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November 2015 Paris attacks

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November 2015 Paris attacks
Locations of the attacks
LocationParis, France
Saint-Denis, France
1: near Stade de France
2: Rue Bichat and rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge, Le Carillon)
3: Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Casa Nostra)
4: The Bataclan theatre
5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)
Stars: Individual suicide bombings (Bataclan not included)
Date13 November 2015 (2015-11-13) –
14 November 2015 (2015-11-14)
21:16 – 00:58 (CET)
Attack type
Mass shooting, bombing, hostage-taking, suicide attack
Weapons
Deaths136, of which
  • 129 immediate victims:[2]
  • 3 subsequent deaths
  • 7 perpetrators[3]
Injured352,[4] including 96 seriously; 3 have reportedly died in hospital after the event.[5]
Perpetrators8 suicide bombers, some with AK-47s:[6][7]
Motive

On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks—consisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings, and hostage-taking—occurred in Paris, France, and Saint-Denis, one of its northern suburbs. Beginning at 21:16 CET,[14] six mass shootings in central Paris and three separate suicide bombings near the Stade de France occurred.[14][15] The deadliest attack was at the Bataclan theatre, where attackers took hostages and engaged in a stand-off with police which ended at 00:58 on 14 November. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.[12][16][17]

The attackers killed 129 victims,[2][18] 89 of them at the Bataclan theatre.[4][19][20][21] A further 415 were admitted to hospital with injuries sustained in the attacks, including 80 people described as being seriously injured.[22] In addition to the victims, seven attackers died, and the authorities continued to search for any accomplices remaining at large.[3] The attacks were the deadliest in France since the Second World War,[23][24] and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings in 2004.[25]

In response to the attack, French President François Hollande announced a state of emergency, the first since the 2005 riots,[25] and placed temporary controls on the country's borders.[19] People and organizations expressed solidarity including through social media. Many world leaders and governments also expressed their condemnation of the attacks and their condolences to the victims. President Hollande declared the attacks as "an act of war".[26][27][28] On November 15, France struck ISIS targets in Syria in retaliation for the attacks.[29]

Prior to the attack, France had been involved in airstrikes in the Middle East, and hit targets in Syria, for the first time, in October 2015.[30] ISIL's alleged motive was retaliation for French involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Iraqi Civil War.[10][31] In the weeks leading up the attacks, ISIL had claimed responsibility for numerous deadly attacks. France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks in Paris that killed 17 people, including civilians and police officers.[6]

Background

France's military has been involved in airstrikes in Iraq and Syria since 19 September 2014, known by the codename Operation Chammal. In October 2015, France struck targets in Syria for the first time.[30] ISIL specifically mentioned the airstrikes when they claimed responsibility for the attacks.[32]

France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in early January 2015.[6] France had also increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December 2015, and had restored border checks a week before the attacks.[6] The Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the 11th arrondissement (district) of the city, where the Bataclan theatre is situated.[33] France witnessed other, smaller, attacks throughout 2015, including the stabbing of three soldiers in Nice guarding a Jewish community centre in February;[34] an attempt to blow up a factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier in June, resulting in the death of an employee;[35] and a shooting and stabbing spree on a train in August.[36]

Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joël Laloux,[37][38] owned the Bataclan theatre for more than 40 years until they sold it in September 2015.[39] The venue had been threatened several times because of their public support of Israel. In 2011, a group calling itself "Army of Islam" threatened the theatre because of this support.[40][41][42]

ISIL and their branches claimed responsibility for numerous deadly attacks which took place in the weeks leading up to the Paris attacks. On 12 November 2015, twin suicide bombings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people. On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268, carrying mostly Russian passengers crashed in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, killing 224 people, for which ISIL's Sinai branch claimed responsibility. On the day of the attacks, ISIL's lead executioner, Jihadi John, was killed by a US drone strike[43] and ISIL lost control of Sinjar to Kurdish forces.[44]

Attacks

Timeline of attacks

13 November:

  • 21:16 – First suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[45]
  • 21:20 – Second suicide bombing at the Stade de France.[45]
  • 21:25 – Shooting at the rue Bichat.[45]
  • 21:32 – Shooting at the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi.[45]
  • 21:36 – Shooting at the rue de Charonne.[45]
  • 21:40 – Suicide bombing on boulevard Voltaire.[45]
  • 21:40 – Four men enter the Bataclan theatre and begin shooting.[45]
  • 21:53 – Third suicide bombing at the Stade de France.[45]
  • 22:00 – Hostages are taken at the Bataclan.[46]

14 November:

  • 00:20 – Security forces enter the Bataclan.[45]
  • 00:58 – French police end the siege on the Bataclan.[46]
All times are CET (UTC+1).

Three teams[47] committed seven distinct attacks,[48] comprising four suicide bombings and six shootings.[49][50] Three explosions occurred near the Stade de France and another on boulevard Voltaire; two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the stand-off.[51] Shootings were reported in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, the Bataclan theatre and avenue de la République.[33][52][53][54]

First team: Stade de France explosions

A memorial outside the Quick restaurant on Rue Jules-Rimet near the stadium

Three explosions occurred near the country's national sports stadium, the Stade de France, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, resulting in four deaths, including the three suicide bombers.[55] The explosions happened at 21:16, 21:20, and 21:53.[56] The first explosion near the stadium was at approximately 21:16, less than 20 minutes after the start of an international friendly football match between France and Germany, which President François Hollande was attending.[20][57] The first terrorist had been prevented from entering the stadium after a security guard patted him down and discovered the suicide vest;[58] a few seconds after being turned away, he detonated his suicide vest, killing himself and a bystander.[59] The second bomber blew himself up near the stadium a few minutes later, and 33 minutes after that, the third bomber detonated his vest nearby at a McDonald's.[58][60]

Hollande was safely evacuated from the scene at half-time, while the German foreign minister, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, stayed behind,[15][19] and Hollande met with his interior minister, Bernard Cazeneuve, to coordinate a response to the emergency.[61] Two of the explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of the match; both football coaches were informed by French officials of a developing crisis,[62] but players and the audience were kept unaware of the danger until the game had finished.[6][63] Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch to await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around the venue.[6] Security sources confirmed that all three explosions were suicide bombings.[6]

The German national football team were advised not to return to their hotel, where there had been a bomb threat earlier in the day, and they spent the night in the stadium on mattresses along with the French team, who stayed with them in a display of camaraderie.[64] The attacks were seven months before France was due to host the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament.[58]

Second team: Street shootings and bombings

Rue Bichat and rue Alibert

File:Paris Shootings - The day after (22593523647).jpg
The Le Petit Cambodge restaurant with a makeshift memorial of flowers, the day after the attacks

At approximately 21:20, the first shootings occurred on the rue Bichat and the rue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement. Attackers shot at people outside Le Carillon, a café and bar,[65] before crossing the rue Bichat and shooting people inside the restaurant Le Petit Cambodge. According to French police, eleven people were killed at the restaurant,[19] and an eyewitness said one of the gunmen shouted "Allahu Akbar". The assailants reportedly fled in one or two vehicles after the shootings.[63] One of the vehicles was known to have had a Belgian number plate.[66] Doctors and nurses from the nearby Hôpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when the attacks happened, and supplied emergency assistance to the wounded.[66]

Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi

At 21:32, a man with a machine gun fired shots outside Café Bonne Bière,[56] close to the Italian restaurant La Casa Nostra, on the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi south of the rue Bichat. The Paris prosecutor said five people were killed and eight were injured.[19] An eyewitness reported a gunman firing short bursts.[67]

Boulevard Voltaire bombing

At about 21:40, another attacker detonated his suicide vest on the boulevard Voltaire, also in the 11th arrondissement, near place de la Nation.[6] He sat down in the Comptoir Voltaire cafe and placed an order before detonating his suicide vest and killing himself. 15 people were injured, one of them seriously.[68][69]

Rue de Charonne

At approximately 21:50, two attackers fired shots for several minutes at the outdoor terrace of the restaurant La Belle Équipe on the rue de Charonne in the 11th arrondissement before returning to their car and driving away.[20][68] 19 people were killed and nine were left in a critical condition.[68]

Third team: Bataclan theatre massacre

The Bataclan theatre in 2009

At approximately 21:45, a mass shooting and hostage-taking occurred at the Bataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement. Owned by a Jewish family for decades, the Bataclan was sold to new owners in September 2015. [39] The venue has been repeatedly threatened for sponsoring pro-Israel events.[70][71] In 2011, a group calling itself Army of Islam threatened the Bataclan, apparently because its owners were Jewish.[72][73]

The US rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to an audience of around 1,500 people.[15][19] About an hour into the concert,[74] three black-clad men with AK-47 assault rifles entered the hall.[6] Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu akbar" just before the gunmen calmly and methodically opened fire on the crowd.[6][75] Initially, the audience mistook the gunfire for pyrotechnics.[76] A witness said he saw armed men enter the Bataclan and fire indiscriminately on the crowd.[4] The attack lasted 20 minutes, and witnesses said the attackers also threw hand grenades into the crowd.[75] A radio reporter, Julien Pearce, who attended the concert, described the attackers as calm and determined, telling CNN they had reloaded three or four times.[75]

At 22:00, the men started rounding up hostages as police gathered outside the concert.[75] Between 60 and 100 hostages were taken.[19][33] The band's members, and the musicians of the opening act, Austrian rock group White Miles, escaped without injury.[77] A witness who escaped the attack told a journalist the gunmen had mentioned Syria.[4][78] One witness in the Bataclan said a gunman yelled, "This is because of all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the world."[79][80] There were further attacks on police and first responders who arrived at the scene.[81]

From 00:15 to 00:58, the police launched an assault on the theatre after reports the attackers had begun killing hostages.[6][75][82] Initial police reports estimated that 100 people were killed at the theatre,[4][61] but the toll was later revised to 87.[19] Two attackers died by detonating their suicide vests.[4][6][75] Another was hit by police gunfire and his vest blew up when he fell.[6] The area was cordoned off after the attacks.[83] Identification and removal of bodies from the theatre took 10 hours, a process made difficult because some concert attendees had left their identification papers in the Bataclan's cloakroom.[84]

Perpetrators

On 14 November, President François Hollande said the attacks were organised by ISIL from abroad, with internal help.[28] Syrian and Egyptian passports were reportedly found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites,[85] although Egyptian authorities later said the passport belonged to a victim, Aleed Abdel-Razzak, and not one of the perpetrators.[86]

Identification

Paris prosecutor François Molins confirmed that seven known attackers died, while authorities continued to search for the restaurant shooters.[3]

  • Three attacked the Bataclan theatre wearing black clothing and using AK-47 assault rifles.[6] Two killed themselves with their suicide vests during the police raid on the theatre. The third was killed by police gunfire just before his vest detonated.[6] According to French police, suspects included:
    • Bilal Hadfi, a Belgian-born individual who previously fought in Syria with ISIL.[87]
    • Ahmed Almuhamed, a 25-year-old who entered France posing as a Syrian refugee.[87]
    • Omar Ismaël Mostefai, a 29-year-old from the Paris suburb of Courcouronnes,[88] identified as a bomber by a severed finger found inside the theatre.[87][89]
  • Three suicide bombers detonated their vests near the Stade de France. A Syrian passport was found on one of the suicide bombers, according to French police. The authenticity of the passport was questioned and many analysts pointed out that false Syrian passports can easily be obtained.[90] Minister of Citizen Protection in Greece Nikos Toskas announced that one of the Syrian passport-holders had passed through Leros in October.[91] A US intelligence official said the passport could be a fake.[92][93]
  • The seventh attacker detonated his vest on the boulevard Voltaire near the Bataclan theatre.[6] Ibrahim Abdeslam, a member of the Molenbeek Terror Cell from Belgium, was identified as this bomber.[87]

According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wearing suicide vests used TATP as an explosive.[94]

French news media described Mostefaï as a "young father with Algerian roots".[95][96][97] A second gunman was found with a passport of a Syrian man who had been born in 1980. The man on the passport was not previously known to French police.[94] At least one man with a possible connection to the attacks had entered the EU via Greece as a Syrian refugee in October, but the Greek police are not ruling out that the passport changed hands before the attacks.[98] Serbia's interior ministry stated that his details match those of a suspected terrorist, identified by Serbian authorities only by his initials as Ahmed Almuhamed.[99]

Another man has been identified as Abbdulakbak B.[100] On 15 November 2015, François Molins, the Paris prosecutor, identified two more of the terrorists, stating that one of the men was among the suicide bombers outside the Stade de France and that he was born in France on 22 January 1995, with the second attacker, the suicide bomber who killed himself but no one else in the Comptoir Voltaire restaurant, being born in France, on 30 July 1984.[101]

Three terrorist teams executed the attacks, according to the Paris prosecutor. They were wearing explosives vests with identical detonators.[102] One terrorist had eight past arrests but had not been linked to terrorism.[102]

Search for further attackers

Two cars were recovered in Paris after the attacks. One, a Volkswagen Polo with Belgian licence plates, was rented by a French citizen living in Belgium, and contained a parking ticket from the town of Molenbeek. The other car, a black SEAT, was found in the Paris suburb of Montreuil[103] on 15 November, and contained assault rifles. On 14 November, a car was stopped at the Belgium–France border and its three occupants were arrested. Three more people were arrested in Molenbeek, Belgium.[104] Links to the ISIL attack in France were investigated in an arrest in Germany on 5 November, when police stopped a 51-year-old man from Montenegro and found automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosives in his car.[105] Another car, abandoned near the Bataclan theatre, was identified as having a parking ticket issued in Molenbeek, a district of Brussels, Belgium.[106]

As of 15 November, the French authorities were trying to locate Salah Abdeslam, a 26-year-old French citizen, describing him as dangerous and warning the public not to approach him under any circumstances.[107] According to Belgian officials, his brother, Ibrahim Abdeslam, died in the three-hour massacre on 13 November, and another brother, Mohamed, was detained on 14 November in the Molenbeek area of Brussels.[108]

Analysis of tactics and responsibility

Michael Leiter, former director of the United States National Counterterrorism Center, said that the attacks demonstrated great sophistication not seen in a city attack since the 2008 Mumbai attacks and that it would change how the West regards the threat.[109] Further comparisons were made between the Paris attacks and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[110][111]

ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks on the morning of 14 November[112][113] in a statement which included no details not available in news reportage.[114]

Casualties

List of casualties from the attacks
Nationality Killed Injured
 France 104 TBA
 Belgium 3
 Chile 3[115]
 Portugal 3[116]
 Algeria 2
 Mexico 2†[115] 1†
 Romania 2 1
 Tunisia 2
 United States 2†
 Germany 1[117]
 Italy 1[118] 2[119]
 Morocco 1 1
 Spain 1[120]
 Sweden 1 1
 United Kingdom 1[115]
 Serbia 0 7[121]
 Netherlands 0 3
 Venezuela 0 3[122]
 Brazil 0 2
 Australia 0 1
 Austria 0 1[123]
 China 0 1[124]
 Colombia 0 1[125]
 Ireland 0 1
Unspecified 329
Total 129[3][126] 352[127][128]
† Victims had dual citizenship

The attacks killed 129 people and injured 352, with 96 reportedly taken to hospital in a serious condition.[129] The French music publication Les Inrockuptibles said their music critic, Guillaume B. Decherf, was killed at the Bataclan.[130]

Sweden's Foreign Ministry said at least one Swedish national was killed and another injured.[4] According to Didier Reynders, the Belgian foreign affairs Minister, two Belgians from Liège and one Franco-Belgian were killed.[131]

The Spanish Deputy Prime Minister, Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría, announced on 14 November that a Spanish national was among the victims of the attack on the Bataclan theatre.[132] Portuguese authorities confirmed that at least one Portuguese citizen was killed.[133]

The Romanian Ministry of External Affairs confirmed that two Romanian nationals were killed.[134] Two United States citizens, the Eagles of Death Metal merchandise manager, Nick Alexander, and a California college student, were also confirmed to have been killed.[135][136] The Foreign Office has confirmed that one British citizen was killed.[137][138] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile confirmed the death of three Chilean nationals in the attacks.[139] Algeria confirmed that two of their citizens were among the victims.[140] Australia's Foreign Minister Julie Bishop informed the media that one Australian was confirmed as injured.[141] A Mexican official announced that two nationals were killed and one was injured.[127] The Irish Embassy in Paris confirmed that at least one Irish citizen was seriously injured in the attacks.[142]

Aftermath

Local response

Main article: International reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks § Popular reactions

The hashtag #portesouvertes ("open doors") was used by Parisians to offer shelter to those too afraid to travel.[143]

As had been the case in January, the Place de la République became a focal point of mourning, memorial, and tributes.[144] An impromptu memorial also developed near the Bataclan theatre.[145] On 15 November, two days after the attacks, a memorial service was held at Notre Dame Cathedral, presided over by the Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, with several political and religious figures in attendance.[146]

Muslim organisations in France, Union of Islamic Organisations of France and Les Fédérations Musulmanes, strongly condemned the attacks in Paris, denouncing them as "barbaric."[147][148][149] The attacks affected business at high profile venues and shopping centres in Paris, and many Parisians were concerned the attacks might lead to a marginalisation of Muslims in the city.[150]

Official response

French governmental response

President François Hollande was at the Stade de France during the attacks.

President François Hollande issued a statement asking the French people to remain strong in the face of such incidents.[151][152] Hollande also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to "mercilessly" fight against terrorism.[153] Hollande also chaired an emergency meeting of the French Cabinet that night, and directed his national security council to meet the next morning.[153] The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their own safety.[19][63][154] Hollande also cancelled his trip to the 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks, instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.[155] On 14 November, President Hollande announced three national days of mourning.[156]

Intelligence review

French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre the day after the attacks

Shortly after the attacks, intelligence staff in multiple countries began to review electronic surveillance recorded before the attacks.[15] The ranking Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives Intelligence Committee, Adam Schiff said he was not aware of any intercepted communications that would have provided warning of the attacks.[157]

One source said the French National Police met with German police and intelligence services a month prior to the attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were staking out possible targets in France. The exact targets were not known at that time.[158]

At least some of the weapons used by the attackers may have been stolen from a French military armoury in July.[158][159]

Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November and confiscated weapons that might have been connected to the Paris attacks.[160]

Security changes

File:Paris Shootings - The day after (23012112325).jpg
Police patrol in Paris, the day after the attacks

In response to the attacks, France was put under a state of emergency for the first time since 2005,[25] borders were temporarily closed, and 1,500 soldiers were called in to help the police maintain order in Paris.[6][63][161] The plan blanc (Île de France) and plan rouge (global), two contingency plans for times of emergency, were immediately activated.[162][163][164] According to some English-language sources, Paris declared its first curfew in 70 years.[165] Belgium tightened security along its border with France and increased security checks for people arriving from France.[19]

Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport were mostly unaffected.[15] American Airlines delayed flights to Paris until further notice.[166] Many Paris Métro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements were shut down because of the attacks.[63][167] Uber also suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.[168]

All public schools and universities in Paris were to remain closed the next day.[169] Sports events in France for the weekend of 14–15 November were postponed or cancelled.[170][171] Disneyland Paris, which had operated every day since opening in 1992, closed its parks as a mark of respect for those who died in the attacks.[172] The Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by 20,000 people a day, was closed indefinitely.[173] According to The New York Times, as of 14 November 2015, "The capital is under a heavy police presence, and checks at France's borders have been reinstated. Air travel continues but with significant security-related delays. Public protests—a constitutional right in France—are prohibited in Paris and some of the surrounding departments until Thursday. Several bands due to play in Paris cancelled shows, including U2, Foo Fighters, Motorhead and Coldplay.[174] Schools with classes or activities, cultural places and other venues (the Eiffel Tower, movie theaters, Disneyland Paris, department stores) are closed."[175]

Cities in the United States took security precautions, especially at sites where large crowds were expected, as well as sports events, concerts, the French embassy and other French government sites.[176][177] New York City Police Commissioner William J. Bratton said the Paris attacks have changed the way law enforcement deals with security.[178] Singapore raised its national security alert level, stepping up border checks and security across the city-state.[179] Police and military authorities in Manila were placed on full alert in preparation for the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.[180]

French domestic politics

Both Hollande's governing Socialist Party and Marine Le Pen's National Front suspended their election campaigns for the upcoming French regional elections.[153]

Airstrike against ISIS

Main article: Opération Chammal

The day after the attacks, the French Air Force launched its largest airstrike of Opération Chammal, its bombing campaign against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, sending 12 planes, including 10 fighters, that dropped 20 bombs in training camps and ammunition facilities in Raqqa, the city where ISIL is based.[181]

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks
National Gallery in London in French flag colours, 14 November 2015
Crowds gather to express grief and solidarity in front of the French Embassy, Vienna, 15 November 2015

Many heads of state and heads of government, as well as the Holy See and the United Nations, offered messages of condolence and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.[182]

The attacks prompted European officials—particularly German officials—to re-evaluate their stance on EU policy toward migrants, especially in light of the ongoing European migrant crisis.[183] Many German officials believed a higher level of scrutiny was needed, and criticised the position of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, but the German Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended her stance, and pointed out that a lot of migrants were fleeing terrorism.[183]

Poland's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymański declared that, in the wake of the attacks, he sees no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocation scheme.[184][185] Andrej Babiš, Czech deputy prime minister, proposed closing the Schengen border.[186]

See also

References

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