticized over the perceived partisan use of the RTVE media,[123] which was seen as leaning heavily in favour of the UCD.[124][125][126] Electoral debates were proposed but none was held: on the one hand, a debate between President Escuredo and UCD candidate Luis Merino was rejected by the PSOE; on the other hand, a political debate over Andalusia between Calvo-Sotelo and Felipe González was ruled out by UCD.[127][128] Bitter struggling and verbal aggressiveness between the two parties throughout the campaign—including accusations of aspersion-casting or of fostering physical attacks on the other—would remain frequent.[129][130][131]

The main political confrontation would come over the alleged legitimacy of pro-business associations—especially from the CEOE—of actively supporting UCD and AP's campaigns while concurrently attacking any prospects of a PSOE-led government, under the umbrella of an institutional campaign to prompt voter turnout.[132][133][134] This move would see much criticism from several organizations—including both PSOE and PCE—over the alleged lack of neutrality of such campaign.[135][136] Amid growing crossed accusations,[137][138] on 13 May both the Central Electoral Commission (JEC) and the Provincial Electoral Commission of Seville forbid the CEOE from participating in the electoral campaign, on the grounds that such a partisan campaigning was constitutionally limited to organizations contesting the election.[139] The ruling would be dubbed by both AP and the CEOE as "undemocratic" by transgressing their "freedom of speech",[140][141] and several days later the Territorial Court of Seville ruled to suspend the effectiveness of the Provincial Commission's ruling—but not the JEC's one—leading the CEOE to announce the continuation of its campaign.[142][143][144] A second, similarly-themed campaign was launched on the issue of education by the Spanish Confederation of Education and Training Centres, which accused left-wing parties' proposals of favouring public education of seeking to "eradicate the Christian religion from Andalusian schools".[145][146]

The campaign ended with speculation on prime minister Calvo-Sotelo's future, amid expectations that an UCD electoral collapse in the regional election could lead to his resignation as either prime minister, party national president, or both,[147][148][149] though this was ruled out by UCD members throughout the last days of campaigning.[150][151]

Opinion polls

The tables below lists opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 55 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Andalusia.

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

Results

Overall

Summary of the 23 May 1982 Parliament of Andalusia election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) 1,498,619 52.60 n/a 66 n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 484,474 17.00 n/a 17 n/a
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 371,154 13.03 n/a 15 n/a
Communist Party of Andalusia (PCA–PCE) 243,344 8.54 n/a 8 n/a
Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) 153,709 5.39 n/a 3 n/a
New Force (FN) 34,948 1.23 n/a 0 n/a
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 14,600 0.51 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 8,121 0.29 n/a 0 n/a
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 7,891 0.28 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Movement of Andalusia (MCA) 6,681 0.23 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 6,015 0.21 n/a 0 n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 3,589 0.13 n/a 0 n/a
Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE) 3,163 0.11 n/a 0 n/a
Independent Syndicalists (SI) 1,275 0.04 n/a 0 n/a
Socialist Party (PS) 949 0.03 n/a 0 n/a
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 895 0.03 n/a 0 n/a
Andalusian People's Solidarity (SPA) 490 0.02 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR) 10 0.00 n/a 0 n/a
Blank ballots 9,327 0.33 n/a
Total 2,849,254 109 n/a
Valid votes 2,849,254 99.13 n/a
Invalid votes 24,867 0.87 n/a
Votes cast / turnout 2,874,121 66.19 n/a
Abstentions 1,468,287 33.81 n/a
Registered voters 4,342,408
Sources[152][153][154]
Popular vote
PSOE–A
 
 52.60%
AP
 
 17.00%
UCD
 
 13.03%
PCA–PCE
 
 8.54%
PSA–PA
 
 5.39%
FN
 
 1.23%
Others
 
 1.88%
Blank ballots
 
 0.33%
Seats
PSOE–A
 
 60.55%
AP
 
 15.60%
UCD
 
 13.76%
PCA–PCE
 
 7.34%
PSA–PA
 
 2.75%

Distribution by constituency

Constituency PSOE–A AP UCD PCA–PCE PSA–PA
% S % S % S % S % S
Almería 48.8 6 17.3 2 22.0 3 4.1 − 3.8 −
Cádiz 54.5 9 15.2 2 11.4 2 6.0 1 9.2 1
Córdoba 49.0 7 17.3 2 13.0 2 12.4 2 4.9 −
Granada 52.4 8 17.1 2 14.8 2 8.9 1 2.8 −
Huelva 55.7 8 12.6 1 18.7 2 5.3 − 4.2 −
Jaén 52.0 8 16.4 2 16.2 2 9.0 1 3.5 −
Málaga 53.8 9 18.0 3 10.7 1 7.3 1 6.9 1
Seville 53.3 11 18.6 3 9.3 1 10.1 2 5.6 1
Total 52.6 66 17.0 17 13.0 15 8.5 8 5.4 3
Sources[153][154]

Aftermath

Analysis

The election resulted in a landslide majority for the PSOE, which at the time was at the helm of the Regional Government of Andalusia, securing 52.6% of the vote, 66 seats and outright majorities in all provinces but Almería and Córdoba.[2][155][156] The PSOE became the first party obtaining an absolute majority in an election of any kind in Spain since the start of the country's transition to democracy.[157] The UCD vote plummeted in the region compared to the 1979 general election, going from 31.8% to 13.0% of the share and 15 seats while being surpassed by AP, which became the second political party in Andalusia by securing 17.0% (up from 4.3%) and 17 seats.[158] Results for the PCE and PSA were disappointing, as the former went from 13.3% to 8.5% in a region which had been seen as amongst the most favourable to them, whereas the PSA, which had obtained a spectacular result in the 1979 election with 11.1%, plummeted to score 5.4% of the vote and 3 seats; party secretary general Alejandro Rojas-Marcos—who was running as number two in party's list for the Seville constituency—not being able to get elected.[159]

While some analyses attributed the election results to the outcome of the 1980 autonomy initiative referendum—which had inflicted a severe political blow to the UCD's government in Spain—these only provided a partial justification of the major vote realignments that had taken place in Andalusia since 1979. The PSOE capitalized on tactical voting from a number of sources: on the one hand, the PCE was mauled as a result of internal infighting, splits and growing dissatisfaction with Santiago Carrillo's leadership style,[160] hastening vote transfers to the Socialists amid a growing polarization of the vote;[161][162] on the other hand, scaremongering tactics from the CEOE's aggressive campaign, supported by both UCD and AP, were said to have had the opposite effect of bringing a large number of former UCD voters into the PSOE's fold, as the latter was on its way to occupy the ideological's middle ground of Spanish politics after the UCD's growing attempts to lurch away from the centre to appeal to its conservative base.[163][164]

Commenting on the results, the prime minister and UCD leader Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo claimed that these did not correspond to the "great effort" made by his party in the region, nor with "the political importance that the centre option continues to have in Spain". Party members acknowledged that results were "very negative" and that they had lost a great deal of their votes to the ascending AP,[165] whose result was also attributed by government ministers to the CEOE's campaign in favour of Fraga's party.[166] The election outcome would leave the UCD's leadership bewildered, prompting calls for Calvo-Sotelo to resign as party leader and for a snap general election to be called,[167][168][169] whereas some party members acknowledged that Fraga's "natural majority" thesis was disfiguring UCD's position by pulling the party into the right.[170][171][172]

The PSA's negative results were attributed to the party having lost the narrative on the autonomy issue to the PSOE, which was seen as having staunchly defended the application of Article 151 and as having succeeded in its pledge to bring full devolution to the region, coupled with a strong disapproval of PSA leader Alejandro Rojas-Marcos's policy of rapprochement to the UCD in September 1980, when he had attempted to marginalize the Andalusian government by unilaterally agreeing on a solution to the autonomy issue with the Spanish government.[173][174] Rojas-Marcos would subsequently resign as party leader.[175]

Government formation

Under Article 37 of the Statute, investiture processes to elect the president of the Regional Government of Andalusia required of an absolute majority—more than half the votes cast—to be obtained in the first ballot. If unsuccessful, a new ballot would be held 48 hours later requiring only of a simple majority—more affirmative than negative votes—to succeed. If the proposed candidate was not elected, successive proposals were to be transacted under the same procedure. In the event of the investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot, the candidate from the party with the highest number of seats was deemed to be automatically elected.[31]

On 15 July 1982, the Parliament of Andalusia elected Rafael Escuredo as regional president on the first ballot with an absolute majority of votes,[3] with his government being sworn in on 21 July.[176][177][178]

Investiture
Rafael Escuredo (PSOE–A)
Ballot → 15 July 1982
Required majority → 55 out of 109 checkY
Yes
66 / 109
No[b]
39 / 109
Abstentions
0 / 109
Absentees[b]
4 / 109
Sources[3][154]

Notes

  1. ^ a b While Antonio Hernández Mancha was the People's Alliance (AP)'s regional president at the time of the election as well as the most visible leader of the candidacy, the party did not field a leading candidate for the post of President of the Regional Government of Andalusia.[1]
  2. ^ a b Parliamentary records do not specify the party membership of the 4 opposition deputies that were absent from the voting.

References

Opinion poll sources
  1. ^ "Se busca el voto de los indecisos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 May 1982.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Medidas de las intenciones de voto al Parlamento Andaluz" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 14 May 1982. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2018.
  3. ^ "La última encuesta". Mediterráneo (in Spanish). 19 May 1982.
  4. ^ "El porvenir de Andalucía". Mediterráneo (in Spanish). 19 May 1982.
  5. ^ "Mensaje para andaluces". ABC (in Spanish). 19 May 1982.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b "El PSOE puede conseguir mayoría absoluta en el Parlamento andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 16 May 1982.
  7. ^ a b "Fuerte expectativa de voto para el PSOE y casi un 40% el indecisos en el electorado andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 16 May 1982.
  8. ^ a b c "Preelectoral autonómicas andaluzas 1982 (II) (Estudio nº 1333. Mayo 1982)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 8 May 1982.
  9. ^ a b c "Preelectoral autonómicas andaluzas 1982 (I) (Estudio nº 1332. Abril 1982)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 29 April 1982.
  10. ^ a b "Situación social y política de Andalucía (IV) (Estudio nº 1302. Marzo 1982)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 March 1982.
  11. ^ a b "Situación social y política de Andalucía (III) (Estudio nº 1.301)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 February 1982.
  12. ^ a b "Situación social y política de Andalucía (II) (Estudio nº 1.298. Enero 1982)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 1 January 1982.
  13. ^ a b "Situación social y política de Andalucía (I) (Estudio nº 1.294)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 28 December 1981.
  14. ^ "Según una encuesta de AP, los socialistas lograrán el 30,5 de los votos en las elecciones andaluzas". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 13 March 1982.
  15. ^ "La pasada por la izquierda". Mediterráneo (in Spanish). 22 January 1982.
  16. ^ "Sondeo expectativas de voto referéndum autonómico en Andalucía (A ocho días de la fecha electoral. Octubre 1981)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 12 October 1981.
Other
  1. ^ a b "Cuatro biografías para una presidencia". El País (in Spanish). 9 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Arrollador triunfo del Partido Socialista en las elecciones al Parlamento andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Rafael Escuredo, elegido presidente del primer Gobierno andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 16 July 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Constituida la Asamblea de Parlamentarios de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 13 October 1977. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  5. ^ "El socialista Fernández Viagas será el presidente de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 26 April 1978. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  6. ^ "Once partidos suscriben en Antequera el pacto autonómico andaluz autonómico andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 5 December 1978. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  7. ^ "El socialista Rafael Escuredo, nuevo presidente de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 3 June 1979. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  8. ^ "La Junta de Andalucía acuerda iniciar la tramitación autonómica". El País (in Spanish). 24 June 1979. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  9. ^ "UCD decide que la autonomía andaluza se lleve por la "vía lenta"". El País (in Spanish). 16 January 1980. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  10. ^ "El artículo 143 de la Constitución, vía adecuada para alcanzar un sistema autonómico racional". El País (in Spanish). 17 January 1980. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  11. ^ "Los resultados se interpretan en Andalucía como una derrota del partido del Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). 1 March 1980. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  12. ^ "El Congreso aprobó por unanimidad la fórmula que desbloquea la autonomía andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 24 October 1980. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Aprobadas las leyes que desbloquean la autonomía andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 6 November 1980. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Más de la mitad de los andaluces participaron en el referéndum de ratificación del Estatuto". El País (in Spanish). 21 October 1981. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  15. ^ "El Pleno del Congreso ratificó el Estatuto, andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 18 December 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  16. ^ "El Pleno del Senado ratifica el Estatuto". El País (in Spanish). 24 December 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  17. ^ "El Gobierno y el PSOE firman los acuerdos autonómicos, tras la retirada del PCE y AP". El País (in Spanish). 1 August 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  18. ^ "La LOAPA, eje de los pactos autonómicos". El País (in Spanish). 1 July 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  19. ^ "La España de las Autonomías. La transferencia de competencias. Los pactos autonómicos". El Mundo (in Spanish). June 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Fraga: "La descomposición de UCD nos acerca a la mayoría natural"". El País (in Spanish). 8 November 1981. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  21. ^ "Fraga afirma que la mayoría natural es una invitación a la solidaridad". El País (in Spanish). 21 February 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  22. ^ "UCD y la "gran derecha"". El País (in Spanish). 7 November 1981. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  23. ^ "Calvo Sotelo cuenta ya con la mayoría del Comité Ejecutivo de UCD". El País (in Spanish). 11 November 1981. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  24. ^ "Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo asume hoy la presidencia de UCD en sustitución de Rodríguez Sahagún". El País (in Spanish). 21 November 1981. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  25. ^ "El partido del Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). 4 November 1981. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  26. ^ "UCD lamenta las fugas de sus diputados, mientras que AP las recibe con satisfacción". El País (in Spanish). 29 January 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Desarrollo procesal de la vista del juicio sobre el 23-F". El País (in Spanish). 14 February 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  28. ^ "'Operación Galaxia' y el caso del general Atarés, los consejos de guerra de mayor trascendencia política". El País (in Spanish). 14 February 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  29. ^ a b "UCD y PSOE han pactado el orden del día del Congreso para evitar efectos desestabilizadores sobre el juicio del 23-F". El País (in Spanish). 27 January 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  30. ^ "Los cuatro principales partidos políticos acuerdan seguir una estrategia conjunta de cara al consejo de guerra". El País (in Spanish). 13 February 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  31. ^ a b c d Ley Orgánica 6/1981, de 30 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía para Andalucía. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Organic Law 2) (in Spanish). 30 December 1981. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  32. ^ a b Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  33. ^ a b "Decreto 18/1982, de ocho de Marzo, por el que se convocan Elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucia" (PDF). Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía (in Spanish) (6): 99. 26 March 1982. ISSN 2253-802X. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  34. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Antes de cinco meses, elecciones al Parlamento andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 12 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  36. ^ "Escuredo y Arias Salgado negociarán mañana la fecha de las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 20 December 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  37. ^ "Escuredo negocia la fecha de las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 23 December 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  38. ^ "Las elecciones andaluzas se celebrarán a finales de mayo". El País (in Spanish). 24 December 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  39. ^ "La Junta de Andalucía propondrá el día 14 la fecha de las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 6 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  40. ^ "Los partidos temen una gran abstención en la votación del 23-M". El País (in Spanish). 11 May 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  41. ^ "Las elecciones andaluzas se celebrarán el domingo 23 de mayo". El País (in Spanish). 15 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  42. ^ "Rafael Escuredo será el candidato del PSOE para presidir la Junta andaluza en la autonomía". El País (in Spanish). 4 November 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  43. ^ "Escuredo será el candidato del PSOE a la presidencia de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 10 November 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  44. ^ a b "Escuredo, ratificado como candidato a la presidencia de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 21 November 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  45. ^ a b "Luis Merino, un ex alcalde de Málaga, será el candidato de UCD a presidente de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 30 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  46. ^ "Felipe Alcaraz, elegido nuevo secretario del Partido Comunista de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 20 January 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  47. ^ a b "Problemas para la permanencia de Rafael Escuredo al frente de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 22 October 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  48. ^ "Alianza Popular se decidió por el voto en blanco o la abstención el 28-F". ABC (in Spanish). 12 February 1980. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  49. ^ a b c "Probable coalición electoral de Alianza Popular y el partido de Clavero en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 19 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  50. ^ "Objeciones al pacto entre Escuredo y Rodríguez de la Borbolla en el PSOE andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 17 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  51. ^ "Los centristas buscan un candidato para la presidencia de la Junta andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 14 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  52. ^ "UCD intentará dar una imagen de renovación en las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 27 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  53. ^ "Soledad Becerril, candidata a la presidencia de la UCD andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 29 November 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  54. ^ "Soledad Becerril, posible presidenta de la UCD andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 29 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  55. ^ "El candidato de UCD a la Junta de Andalucía promete un programa realista". El País (in Spanish). 3 February 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  56. ^ "El PSA se disputa el espacio electoral del PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 17 February 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  57. ^ "Manuel Clavero presentó Unidad Andaluza, un partido "autonomista, interclasista y no marxista"". El País (in Spanish). 27 December 1980. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  58. ^ "Manuel Clavero, elegido presidente de Unidad Andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 3 March 1981. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  59. ^ "El partido de Clavero rechaza una propuesta de coalición electoral con Alianza Popular". El País (in Spanish). 17 March 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  60. ^ "El ex ministro Manuel Clavero no concurrirá a las elecciones de Andalucía por falta de financiación". El País (in Spanish). 13 April 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  61. ^ "La ausencia del partido de Manuel Clavero potencia la opción nacionalista del PSA". El País (in Spanish). 4 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  62. ^ "El partido de Fernández Ordóñez puede concurrir a las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 8 November 1981. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  63. ^ "El partido de Fernández Ordóñez celebrará su congreso en marzo". El País (in Spanish). 19 January 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  64. ^ "Partido de Acción Democrática busca los votos del centro-izquierda". El País (in Spanish). 30 March 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  65. ^ "Más de la mitad de los militantes de Acción Democrática, favorable a una coalición con el PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 7 March 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  66. ^ "La coalición entre Fernández Ordóñez y el Partido Socialista para las próximas elecciones, prácticamente decidida". El País (in Spanish). 9 May 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  67. ^ "Más de mil aspirantes para los del Parlamento andaluz cien escaños". El País (in Spanish). 17 April 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  68. ^ "Presentación de las listas de UCD a las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 23 March 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  69. ^ a b "Presentación pública de los candidatos de AP a las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 18 April 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  70. ^ a b "6 partidos presentan candidaturas en las 8 provincias". El País (in Spanish). 27 April 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  71. ^ "Ninguna coalición". El País (in Spanish). 14 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  72. ^ "Las elecciones andaluzas: una clarificación política /y 2". El País (in Spanish). 10 February 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  73. ^ "Optimismo socialista de cara a las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 7 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  74. ^ a b c "Los resultados electorales de Andalucía darán la medida del liderazgo de Calvo Sotelo". El País (in Spanish). 26 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  75. ^ "Calvo Sotelo no prevé crisis de Gobierno tras los comicios andaluces". El País (in Spanish). 3 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  76. ^ "Tierra de hombres sin tierras". El País (in Spanish). 1 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  77. ^ a b "El PSOE andaluz afirma la plena legalidad de sus candidaturas electorales". El País (in Spanish). 25 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  78. ^ a b c "Las elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucía en 1982" (PDF). www.juntadeandalucia.es (in Spanish). Regional Government of Andalusia. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  79. ^ "Constituida la Junta Electoral para las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). 2 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  80. ^ a b "Se endurece el tono de la campaña para las elecciones al Parlamento andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 4 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  81. ^ "Los comunistas reconocen que su lema 'Juntos podemos' desvió miles de votos hacia el PSOE en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 29 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  82. ^ "Presentación de la campaña y el programa del PSA". El País (in Spanish). 27 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  83. ^ "Los socialistas, decididos a obtener la mayoría absoluta para evitar pactos políticos 'inoportunos'". El País (in Spanish). 16 February 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  84. ^ "Escuredo afirma que los socialistas gobernarán solos en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 12 March 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  85. ^ "Preocupación en el PSOE andaluz ante la eventual entrada de comunistas en el Gobierno regional asturiano". El País (in Spanish). 15 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  86. ^ "López Jiménez pregunta al PSOE si gobernará con el PCA en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 15 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  87. ^ "El PSOE andaluz pide que se revoque la decisión asturiana". El País (in Spanish). 16 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  88. ^ "Felipe González excluye la posibilidad de un Gobierno formado por socialistas y comunistas en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 17 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  89. ^ "Felipe González asegura que no habrá alianza con los comunistas si el PSOE gana en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 14 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  90. ^ "Los líderes socialistas inician su campaña negando toda posibilidad de pacto con el PCE en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 3 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  91. ^ "Rafael Escuredo niega cualquier coalición postelectoral del PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 10 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  92. ^ "El PSOE está dispuesto a gobernar en solitario si no obtiene la mayoría absoluta". El País (in Spanish). 29 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  93. ^ "Los socialistas no pedirán un Gobierno de coalición tras su victoria previsible en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 17 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  94. ^ "Esfuerzo socialista para obtener la mayoría absoluta y despliegue de UCD por recuperar a su electorado". El País (in Spanish). 22 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  95. ^ "Nerviosismo preelectoral en el Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). 15 May 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  96. ^ "El Gobierno ha destinado decenas de miles de millones a Andalucía en vísperas de las elecciones autonómicas". El País (in Spanish). 15 May 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  97. ^ "UCD confía en los resortes del poder y en el desgaste de la izquierda en los Ayuntamientos para no fracasar en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 17 February 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  98. ^ "UCD desplaza diez ministros a Andalucía para apoyar a su candidato, Luis Merino". El País (in Spanish). 16 May 1982. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  99. ^ "Calvo Sotelo cree que Suárez participará en la campaña electoral andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 28 March 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  100. ^ "Suárez no ha decidido participar en la campaña andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 22 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  101. ^ "Seiscientos millones de pesetas invertirá Unión de Centro Democrático en la campaña electoral andaluza". El País (in Spanish). 26 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  102. ^ "UCD prepara el montaje de un gran gabinete de imagen". El País (in Spanish). 10 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  103. ^ "Tres robots, contratados como agentes electorales para la campaña centrista". El País (in Spanish). 10 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  104. ^ "Alianza Popular es la esperanza de la derecha para neutralizar el avance de los socialistas en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 14 February 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  105. ^ "Desencanto y escasa respuesta financiera de los empresarios ante las elecciones andaluzas del 23 de mayo". El País (in Spanish). 14 March 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  106. ^ "La competencia electoral entre centristas y Alianza Popular puede incrementar la ventaja inicial de los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 3 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  107. ^ "Fraga: "autoridad y seriedad"". El País (in Spanish). 3 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  108. ^ "Fraga dice que en Andalucía "se juega un modelo de sociedad"". El País (in Spanish). 5 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  109. ^ "Cavero y Soledad Becerril niegan que exista un pacto UCD-PSOE para después de las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 9 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  110. ^ a b "La consolidación del voto rural, primer objetivo de la campaña de los comunistas en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 13 February 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  111. ^ "El PCE ofrece su apoyo para un gobierno de izquierdas en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 19 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  112. ^ "Los comunistas estarán en el Gobierno andaluz, según el líder del PCA, Felipe Alcaraz". El País (in Spanish). 28 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  113. ^ "El PCA espera mantener en Andalucía las posiciones de las últimas elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 6 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  114. ^ "Las bases socialistas son partidarias de la unidad de la izquierda, según Carrillo". El País (in Spanish). 29 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  115. ^ "Carrillo: "Los socialistas se equivocarán si gobiernan en solitario"". El País (in Spanish). 3 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  116. ^ "El PSA no formará Gobierno de coalición en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 8 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  117. ^ "El PSA no hará una campaña agresiva, asegura Rojas Marcos". El País (in Spanish). 2 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  118. ^ "Rojas Marcos centra sus ataques en UCD y PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 3 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  119. ^ "Alusiones al 23-F en la campaña preelectoral de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  120. ^ "La Junta de Andalucía inicia una campaña de adhesiones al Rey". El País (in Spanish). 23 March 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  121. ^ "Los empresarios andaluces denuncian electoralismo en la convocatoria de la Junta de apoyo al Rey". El País (in Spanish). 26 March 1982. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  122. ^ a b "El PSA impugna las candidaturas del PSOE a las elecciones del Parlamento de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 24 April 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  123. ^ "Fraga, descontento con los medios de información oficiales". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  124. ^ "Los socialistas consideran que el centro regional de TVE en Andalucía favorece a Union de Centro Democrático". El País (in Spanish). 1 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  125. ^ "Escuredo acusa a RTVE de manipular la información en favor de UCD". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  126. ^ "El PSOE acusa a TVE de favorecer la campaña de los centristas". El País (in Spanish). 13 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  127. ^ "La ejecutiva del PSOE rechaza un debate Merino-Escuredo sobre los programas de gobierno". El País (in Spanish). 5 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  128. ^ "No se celebra el debate". El País (in Spanish). 8 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  129. ^ "Polémica entre PSOE y UCD por un dudoso eslogan electoral". El País (in Spanish). 6 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  130. ^ "UCD hace responsable al PSOE de una agresión a militantes centristas en la ciudad de Granada". El País (in Spanish). 6 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  131. ^ "Felipe González pide a todos los partidos que resten agresividad a sus intervenciones". El País (in Spanish). 8 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  132. ^ "Mítin empresarial contra la alternativa socialista". El País (in Spanish). 8 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  133. ^ "Carlos Ferrer Salat estuvo moderado en su primera intervención en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 11 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  134. ^ "Andalucía, último ensayo de movilización empresarial". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  135. ^ "Los comunistas denuncian la propaganda empresarial". El País (in Spanish). 11 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  136. ^ "El Comité de Prensa pide la retirada de un anuncio de los empresarios". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  137. ^ "Los empresarios tienen derecho a hacer campaña electoral, afirma Calvo Sotelo en Almería". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  138. ^ "El presidente de la CEOE califica de 'franquistas' a quienes consideran inadmisible la campaña empresarial". El País (in Spanish). 13 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  139. ^ "La Junta Electoral Central prohíbe la campaña de los empresarios andaluces contra la izquierda". El País (in Spanish). 14 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  140. ^ "Fraga considera un error la decisión de la Junta Electoral". El País (in Spanish). 15 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  141. ^ "Ferrer Salat considera que la prohibición de hacer campaña a la patronal demuestra que la democracia es frágil". El País (in Spanish). 15 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  142. ^ "Una decisión polémica". El País (in Spanish). 19 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  143. ^ "Los empresarios andaluces reanudarán mañana la campaña que les prohibió la Junta Electoral Central". El País (in Spanish). 19 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  144. ^ "Despliegue publicitario de los empresarios en defensa del derecho a la libertad de expresión". El País (in Spanish). 20 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  145. ^ "La patronal de la enseñanza desata la 'guerra escolar' contra la izquierda". El País (in Spanish). 13 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  146. ^ "Intensa propaganda del sacerdote Martínez Fuertes contra el modelo de escuela socialista". El País (in Spanish). 18 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  147. ^ "El resultado de las elecciones andaluzas provocará la recomposición interna de Unión de Centro Democrático". El País (in Spanish). 8 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  148. ^ "Alfonso Guerra: "La sustitución de Calvo Sotelo tras las elecciones andaluzas es una de las hipótesis de trabajo". El País (in Spanish). 12 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  149. ^ "UCD no está cerrada a coaliciones de gobierno en Andalucía, afirmó Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo en Sevilla". El País (in Spanish). 19 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  150. ^ "Calvo Sotelo dispuesto a resistir en el Gobierno y en el partido, cualquiera que sean los resultados electorales andaluces". El País (in Spanish). 20 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  151. ^ "Landelino Lavilla descarta la posibilidad de cambios en la presidencia del Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). 21 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  152. ^ "Parliament of Andalusia election, 1982". argos.gva.es (in Spanish). Argos Information Portal. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  153. ^ a b "Parliament of Andalusia election results, 23 May 1982". www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Andalusia. 21 June 1982. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  154. ^ a b c "Elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucía (1982 - 2018)". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  155. ^ "Euforia en las bases y moderación en los dirigentes socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  156. ^ "El PSOE, primera fuerza electoral en todas las provincias". El País (in Spanish). 25 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  157. ^ "El PSOE es el primer partido que obtiene mayoría absoluta en unas elecciones celebradas en España desde la transición". El País (in Spanish). 25 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  158. ^ "Alianza Popular reemplaza a UCD como segunda fuerza política en Andalucía". ABC (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  159. ^ "Felipe González afirma que los resultados contribuyen a la estabilidad democrática al dar opción mayoritaria a un partido". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  160. ^ "La dirección del PCE de Andalucía desautoriza las manifestaciones de descontento". El País (in Spanish). 1 June 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  161. ^ "El PCE cree que ha primado el voto útil". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  162. ^ "La dirección del PCE cree que se está polarizando el voto entre AP y PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  163. ^ "Mayoría socialista para Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  164. ^ "Las razones de una victoria". El País (in Spanish). 25 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  165. ^ "Calvo Sotelo e Iñigo Cavero insisten en que el centro sigue siendo una opción importante". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  166. ^ "El ministro del Interior atribuye indirectamente el ascenso de AP a la campaña empresarial". El País (in Spanish). 24 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  167. ^ "Desconcierto centrista y moderación en el PSOE tras las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 25 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  168. ^ "Los suaristas, partidarios de un congreso extraordinario para colocar a su líder al frente de Unión de Centro Democrático". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  169. ^ "Probables cambios en la dirección de UCD". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  170. ^ "Juan Antonio Ortega, contrario a la coalición de UCD con AP". El País (in Spanish). 25 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  171. ^ "Primeras lecciones del 23 de mayo". El País (in Spanish). 27 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  172. ^ "Alianza Popular quiere 'barrer' a UCD, según Fernando Arenas". El País (in Spanish). 22 June 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  173. ^ "El apoyo al proyecto UCD, una necesidad ineludible, según Rojas Marcos". El País (in Spanish). 23 September 1980. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  174. ^ "Rojas Marcos admite que el pueblo andaluz ha desautorizado su política". El País (in Spanish). 28 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  175. ^ "Rojas Marcos deja la direccion del PSA tras el desastre andalucista en las elecciones autonómicas". El País (in Spanish). 27 May 1982. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  176. ^ "Escuredo anuncia hoy la composición del Gobierno autónomo andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 21 July 1982. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  177. ^ "Rafael Escuredo forma en Andalucía un Gobierno de socialistas y profesionales independientes". El País (in Spanish). 22 July 1982. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  178. ^ "Tres independientes y una mujer en el primer Gabinete andaluz". El País (in Spanish). 22 July 1982. Retrieved 24 December 2019.

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