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Australia–India relations

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Australia–India relations
Map indicating locations of Australia and India

Australia
India
Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull(left) and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in 2016.

Australia–India relations are the foreign relations between the Commonwealth of Australia and the Republic of India. Before independence, Australia and India were both part of the British Empire and the first British colonies set up in Australia were governed from Kolkatta, then capital of India. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. They also share political, economic, security, lingual and sporting ties. As a result of British colonisation, cricket has emerged as a strong cultural connection between the two nations, as well as the English language. Australia and India have signed nuclear supplies and cooperation, and army and collaborations including joint the regular naval exercise called AUSINDEX.[1] India-Australia have also constituted a $100 million Strategic Research Fund.[2]

History

Prior to 1788

Prior to colonisation of Australia, there is evidence of ancient migration of Indians to Australia around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago based on DNA and language development in native Indians and Indigenous Australians according to some studies.[3]

During the British Empire

The ties between Australia and India started immediately following European settlement of Australia in 1788. On the founding of the penal colony of New South Wales, all trade to and from the colony was controlled by the British East India Company, although this was widely flouted.[4] An early ship built in India from Calcutta, the newly renamed Sydney Cove was marooned, with its cargo of Rum, off Tasmania, and the crew (including 12 Indian lascars) made a journey in 1796 CE, initially rowing a long boat, and then a long trek from Tasmania to Sydney, with only one Indian and two British sailors surviving.[5][6]

The Western Australian town of Australind (est. 1841) is a portmanteau word named after Australia and India.[7] Mangalore city is present in both India and Australia (Mangalore, Karnataka, Mangalore, Victoria and Mangalore, Queensland).[8] Australian towns of Cervantes, Northampton and Madura (est. 1876) were used for breeding cavalry horses for the British Indian Army during the late 19th century.[9] The horses were used in the North-West Frontier Province (now Pakistan).

In the early colonies, Indians were brought to Australia as labourers and domestic workers, with migration being curtailed after federation.[10] Gradual migration during the later years of the White Australia policy saw workers moving to Australia especially during periods of labour shortage, such as the Sikhs in Woolgoolga.

After Indian Independence

After World War II, the Australian government of Ben Chifley supported the independence of India from the British Empire to act as a frontier against communism.[11] Later, under Robert Menzies, Australia supported the admission of India as a Republic to the Commonwealth Nations. In 1950, Menzies became the first Australian Prime Minister to visit India, where he met with the Governor-General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[12]

As part of the Colombo Plan,[13] many Indian students were sponsored to come and study in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. Easing of restrictions in the late 1960s saw an increase in non-European Indians migrating to Australia especially professionals.[10] In 2011-12, Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia.[14]

After independence, Australia has maintained relations with both India and Pakistan, with some concern from India over defence sales over the border such as 50 Mirage fighter jets and parts in 2007.[15] Australia is the second most popular destinations for the Indian students, with nearly 60,000 Indians on student visa in Australia in 2017.[2]

Diplomatic relations

India first established a Trade Office in Sydney, Australia in 1941. It is currently represented by a High Commissioner in the embassy at Canberra and Consulate generals in Sydney and Melbourne.[16] Australia has a High Commission in New Delhi, India and Consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.[17]

Besides both being members of the Commonwealth of Nations, both nations are founding members of the United Nations, and members of regional organisations including the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation and ASEAN Regional forum.

Australia has traditionally supported India's position on Arunachal Pradesh, which is subject to diplomatic disputes between India and the People's Republic of China.[18]

The Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing, a botched attempt to allegedly assassinate the Indian prime minister at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting meeting in 1978 received significant attention at the time.

Although Australia and India sometimes had divergent strategic perspectives during the Cold War, in recent years there have been much closer security relations, including a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in 2009.[19]

Recent visits by Indian and Australian prime ministers, such as Tony Abbott's visit in 2014, and later the same year Narendra Modi's visit to Australia - the later being the first by an Indian prime minister in 28 years,[20] and Malcolm Turnbull's visit in 2017 have continued to progress the relationship.

Trade

Economic relations

Monthly value of Australian merchandise exports to India (A$ millions) since 1988[21]
Monthly value of Indian merchandise exports to Australia (A$ millions) since 1988[21]

While India was Australia's first major trading partner with imports through the East India Company, exports from Australia to India dates back to the late 18th century and early 19th century, when coal from Sydney and horses from New South Wales were exported to India. As of 2016, bilateral trade between the two countries totaled A$21.9 billion, having grown from A$4.3 billion in 2003. Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull said Australia and India's $20 billion two-way trade was "a fraction of what we should aspire to, given the many points of intersection between our economies".[22] Trade is highly skewed towards Australia. Australia mainly exports Coal, services (mainly education), vegetables for consumer consumption, gold, copper ores and concentrates, while India's chief exports are refined petroleum, services (professional services such as outsourcing), medicaments, pearls, gems and jewelry.[23] Over 97,000 Indian students enrolled in Australia in 2008, representing an education export of A$2 billion.[24][21]

In 2017, the India-Australia bilateral trade was worth #20 Billion and the Strategic Research Fund was worth $100 million.[2]

Uranium export to India

After a series of attempts by prime ministers of all parties John Howard, Kevin Rudd,[25] Julia Gillard,[26] and Tony Abbott[27] eventually in 2016 under Malcolm Turnbull, both Australian political parties opened the door for uranium exports,[28] with trade potentially starting in 2017.[29]

Trade agreement

A notable exception from the Australia and India relationship has been a free trade agreement. Despite warm relationships between India and Australia, a promised free trade agreement seems unlikely, with Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull suggesting after his 2017 visit with his counterpart Narendra Modi "It may be that the conclusion will be reached that the parties are too far apart to enable a deal to be reached at this time". Attempts by India to encourage overseas workers in Australia through the loosening of the 457 visa[22] may also have failed as the government attempts to curb, end and/or replace the visa class traditionally used by Indian IT workers.[30]

Military relations

Prime Minister Modi and the Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott at the signing ceremony of the Framework for Security Cooperation between India and Australia. November 2014.
India Navy's Flag Officer Commanding, Eastern Fleet (FOCEF) with Australian Navy's Rear Admiral, J Mead during AUSINDEX 2015.

India and Australia have a long history of military relations, going back before independence when Indian soldiers fought alongside Australian soldiers in a number of campaigns, including both World Wars, such as the 15,000 Indian soldiers who fought with Australians at Gallipoli.[31] Every two year, Australia and India also conduct a joint naval exercise in the Indian ocean, called AUSINDEX.[1]

After independence, Australia offered military aid to India in 1963 in response to the Sino-Indian War.[32]

In recent times, India and Australia conducted a joint naval exercise, termed Malabar 2007, in the Indian Ocean alongside the USA and Japan.[33]

Some commentators have suggested that there are considerable opportunities for defence and security cooperation between India and Australia. Potential areas in maritime security include in naval exercises and training (such as use of the Australian Submarine Escape Training facility in Fremantle), greater cooperation in humanitarian and disaster relief operations and search and rescue, maritime border protection and maritime domain awareness. There are also opportunities for greater cooperation between the Indian and Australian armies and air forces (reflecting the greater use of shared platforms).[34]

HMAS Sheen being received by Indian Navy ships off Vizag during the AUSINDEX 2015.
HMAS Sirius entering Vizag Harbour in India during the AUSINDEX 2015.

Prime Ministers Abbott and Modi signed a landmark deal to increase their nations defence relationship in November 2014. Part of the framework for security co-operation includes annual Prime Ministerial meetings and joint maritime exercises. Areas of increased co-operation include counter-terrorism, border control and regional and international institutions.[35] Prime Minister Modi stated in an address to the Australian parliament that "This is a natural partnership emerging from our shared values and interests and strategic maritime locations...Security and defence are important and growing areas of the new India-Australia partnership for advancing regional peace and stability and combating terrorism and transnational crimes"[36]

Sport

Cricket

]]
Australia vs India 1st ODI at the MCG, Jan 2004.]]

One of the prominent ties is a shared love of cricket.[37] In 1945, the Australian Services cricket team toured India during their return to Australia for demobilisation, and played against the Indian cricket team. However, those matches were not given Test status. The first Test matches between the countries occurred in 1947–48 after the independence of India, when India toured Australia and played five Tests. Australia won 4–0 and as a result, the Australian Board of Control did not invite the Indians back for two decades, fearing that a series of one-sided contests would lead to financial losses due to lack of spectator interest. In the meantime, Australia toured India in late-1956, 1959–60 and 1964–65.

The 1969–70 series in India, which Australia won, were marred by repeated riots. Some were against the Australian team specifically, after the Indian umpires had ruled against the Indian team, while others were not related to on-field conduct, such as a lack of tickets. Several players were hit by projectiles, including captain Bill Lawry, who was hit with a chair. On one occasion, the Australian bus was stoned. The Communist Party of India (CPI), a major political party in West Bengal, protested against Australian batsman Doug Walters, who they mistakenly thought had fought against the communist Vietcong.[38][39] Around 10,000 communists picketed the Australians' hotel in Calcutta and some eventually broke in and vandalised it.[39][40] Towards the end of the tour, many former Australian players, some of them administrators, called for the tour to be abandoned for safety reasons, saying that cricket should not descend into violence.[40][41]

From 1970 until 1996, Australia only toured India twice for Tests. However, with the financial rise of the Board of Control for Cricket in India, Australia, the country with the most successful playing record in the world, has sought more regular fixtures. Test series have occurred every two years for the last decade, and one-day series even more frequently. Scholarships are also given to talented young Indian cricketers to train at the Australian Cricket Academy.

In January 2008, relations became strained after the second test in Sydney. The match, which ended in a last-minute Australian victory, was marred by a series of umpiring controversies, and belligerent conduct between some of the players. At the end of the match, Harbhajan Singh was charged with racially abusing Andrew Symonds, who had been subjected to monkey chants by Indian crowds on a tour a few months earlier. Harbhajan was initially found guilty and given a ban,[42] and the Board of Control for Cricket in India threatened to cancel the tour. Harbhajan's ban was later repealed upon appeal and the tour continued. Both teams were heavily criticised for their conduct. During Australia's tour in India there were a number of controversies instigated on both sides, culminating in Virat Kohli saying his friendship with Australia coming to an end. He later clarified the comments and said “I thought that was the case, but it has changed for sure. As I said, in the heat of the battle you want to be competitive but I’ve been proven wrong. The thing I said before the first Test [about being mates with Australia], that has certainly changed and you won’t hear me say that ever again.”[43]

However cricket, and more recently Indian Premier League has been considered "the lifeblood of the Australia-India relationship",[37] and Australian cricketers like Shane Warne, Adam Gilchrist and Brett Lee are immensely popular among the Indian people. Likewise, Sachin Tendulkar is highly regarded among Australian cricket lovers.

Hockey

India v Australia 1935. Dhyan Chand had just hit a goal

India and Australia also have strong ties to field hockey which came to both countries with the British military. In India from the mid-19th century, British army regiments played the game which was subsequently picked up by their India regimental counterparts. The country's first hockey club was formed in Calcutta in 1885–86.[44] Hockey in Australia was introduced by British naval officers in the late 19th century.[45] Evidence of the first organised hockey there was the establishment of the South Australian Hockey Association in 1903.

Teams from both countries have been among the top in the world for many years and have therefore frequently encountered each other on the hockey field. India dominated world hockey between 1928 and 1956, with the men's team winning six consecutive Olympic gold medals. The women's team won world titles in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Australia has found success mainly since the late 1970s, with the men's and women's teams winning gold medals at Olympic Games, World Cup, Champion's Trophy and Commonwealth Games meets.

The first international match between the two countries and the first international match played in Australia was at Richmond Cricket Ground in 1935, when the world champion team from India beat Australia 12 goals to one. The visitors featured hockey supremo Dhyan Chand.[46]

Following the partition of India in 1947, brothers Julian, Eric, Cec, Mel and Gordon Pearce, emigrated to Australia from India. All five went on to become successful international players for their adopted country.[47]

Expatriates

Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin

Main article: Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin

India has the largest diaspora population in the world,[48] and many live in Australia.[14] Non resident Indians (NRI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) maintain strong cultural and economic links with India. However, the Constitution of India does not allow dual citizenship, so for many expatriates taking up residency, and eventually citizenship in Australian, this has led to loss of privileges in India, such as residency rights. India is one of the few remaining countries that prevent dual citizenship, and there have been attempts to resolve this, through Long Term Visas and more recently a pseudo citizenship Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) has been created that has been taken up positively, with many Australians OCIs, cricketer Shaun Tait being a famous example, who are able to take residency in India without applying for a visa. However privileges of OCI holders depends on the Government policy of the day, and there have been instances where they have been denied additional rights afforded to full Indian citizens, such as during the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation where non-citizens, including OCIs were denied rights to bring rupee notes back into the country.[49]

Issues and controversies

There have been a number of incidents concerning citizens of both countries that received media attention:

  • 1999 - Australian missionary Graham Staines and his two minor children murdered by an Indian Hindu extremist in India.
  • 2007 - Mohamed Haneef, was falsely accused of terrorism related crimes. He was later released and compensated.
  • 2009 - Attacks on Indian students, including the murder of Indian graduate and Australian permanent resident Nitin Garg in 2010[50]
  • A number of Overseas trained doctors in Australia of Indian origin have been accused (sometimes unfairly) of professional violations.

Treaties

A number of treaties before Indian independence or Australian federation are still honoured, such as extradition treaties and criminal cooperation. Since Indian independence, there have been several treaties between the two countries:

  • Postal, Money Order and Air service treaties.
  • Commonwealth of Nations treaties.
  • Cooperative aid to other countries.[51]
  • Mutual protection of Patents in 1963.[52]
  • A cultural agreement in 1971.[53]
  • An agreement to discuss trade in 1976[54]
  • Science and Technology cooperation agreements in 1975[55] and 1986.[56]
  • Australia has been involved with peace keeping missions between India and Pakistan.[57]
  • Taxation cooperation treaties in taxation in 1983,[58] 1991,[59] and 2011.[60]
  • Development cooperation agreement in 1990.[61]
  • Promoting and protecting investments in 2000.[62]
  • Peaceful use of Nuclear Energy in 2014 in order to purchase uranium[63] from Australia.[64]
  • A Social Security agreement in 2016.[65]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b India, Australia kick off joint exercise Down Under, Economic Times, Indrani Bagchi. 15 Jun 2017
  2. ^ a b c Indians are also young and free, The Australian, Malcolm Turnbull (author is the Prime Minister of Australia), 10 April 2017
  3. ^ MacDonald, Anna (15 January 2013). "Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  4. ^ Binney, Keith R. "The British East India Company in Early Australia". tbheritage.com. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  5. ^ Newby, Jonica (14 June 2016). "Catalyst: Oldest Beer". ABC Catalyst. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  6. ^ Sherden, Amy (14 June 2016). "World's oldest beer brought back to life, scientists claim". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  7. ^ "History of country town names – A". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
  8. ^ "There is a Mangalore in Australia". The Hindu Newspaper. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  9. ^ "Madura". Sydney Morning herald. 8 February 2004. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  10. ^ a b "The India-born Community". www.dss.gov.au. Department of Social Services, Australian Government. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  11. ^ "Ben Chifley". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Menzies on Tour: India". Menzies on Tour: Travelling with Robert Menzies, 1950-1959. eScholarship Research Centre, The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  13. ^ Rao, p. 107.
  14. ^ a b "Indian Community in Australia". www.hcindia-au.org. The High Commission of India in Australia. Retrieved 21 April 2017. There is a rapidly growing Indian community in Australia. According to 2011 census, about 295362 in Australia were born in India and there were 390894 responses for Indian ancestry. In 2011-12 Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia. Indians formed 15.7 % of the total migration programme in 2011-12.
  15. ^ "Jet sales to Pakistan haunt Canberra". www.theage.com.au. Fairfax. The Age. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ "About us". Australian High Commission in India. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "After helping China in AB, Oz says Arunachal part of India". After helping China in ADB, Oz says Arunachal part of India: Expressindia.com. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  19. ^ David Brewster. "India as an Asia Pacific Power. Retrieved 19 August 2014".
  20. ^ Malhotra, Aditi (18 November 2014). "Modi's Visit to Australia – The Numbers". WSJ. Dow Jones & Company. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Ashok Sharma (25 February 2016). "Australia-India relations: trends and the prospects for a comprehensive economic relationship | Arndt-Corden Department of Economics". Acde.crawford.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  22. ^ a b "Trade deal with India may be impossible, Turnbull says". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC News. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  23. ^ "India Fact Sheet December 2016" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  24. ^ "India country brief". Australian department of foreign affairs and trade. April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  25. ^ "Australia bans India uranium sale". BBC News. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  26. ^ "julia gillards uranium backflip opens us door to delhi/". The Australian. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  27. ^ Cam Walker (November 2013). "Election aftermath: Full speed in reverse" (PDF). Chain Reaction.
  28. ^ Sweeney, Dave (29 November 2016). "Major parties push a losing uranium sector to India at great risk". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  29. ^ Bearup, Greg (16 August 2016). "First Aussie uranium shipment to India flagged for next year". www.theaustralian.com.au. News Corp. The Australian. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  30. ^ "Indian techies are losing out on all major markets - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. India Times. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  31. ^ "India's 'forgotten soldiers' who fought at Gallipoli". ABC News. ABC News. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  32. ^ "Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 ". Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  33. ^ "Internet Edition". The Daily Star. 6 October 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  34. ^ David Brewster. "India-Australia security engagement: Opportunities and challenges".
  35. ^ Garnaut, John (18 November 2014). "Narendra Modi and Tony Abbott reveal new India-Australia military agreement". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  36. ^ "India, Australia vow closer security and trade ties". The West Australian. Agence France-Presse. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  37. ^ a b Star, Shaun (25 March 2015). "Australia and India build ties through cricket". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. Retrieved 21 April 2017. It is important to appreciate that cricket has for many years been the lifeblood of the Australia-India relationship. Historically, it has often been said that the Australia-India relationship is based on three things: cricket, Commonwealth and curry. While the recent successive visits by Prime Minister Tony Abbott to India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Australia highlight that our national interests have converged in other areas, cricket still remains an enviable bond that Australia and India share.
  38. ^ Perry, p. 258.
  39. ^ a b Mallett, p. 133–134.
  40. ^ a b Harte, p. 522.
  41. ^ Mallett, pp. 138–139.
  42. ^ Vaidyanathan, Siddhartha (6 January 2008). "Harbhajan gets three-match ban". Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  43. ^ Blair, Alex (30 March 2017). "Kohli backflips on friendship spray". NewsComAu. News Limited. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  44. ^ "Hockey in India". asiarooms.com Travel Guide. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  45. ^ "History of Hockey". Hockey Victoria. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "India Meets Australia At Hockey". The Age. 19 August 1935.
  47. ^ "Julian Pearce – Hockey". Sport Australia Hall of Fame. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  48. ^ Service, Tribune News. "India has largest diaspora population in world: UN". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  49. ^ "Govt Says Only NRIs Can Exchange Notes Till June, Grace Period Is Not For Others Living Abroad". indiatimes.com. India Times. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  50. ^ "Man dies after street stabbing". Herald Sun. 3 January 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  51. ^ "Agreement between the Governments of the United Kingdom, Australia, India, Pakistan and Ceylon on the one hand and the Government of Burma on the other hand respecting a Loan of [sterling]6,000,000 to be made by the Five Commonwealth Governments to the Government of Burma [1950] ATS 6". www.austlii.edu.au. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  52. ^ “Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India with respect to the Mutual Protection of Priority of Patents for Inventions. ATS 4 of 1963”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  53. ^ "Cultural Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India. ATS 19 of 1971)”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  54. ^ “Trade Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India ATS 21 of 1976 ". Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  55. ^ “Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology. ATS 10 of 1975)”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  56. ^ "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Co-operation in the Fields of Science and Technology ATS 16 of 1986”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  57. ^ "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the United Nations concerning Provision of RAAF Caribon Aircraft for use by the United Nations Military Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) ATS 29 of 1977 ". Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  58. ^ "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation of Income derived from International Air Transport ATS 21 of 1983 ". Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  59. ^ "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income ATS 49 of 1991”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017
  60. ^ "Protocol amending the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income (New Delhi, 16 December 2011) - ATS 22 of 2013”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.
  61. ^ "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Development Co-operation ATS 38 of 1990”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  62. ^ “Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on the Promotion and Protection of Investments (New Delhi, 26 February 1999). ATS 14 of 2000”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
  63. ^ "First Aussie uranium shipment to India flagged for next year". www.theaustralian.com.au. The Australian. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  64. ^ "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (New Delhi, 5 September 2014) - ATS 9 of 2015”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.
  65. ^ "Agreement between Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Social Security (Canberra, 18 November 2014) - ATS 2 of 2016”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.

Further reading

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