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Moshing

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For other uses, see Mosh (disambiguation).
Moshing
Audience members moshing to American thrash metal band Toxic Holocaust
OriginEarly 1980s, California and Washington, D.C., United States

Moshing (also known as slam dancing or simply slamming)[1] is an extreme style of dancing in which participants push or slam into each other, typically performed to "aggressive" live music such as heavy metal and punk rock. Moshing usually happens in the center of the crowd, generally closer to the stage,[2] in an area called the "mosh pit". It is intended to be energetic and full of body contact.

The dance style originated in the hardcore punk scenes of California and Washington, D.C., around 1980. Through the 1980s it spread to other branches of punk rock as well as grunge and thrash metal, which exposed it to the mainstream. Since then, moshing has occasionally been performed to energetic music within a wide variety of genres, including alternative rock, electronic dance music and hip hop, while remaining a staple in heavy metal shows.

Variations of moshing exist, including "pogoing", "circle pits", and "wall of death". Dancing can be done alone as well as in groups.

While moshing is seen as a form of positive fan feedback or expression of enjoyment,[3][4] it has also drawn criticism over dangerous excesses in its violence. Injuries and even deaths have been reported in the crush of mosh pits.[5][6][7][8][9]

History

Etymology

The term mosh came into use in the early 1980s American hardcore scene in Washington, D.C. Early on, the dance was frequently spelled mash in fanzines and record liner notes, but pronounced mosh, as in the 1982 song "Total Mash" by the D.C.-based hardcore band Scream. H.R. of the band Bad Brains, regarded as a band that "put moshing on the map,"[10] used the term mash in lyrics and in concert stage banter to both incite and to describe the aggressive and often violent dancing of the scene. To "mash it up" was to go wild with the frenzy of the music. Due to his Jamaican-accented pronunciation of the word, fans heard this as mosh instead.[11]

Beginning around 1983, metalheads began to refer to the slower sections of hardcore songs as "mosh parts", while hardcore musicians had called them "skank parts". Once Stormtroopers of Death released their debut album Speak English or Die in 1985, which included the track "Milano Mosh", the term began being applied to the style of dance.[12] The term was then further popularised by Anthrax's 1987 song "Caught in a Mosh".[13]

Origins

Crowd surfing over a mosh pit

The direct predecessor to moshing was the pogo, a style of dance done in the 1970s English punk rock scene, in which crowds members would jump up and down while holding their arms beside them.[14] According to The Filth and the Fury, it was invented by Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious in 1976.[15]

As a prominent punk rock scene in Southern California began to form in the late 1970s and early 1980s with early hardcore punk groups like Fear and Black Flag, moshing as it is understood today began to develop, originally termed "slam dancing".[14] Participants in slam dancing at this time modified the pogo by bringing additional physical contact to those around them by pushing and running, as well introducing the idea of a recognised area where it takes place called a "pit".[16] According to Steven Blush's book American Hardcore: A Tribal History (2001), there is a common belief amongst those involved in this scene that the dance was invented by, former US army marine, Mike Marine in 1978. His specific style, involving "strutting around in a circle, swinging your arms and hitting everyone within reach", would go on to be termed "the Huntington Beach Strut".[17] The Orange County Register writer Tom Berg credited, Costa Mesa venue, the Cuckoo's Nest (1976–1981) as the "birthplace of slam dancing".[18] Examples of this early moshing were featured in the documentaries Another State of Mind, Urban Struggle, the Decline of Western Civilization, and American Hardcore. Fear's 1981 musical performance on Saturday Night Live also helped to expose moshing to a much wider audience.[19][20]

By 1981, slam dancing had become the predominant style of crowd interaction in the southern California scene, as Huntington Beach and Long Beach became the scene's heart.[21] As hardcore spread to other locations in the United States, so too did slam dancing. The Washington, D.C., hardcore scene took a more chaotic approach to slam dancing and saw an increase in stage diving; in the Boston hardcore scene slam dancing became violent and incorporated punching below the neck, developing a style called the "Boston thrash" or "punching penguins". Another development in the Boston scene was "pig piles" in which one person was pushed to the ground and others would begin to pile on top of them. This originated during a D.O.A. set, which was initiated by SSD vocalist Al Barile.[22] The New York hardcore scene of the mid-1980s, modified this early slam dancing into an additional, more violent style. In their distinction, participants may stay in one position on their own or collide with others, while executing a more exaggerated version of the arm and leg swinging of California slam dancing.[23]

Furthermore, as fans of heavy metal music began to attend New York hardcore performances, they developed their own style of dancing based on New York hardcore's style of slam dancing. It was this group, particularly Scott Ian and Billy Milano who popularised the word "moshing".[24] Beginning around 1983, metalheads began to refer to the slower sections of hardcore songs as "mosh parts", while hardcore musicians had called them "skank parts". Ian and Milano's band Stormtroopers of Death released their debut album Speak English or Die in 1985, which included the track "Milano Mosh". This led to the term being applied to the style of dance. The same year, moshing began to incorporate itself into live performances by heavy metal bands, with one early example being during Anthrax's 1985 set at the Ritz.[12]

Crossover into mainstream genres

By the end of the 1980s, the initial wave of American hardcore punk had waned and split into other subgenres. The Seattle-based grunge movement was among the many styles of music that directly evolved from hardcore.[citation needed] Through the mainstream success of several grunge bands, the word mosh entered the popular North American vocabulary and the dance spread to many other music genres.[citation needed] According to John Linnell of They Might Be Giants, "it didn’t matter what kind of music you were playing or what kind of band you were; everybody moshed to everything. It was just kind of the enforced rule of going to concerts."[25]

Variations

  • The Huntington Beach strut or simply The HB Strut is the original style of slam dancing which was popular the Southern California hardcore in the late 1970s and 1980s. It involves "strutting around in a circle, swinging your arms and hitting everyone within reach".[17]
  • The Boston thrash or punching penguins is Boston's more violent development upon the Huntington Beach strut, which incorporates punching below the neck.[22]
  • A pig pile is a style moshing popular amongst the Boston harcore scene in the 1980s. It involved one person being pushed to the ground and others beginning to pile on top of them.[22]
  • A circle pit is a form of moshing in which participants run in a circular motion around the edges of the pit, often leaving an open space in the centre.[26]
  • A wall of death is a form of moshing which sees the audience divide down the middle into two halves either side of the venue, before each side runs towards the other, slamming the two sides together.[26] According to Noisecreep, the consensus is that it was invented by American hardcore punk band Sick of it All.[27] However, the band's vocalist Lou Koller has stated that he merely revived the practice in 1996, as he often saw a similar act performed in the 1980s New York hardcore scene.[28] Loudwire senior writer Graham Hartmann referred to it as "Perhaps the most bad ass and dangerous ritual you can experience in a mosh pit".[27] Venues will often ask bands not to organize the Wall of Death themselves due to the inherent risk involved and liability.[29]
  • Hardcore dancing is a term that covers multiple style of moshing[30] including windmilling[31] two stepping, floorpunching, picking up pennies, axehandling, bucking, and wheelbarrowing.[32] The practice began in New York City in the 1980s.[32]
  • Crowd killing is when a mosher moshes against the crowd around the sides of the pit. According to Kerrang! writer Amanda van Poznak it is generally looked down upon.[33]

Physical properties of emergent behavior

A clip of moshing music fans

Researchers from Cornell University studied the emergent behavior of crowds at mosh pits by analyzing online videos, finding similarities with models of 2-D gases in equilibrium.[34] Simulating the crowds with computer models, they found out that a simulation dominated by flocking parameters produced highly ordered behavior, forming vortices like those seen in the videos.

Opposition, criticism and controversy

The American post-hardcore band Fugazi opposed slamdancing at their live shows. Members of Fugazi were reported to single out and confront specific members of the audience, politely asking them to stop hurting other audience members, or hauling them on stage to apologize on the microphone.[35]

Consolidated, an industrial dance group of the 1990s, stood against moshing. On their third album, Play More Music, they included the song "The Men's Movement", which proclaimed the inappropriate nature of slamdancing. The song consisted of audio recordings during concerts from the audience and members of Consolidated, arguing about moshing.[36]

A no-moshing sign at a concert

In the 1990s, the Smashing Pumpkins took a stance against moshing, following two incidents which resulted in fatalities. At a 1996 Pumpkins concert in Dublin, Ireland, 17-year-old Bernadette O'Brien was crushed by moshing crowd members and later died in the hospital, despite warnings from the band that people were getting hurt.[37] At another concert, singer Billy Corgan said to the audience:

I just want to say one thing to you, you young, college lughead-types. I've been watchin' people like you sluggin' around other people for seven years. And you know what? It's the same shit. I wish you'd understand that in an environment like this, and in a setting like this, it's fairly inappropriate and unfair to the rest of the people around you. I, and we, publicly take a stand against moshing![37]

Another fan died at a Smashing Pumpkins concert in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on September 24, 2007. The 20-year-old male was dragged out of the mosh pit, unconscious, to be pronounced dead at a hospital after first-aid specialists attempted to save him.[38][39][40]

A crowd of moshers, with a few people "crowdsurfing" on top of the mosh pit

Reel Big Fish's 1998 album Why Do They Rock So Hard? included their mosh-criticizing song "Thank You for Not Moshing", which contained lyrics that suggested that at least some individuals in the mosh pit were simply bullies who were finding conformity in the violence.

Mike Portnoy, founder and ex-drummer of Dream Theater, and Avenged Sevenfold where he briefly filled in after the death of The Rev, criticized moshing in an interview published on his website:

I think our audience have become a little bit more attentive and less of that type of [mosh] mentality [...] I understand you want to release that energy... [but] once people start doing that during "Through Her Eyes" it gets ridiculous [...] So this time around we're consciously aiming at theaters that people can actually sit down and enjoy the show and be comfortable [...] without having to worry about their legs falling off or being kicked in the face by a Mosh Pit. So [that] will probably eliminate that problem anyway.[41]

Sixteen-year-old Jessica Michalik was an Australian girl who died as a result of asphyxiation after being crushed in a mosh pit during the 2001 Big Day Out festival during a performance by nu metal band Limp Bizkit.[42] At that same festival, post-hardcore band At The Drive-In ended their set early after only three songs due to the audience's moshing.[43]

Groove metal group Five Finger Death Punch had an incident when, during the song "White Knuckles" at a concert in Hartford, Connecticut, a young man received a compound fracture on his ankle in a mosh pit. Ivan Moody, the band's lead singer, stopped the show, leaped into the crowd with Zoltan Bathory, the band's rhythm guitarist, and carried the injured fan onto the stage, from where he was taken to the hospital. Moody has been quoted as saying: "I looked him square in the face and asked him if he was okay, or if there was anything I could do for him. He looked over at me, still in shock, and said 'You guys fucking rock!'" Moody stated "I've felt bad because of what has happened. I miss the old Pantera kids who would just throw each other. Just respect other people; come on." Bathory stated: "Because he broke his leg I threw down my guitar. We just finished when he broke his leg, and I came out and I stayed with him until the paramedics picked him up. These are my people and that's how it is."[citation needed]

Joey DeMaio of American heavy metal band Manowar has been known to temporarily stop concerts upon seeing moshing and crowd surfing, claiming it is dangerous to other fans.[44][45]

Former Slipknot percussionist Chris Fehn spoke about the state of audience interaction following the onstage incident and subsequent legal issues involving Lamb of God’s Randy Blythe, who was eventually found not guilty of criminal wrongdoing in the death of a concertgoer, despite being held "morally responsible". Fehn briefly addressed the Blythe situation, stating "I think, especially in America, moshing has turned into a form of bullying. The big guy stands in the middle and just trucks any small kid that comes near him. They don’t mosh properly anymore. It sucks because that’s not what it’s about. Those guys need to be kicked out. A proper mosh pit is a great way to be as a group and dance, and just do your thing."[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ Moriarty, Philip. When the Uncertainty Principle Goes to 11.
  2. ^ "10 Epic Walls of Death". LoudWire. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  3. ^ Tsitsos, William
  4. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (May 9, 1996). "Hard-Core Threat to Health: Moshing at Rock Concerts". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  5. ^ Nussbacher, Mike (2004) A Survivor’s Guide To The Mosh Pit. The Martlet. Archived March 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "TUYM: Get Into a Moshpit and Live to Tell About It". Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  7. ^ Sacahroff, Reaz (1996) Music: Pit Etiquette. Tucson Weekly.
  8. ^ Irvine, Martha (1996) Moshing Exciting but dangerous Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press. at rockmed.org
  9. ^ Brulliard, Karin ‘I just, like, took my last breath. And I passed out.’ Washington Post 11 November 2021.
  10. ^ "Bad Brains biography". From 2004's The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Rolling Stone. 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  11. ^ "Bad Brains – History". peacedogman.com. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  12. ^ a b Ambrose, Joe (2010). The Violent World Of Moshpit Culture. Omnibus Press. Then," says Martin, "the metal clowns started calling them 'mosh pits', the slow parts where everybody would dance harder in hardcore songs. When I was playing in Agnostic Front and I would write a slow part or whatever, those guys would be like, Oh, that's a good skank part. And then the metal people started calling them mosh parts." The word emerged into common New York parlance around '83/'84.
    Alternatively the term may have been coined by Anthrax or SOD (Stormtroopers Of Death), an Anthrax affiliated project whose 'Milano Mosh' was an influential track. New York rock publicist Trevor Silmser recalls: "What made the word popular was in '85 this group SOD put out a record and had a song called 'Milano Mosh' and that was a pretty big crossover record, basically getting tons of metal kids into hardcore." Billy Milano from SOD says that although there was a certain period during which people stopped calling it slamming and started calling it moshing, it was SOD and not Anthrax that actually started it.
    Scott Ian of Anthrax, who also plays in SOD with Milano, gives the credit to the more commercial of his two bands: "The first time I saw moshing at a metal show was when Anthrax played the old Ritz in early '85 and a pit opened up. So yeah I can definitely say, as far as I know, we definitely brought it out into the world of heavy metal. Sadly I would have to take some responsibility for that.
  13. ^ Christie, Ian, Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal
  14. ^ a b Ragusa, Paolo. "Moshing: The Art and Consequences of One of the Most Celebrated Concert Dance Forms". Consequence. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  15. ^ Boyar, Jay; Moore, Roger (June 17, 2000). "Festival Holds 'Filth', A Secret, Senselessness". Orlando Sentinel.
  16. ^ Tsitsos, William (October 1999). "Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene". Popular Music. 18 (3): 405–406. Slamdancing is a style of dance which originated in the United States in the punk rock subculture of the late 1970s and early 1980s. It is a modification of the early punk 'pogo' dance. Slamdancing brought increased body contact to the original pogo...
    The pit is not an explicitly marked off area, but pits usually form in front of the stage where a band is playing. Occasionally (usually at shows in larger venues), more than one pit will break out in various parts of the crowd. Although 'the pit' refers to an area, a pit only exists if people are dancing in it...
    Slamdancing involves fast movement. Often, this movement takes the form of everyone in the pit running counter-clockwise, occasionally slamming into each other. The dance involves some arm-swinging, but it is usually just one arm (most often the right one) in motion. When dancers are running counter-clockwise, the swinging of the right arm serves a double function. On the one hand, it allows dancers to slam into people and then quickly push them away, and on the other, it helps dancers gain momentum while running in a counter-clockwise circle. Sometimes, however, slamdancers do not run in a circle, but rather move in a more 'run-and-collide' fashion, simply throwing themselves into the part of the pit where the most people are gathered, slamming into each other
  17. ^ a b Blush, Steven (October 2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. p. 31. Slamdancing arose in Southern California towns like Huntington Beach and Long Beach. According to lore, Mike Marine (former US Marine and star of the film The Decline Of Western Civilization) performed the first slamdance in 1978. Mike created a vicious version of punk dancing, smashing the face of anyone who'd get near him — especially some fucking hippie, who'd get pulverized. Kids called it "The Huntington Beach Strut" or "The HB Strut" — strutting around in a circle, swinging your arms and hitting everyone within reach. Slamdancing proved significant because it separated the kids from the "posers."
  18. ^ Tom Berg (10 February 2009). "O.C. punk club to go Hollywood". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  19. ^ Grow, Kry (September 10, 2015). "Inside John Belushi's Long Lost Punk Song With Fear". Rolling Stone. New York City, New York, United States: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  20. ^ McCloskey, Tim (October 30, 2015). "The Life and Times of Philly Hardcore Pioneer Lee Ving". Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States: Metrocorp. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  21. ^ Blush, Steven (October 2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. p. 31. Lee Ving (Fear): Right around the time of our first album, around 1981, it changed from the pogo bullshit into the real slam stuff. Pogoing was just jumping up and down. It was less interactive, more benign. The focus changed from Hollywood toward the beaches, and the idea of speed and the slam pit had its birth. We started playing as fast as you could fucking think and the crowd would go as berserk, pounding the shit out of each other in the pit. It was good sportsmanship and all about working up a good sweat
  22. ^ a b c Blush, Steven (October 2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. p. 249. Kids in the pit jumped on each other in "pig-piles." This unique local pastime, like the scene itself, often turned into a scary mess. At some point they'd throw some kid onstage and pigpile him right there. There'd be as many as twenty kids — stacked up so high they'd touch the lights — crushing those on the bottom.
    Al Barile: It's a Boston thing. I think I was the first person to push someone down and start the pile. This D.O.A. show at The Underground was the first pigpile I remember. It got so crazy the drummer trashed his kit and jumped on top of the pile...
    "Straight Edge" Hank Peirce (Boston scene): Boston was much more violent than slamming I'd seen anywhere else. We described it as "punching penguins." It had a name — "The Boston Thrash." New York had that big circle-storm thing. DC wasn't as organized — more chaotic with more diving. LA was the king of running in circles with no sense of rhythm to it. When you watched The Decline Of Western Civilization you said, "That's slamdancing!" But Boston really changed things.
    The dancefloor action could turn savage but it was never about hits above the shoulders or blatant shots to the face. There were plenty of bloody or broken noses, but after knocking someone down, you'd bend over and pick them up.
  23. ^ Tsitsos, William (October 1999). "Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene". Popular Music. 18 (3): 405–406, 410. Much like slamdancing was a modification of the pogo, moshing emerged in the mid-1980s as a variation on slamdancing...
    In contrast to slamdancing, moshing lacks the elements, such as circular pit motion, which promote unity in the pit. The development of moshing in New York City in the 1980s even saw the partial breakdown of the convention of picking up fallen dancers, as pit violence increased. New York City straight edge shows became legendary for their brutality...
    Moshers keep their bodies more bent over and compacted, and they swing either both arms or just one (usually the right) arm around across the body in a move that one of my interviewees called 'the death swing'. This swinging of the arm(s) in moshing is far more theatrical and exaggerated than in slamdancing. If a mosher swings only one arm, the non-swinging arm is kept ready to provide some guard against collisions with other moshers. The dancers often stand in a stationary position while performing these moves, but sometimes they run into other people inside and on the edge of the pit. To do so, dancers generally just move to where there are other dancers clustered and colliding with each other and join in the collision. This run-and-collide style of moshing can be distinguished from the style of slamdancing which also involves running and colliding by the more exaggerated body movements in moshing. Moshers do not move in counter-clockwise group motion...
    Compared with slamming, the fundamental body movements of moshing, such as the more violent swinging of the arms, the more violent body contact, and the lack of group motion place even greater emphasis on individual territoriality over community. Whereas the bodily motion of swinging arms and high-stepping legs has remained the traditional motion of slamdancing since it first emerged, moshing has seen the introduction of new moves such as jumping karate kicks.
  24. ^ Blush, Steven (October 2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. p. 300. Mike Schnapp (NYHC scene): In 1985, I started hearing a new word: Moshing. It was a Metal word from Billy Milano and Scott Ian of S.O.D., and was a new term for a similar thing I knew as slamdancing in the Punk world. Some of the Metal kids showing up at the Hardcore shows didn't understand the nuances of the scene. They saw kids banging into each other and just joined in. So some of the Hardcore crew didn't like the Metal crowd at "their" shows. You took your life in your hands if you were one of the lone longhairs at a CBGB's matinee. That's when things got rough, and the violence really messed things up. People lost focus. It used to be about the bands and the music. It started one way and ended another"
  25. ^ "John Linnell, They Might Be Giants". Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  26. ^ a b Rääbus, Carol (26 December 2017). "Mosh pit rules are important to know if you're taking the plunge this music festival season". Australian Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  27. ^ a b HARTMANN, GRAHAM. "10 EPIC WALLS OF DEATH". Noisecreep. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  28. ^ Lou Koller (9 October 2019). SICK OF IT ALL's Lou Koller: Origin of the Wall of Death, Roots of Hardcore & Touring Plans!.
  29. ^ Grundke, Vincent (12 August 2017). "These Are the Most Epic "Wall of Death" Photos from Germany's Wacken Festival". Vice. Noisey. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  30. ^ Hill, Stephen (30 January 2019). "The Story Behind The Song: Step Down by Sick Of It All". Metal Hammer. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  31. ^ PREIRA, MATT. "Top Five Mosh Pit Moves, From Rudimentary to Advanced". Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  32. ^ a b "Music Sound Hardcore dancing". Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  33. ^ Van Poznak, Amanda. "How To Mosh: Every Move You Must Know". Kerrang. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  34. ^ Silverberg, Jesse L.; Bierbaum, Matthew; Sethna, James P.; Cohen, Itai (2013). "Collective Motion of Humans in Mosh and Circle Pits at Heavy Metal Concerts". Physical Review Letters. 110 (22): 228701. arXiv:1302.1886. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.110v8701S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.228701. PMID 23767754.. Summarized in "Moshers, Heavy Metal and Emergent Behaviour". Technology Review.
  35. ^ Azerrad, Michael (2002). Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981–1991 (Reprint. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Back Bay Books. pp. 392–393. ISBN 978-0-316-78753-6.
  36. ^ "Consolidated - The Men's Movement". Youtube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  37. ^ a b Unknown (May 19, 1996). "Fan Crushed at Smashing Pumpkins Show". MTV.com. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
  38. ^ "Man dies in Smashing Pumpkins mosh pit". yahoo.ca. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  39. ^ "Man Dies After 'Crowd-Surfing' At SMASHING PUMPKINS Show". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  40. ^ "B.C. man dies after crowd-surfing at rock show". cbc.ca. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  41. ^ John Kotzian (11 January 2002). "An Interview with Dream Theater's Mike Portnoy" (PDF). mikeportnoy.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008.
  42. ^ Staff (1 March 2012). "Limp Bizkit honour dead fan at show". Observer. Gladstone Newspaper Company. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  43. ^ "At The Drive In Reflect On BDO Walk-Off: "We Could've Handled It Better"". Musicfeeds.com. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  44. ^ "Heavy Metal Monday: Manowar". 8 March 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  45. ^ xchousenx (13 March 2011). "joey demaio manowar - anti mosh psa". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  46. ^ "Slipknot's Chris Fehn: Moshing Shouldn't Turn Into Bullying". Loudwire. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
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