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Azd

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Azd
الأزد
Arab tribe
Banner of the Azd from the Battle of Siffin
EthnicityArab
NisbaAl-Azdi
LocationArabian Peninsula
Descended fromal-Azd (disputed): b. al-Ghawth b. Nabt b. Malik b. Zayd b. Kahlan b. Saba'
ReligionIslam

The Azd or Al-Azd (Arabic: ٱلْأَزْد) is one of the largest Arab tribes, prior to the 2nd century, Azd settled in South Arabia, of whom part migrated to the north, after the breach of the Maʾrib dam in the 2 or 3rd century AD, most of the tribe left the area amd moved to other parts of Arabia.[1][2] The tradition of AZD migration finds support in the Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, which locates a tribe called the Kassanitai south of the Kinaidokolpitai and the river Baitios (probably the wādī Bisha).[3][4][5]

The most important tribes of Azd: (Aus and Khazraj, Bariq, Ghassan, Khuza'a and Daws).[6][7]

Lineage of Azd (Father of the tribe)

A family tree of Azd of the Qahtanites

In the genealogical system: al-Azd b. al-Ghawth b. Nabt b. Malik b. Zayd b. Kahlan b. Saba b. Yashjub b. Ya'rub b. Qahtan.[8][9][10]

Group of Azd from Bani Qahtan, the genealogists disagree about the pedigree of Qahțān [himself]. Some trace him back to Ismā'īl b. Ibrāhīm , saying that his [name] was Qahţăn b . al - Hamaysa ' b . Tayman b . Nabt b . Ismā'īl b. Ibrāhīm. Wahb ibn Munabbih[11] and Hishām b. Muhammad al-Kalbi held this genealogy ( as true ). Hisham ibn al-Kalbi quoted his father as saying that he had been contemporaneous with [older] scholars and genealogists who traced Qahțān's pedigree in this way. Other [genealogists] argue that the [name] was Qahţăn b. Faligh b. 'Abir b. Shalakh.[12]

In genealogical poetry by Hassan Ibn Thabit Al-Azdi mentioned Azd b. Ghawth b. Zayd (Nabt) b. Malik b. Zayd b. Kahlan b. Saba'[13](Arabic: الأزد بن الغَوثِ بنِ زَيدِ بنِ بن مالك بن زيد بن كهلان ) in his poem while complimenting his ancestors gradually:[14]

مَن يَكُ عَنّا مَعشَرَ الأَسدِ سائِلاً
 فَنَحنُ بَنو الغَوثِ بنِ زَيدِ بنِ مالِكِ
لِزَيدِ اِبنِ كَهلانَ الَّذي نالَ عِزُّهُ
 قَديماً ذَرارِيَّ النُجومِ الشَوابِكِ

Another poem by Hasan ibn Thabit:

وَنَحنُ أُناسٌ أَصلُنا الأَزدُ مِنهُمُ
 نُضاراً نَبَتنا في الفُروعِ النَواضِرِ
وَنَحنُ بَنو الغَوثِ بنِ نَبتِ بنِ مالِكٍ
 بنِ زَيدِ بنِ كَهلانَ وَأَهلُ المَفاخِرِ
يَمانونَ تَدعونا سَبا فَنُجيبَها
 إِلى الجَوهَرِ المَكنونِ خَيرِ الجَواهِرِ

However, there is much poetry falsely attributed to Hassan b thabit, and the fact these lines are so unmoored from authorship suggests they may have been written much later.[15]

Azd branches

In the 3rd century CE the Azd branched into four sub-branches, each led by one of the sons of Amr bin Muzaikiyya.[16]

Imran Bin Amr

Imran bin Amr and the bulk of the tribe went to Oman, where they established the Azdi presence in Eastern Arabia. Later they invaded Karaman and Shiraz in Southern Persia, and these came to be known as "Azd Daba". Another branch headed west back to Yemen, and a group went further west all the way to Tihamah on the Red Sea. This group was to become known as "Azd Uman" after the emergence of Islam.[citation needed]

Jafna bin Amr

Jafna bin Amr and his family headed for Syria, where he settled and initiated the kingdom of the Ghassanids. They were so named after a spring of water where they stopped on their way to Syria. This branch was to produce:

Thalabah bin Amr

Thalabah bin Amr left his tribe Al-Azd for the Hijaz and dwelt between Thalabiyah and Dhi Qar. When he gained strength, he headed for Yathrib, where he stayed. Of his seed is the great tribe Khazraj, sons of Haritha bin Thalabah. These were to be the Muslim Ansar and were to produce the last Arab dynasty in Spain (the Nasrids).

Haritha bin Amr

Haritha bin Amr led a branch of the Azd tribes. He wandered with his tribe in the Hijaz until they came to the Tihamah. He had three sons Adi, Afsa and Lahi. Adiy was the father of Bariq, Lahi the father of Khuza'a and Afsa, the father of Aslam.[17][18] 

                              Azd
                                |                     
                 .--------------+------------.                        
                 |                           |                      
               Mazin                     Shahnvah
                 |                           |                  
      .----------+----------.       .--------+-----------.           
      |          |          |       |        |           |
      |          |          |       |        |           |
      |          |          |    Samala  (Banu) Daws   Haddan
 Thalabah     Haritha     Jafna
      |          |    (Ghassanids/The Ghassinids)
   .--+----.     |
   |       |     |_________________
(Banu) Aws  (Banu) Khuza'a/Khazraj |
                                   |
                         .-----+---+----------.
                         |         |          |
                        Adi       Afsa      Lohay
                         |         |          |
                       Bariq     Aslam  (Banu) Khuza'a
                                   |          |
                                Salaman   Mustalik

Zahran

Main article: Zahran tribe

The Zahran tribe is an ancient Arabian offshoot of the Azd tribe, also originating from the Kingdom of the Northern part of the Arabian peninsula. The shortage of water prompted them to relocate to Al-Bahah in the Arabian Peninsula. Of this tribe branched the tribe of Aws .Today members of the Zahran tribe can be found all over the Middle East and beyond. According to Arab scholars, the dialect used by the Hejazi tribes, the Zahran and the Ghamid, is the closest to classical Arabic.[19][20]

Azd 'Uman

The Azd 'Uman were the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern realms of the Caliphate and were the driving force in the conquest of Fars, Makran and Sindh.[21] They were the chief merchant group of Oman and Al-Ubulla, who organized a trading diaspora with settlements of Persianized Arabians on the coasts of Kirman and Makran, extending into Sindh since the days of Ardashir.[21] They were strongly involved in the western trade with India and with the expansion of the Muslim conquests they began to consolidate their commercial and political authority on the eastern frontier. During the early years of the Muslim conquests the Azdi ports of Bahrain and Oman were staging grounds for Muslim naval fleets headed to Fars and Hind.[21] From 637 CE the conquests of Fars and Makran were dominated by the Azdi and allied tribes from Oman. Between 665 CE and 683 CE the Azdi 'Uman became especially prominent due in Basra on account of favors from Ziyad ibn Abihi, the Governor of Muawiya I, and his son Ubaidullah.[21] When a member of their tribe Abu Said Al- Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra became governor their influence and wealth increased as he extended Muslim conquests to Makran and Sindh, where so many other Azdi were settled.[21] After his death in 702, though, they lost their grip on power with the rise of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf as governor of Iraq.[21] Al-Hajjaj pursued a systematic policy of breaking Umayyad power, as a result of which the Azdi also suffered.[21] With the death of Hajjaj and under Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik as Caliph, their fortunes reversed once again, with the appointment of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.[21]

Influential people or branches of Azd

See also

References

  1. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins - Muhammad Suwaed‏ - Page 31
  2. ^ The Bombay Quarterly Magazine and Review - Volume three - Page 422
  3. ^ Rome in Egypt's Eastern Desert: Volume Two — Hélène Cuvigny — Page 403 Archived 2022-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Cuvigny, Hélène; Robin, Christian - "Des Kinaidokolpites dans un ostracon grec du désert oriental (Égypte) - Page 704–706
  5. ^ The Origins of the Islamic State - Biladuri‏ - Page 32
  6. ^ Arabs in the Early Islamic Empire - Brian Ulrich‏ - Page 30
  7. ^ Arabs in the Early Islamic Empire - Brian Ulrich‏ - Page 37
  8. ^ Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari - Muhammad-Bin-Isma`il Al-Bukhari‏ - Page 2988
  9. ^ A History of the Arabs in the Sudan - H. A. MacMichael‏‏ -Page 199
  10. ^ The History of al-Tabari - Vol. 39 - Page 93
  11. ^ الإيناس بعلم الأنساب - المغربي - ج١ - الصفحة 41. Archived 2020-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ The History of al-Tabari - Vol. 39 - Page 130
  13. ^ The History of al-Tabari - Vol.4 - Page 132
  14. ^ ديوان حسان بن ثابت الأنصاري - حسان - الصفحة 182.
  15. ^ Arabs in the Early Islamic Empire - Ulrich Brian Ulrich‏ - Page 32
  16. ^ علي/المسعودي, أبي الحسن علي بن الحسين بن (2012-01-01). مروج الذهب ومعادن الجوهر 1-4 ج2 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 204.
  17. ^ Constructing Al-Azd: Tribal Identity and Society in the Early Islamic Centuries. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-549-63443-0. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  18. ^ The Role of the Arab Tribes in the East During the Period of the Umayyads (40/660-132/749). Al-Jamea's Press. 1978. pp. 35, 34. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  19. ^ Muhammad Suwaed (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 261. ISBN 9781442254510.
  20. ^ Cuddihy, Kathy (2001). An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi. London: Stacey International. p. 6. ISBN 9781900988407.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Wink pg 51-52;"It is not accident that, among the Arabs, the Tribe of the Azd 'Uman were instrumental in the conquest of Fars, Makran and Sind, and that for some time they became the dominant Arab tribe in the eastern caliphate."
  22. ^ نسب معد واليمن الكبير - الكلبي - الصفحة 268
  23. ^ النبي موسى وآخر أيام تل العمارنة - سيد القمني - المجلد الثاني - الصفحة
  24. ^ تاريخ الأدب السرياني - الصفحة 17
  25. ^ المسيحية والمسيحيون العرب أصول الموارنة - فرج الله صالح - الصفحة 28
  26. ^ Teller, Matthew Jordan (2009). The Rough Guide to Jordan. Rough Guides. p. 265. ISBN 9781848360662.
  27. ^ Ibn Khallikan wafayat alayan p. 524. alwarraq edition.
  28. ^ Forster 2018. Ruska 1923, p. 57 still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al-Azdi to be false, but later sources (from Holmyard 1927 on) assume its authenticity.

Sources used

Further reading

  • Strenziok, G. (1960). "Azd". Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 1. pp. 811–813.
  • Wink, Andre (1 August 2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-391-04173-8.
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