Bubastite Portal
25°43′07″N 32°39′27″E / 25.71874°N 32.6574°E
The Bubastite Portal gate is located in Karnak, within the Precinct of Amun-Re temple complex, between the temple of Ramesses III and the second pylon. It records the conquests and military campaigns in c.925 BC of Shoshenq I, of the Twenty-second Dynasty.[1] Shoshenq has been identified with the biblical Shishaq, such that the relief is also known as the Shishak Inscription or Shishaq Relief.[2]
History
This gate was erected by the kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the "Bubastite Dynasty". It is located to the south-east side of the Temple of Ramesses III.
Although Karnak had been known to Europeans since the end of the Middle Ages, the possible significance of the Bubastite Portal was not apparent prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphs. Jean-François Champollion visited Karnak in 1828, six years after his publication of the Rosetta Stone translation. In his letters he wrote:
In this wonderful palace, I observed the portraits of most of the old Pharaohs known for their great deeds.... we see people fighting enemies Mandoueï of Egypt, and returning in triumph to his homeland, farther campaigns Ramses-Sesostris also Sésonchis dragging the foot of the Theban Triad (Amun, Mut and Khonsu) defeating thirty conquered nations, among which I found, as it should be, in full, Ioudahamalek, the kingdom of Judah, or the Jews. This matches the commentary in 1 Kings 14, which recounts the successful arrival of Sésonchis at Jerusalem: the identity that we have established between the Egyptian Sheschonck the Sésonchis of Manetho and Scheschôk or Shishak of the Bible, is confirmed in the most satisfactory manner.
— Jean-François Champollion, Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829[4]
Description
One facade shows King Sheshonq I, Teklot and Osorkon of the 22nd dynasty, making offerings to the gods and goddesses. Another scene shows Sheshonq grasping a group of captives by the hair and smiting them by his mace. Behind and below him, there are the names of Canaanite towns in several rows. Many of these are lost, but originally there were 156 names and one of the most interesting names which were mentioned is 'The Field of Abram' . The inscriptions give no details for this expedition and mentioned only the victory over the Asiatics.
Transliterations and translations
Below is a translation of the one hundred fifty-five names on the inscription.[5]
Section One
Row I - Listing of the Nine bows
1. tꜣ rsy - Southern Land (i.e. Upper Egypt)
2. tꜣ mḥw = Northern Land (i.e. Lower Egypt)
3. jwn.tjw = Tribesmen
4. ṯhnw = Tjehenu
5. sḫt[-jꜣmw] - Field [of tents]
6. mn[.tjw] = Bedouin
7. pḏ[.tjw swt] = Bow[men of the feather]
8. šꜣt = Swamp (Upper Nubia)
9. ḥꜣ[.w-n]b.w = Northerners
Section Two - Coastal plain, Shephelah, Meggido plain and Jezreel plain
10. mj.tj ꜥ[r.t] = Copy of the [scroll]
11. g[...] = unknown
12. m[]ꜣ[] = Makkedah
13. rwbꜣ = Rubate
Row II
14. tꜣꜥnkj = Taanach
15. šꜣnmꜥ = Shunem
16. bꜣtšꜣn swr = Beth-Shean
17. rwꜣḫbꜣ = Rehob
18. ꜣḫpwrwm = Hapharaim
19. jdrw[m] = Adoraim (unknown locality in Israelite Kingdom, different from Adoraim in Judah) [6][7]
20. (destroyed)
21. šꜣꜣwꜣd = unknown
22. mjꜣḥꜣnjmꜥ - Mahanaim
23. qbꜣꜥꜣnꜣ = Gibeon
24. bꜣtꜣḥwꜣrwn = Beth-Horon
25. qꜣdṯm = Kiriath-jearim or Gath-Gittaim
26. jywrwn = Aijalon
Row III
27. mjkdjw = Megiddo
28. jdrw = Adar
29. ywd-hꜥmrwk = Yad Hammelek
30. []rwt = unknown
31. ḥꜣjꜣnm = Henam
32. ꜥꜣrn = Aruna
33. bꜣrwmꜣꜥ = Borim
34. ḏꜣdpṯrw = Giti-Padalla
35. y[]hꜣ[]mꜣ = Yehem
36. bꜣtꜥꜣrwmmꜣ = Beth 'Olam
37. kꜣꜥqꜣrw = unknown
38. šꜣjwkꜣ = Socoh
39. bꜣttꜣpw = Beth-Tappuah
Row IV
40. jbꜣrjꜣ = unknown
41. [...]ḥtp = unknown
42. (destroyed)
43. (destroyed)
44. (destroyed)
45. bꜣtḏb[...] = unknown
46. nbk[...] = unknown
47. [...]i[...] = unknown
48. (destroyed)
49. (destroyed)
50. (destroyed)
51. [...]ssḏ[...] = unknown
52. (destroyed)
Row V
53. [p]nwjrw = Penuel
54. ꜣḥꜣdšꜣt = unknown
55. pktṯ / pꜣ-wr-ktṯ = unknown / "The great ktṯ "
56. jdmjꜣ = Adam
57. ḏꜣ[m]rwmmꜣ = Zemaraim
58. [...]drw = Migdol
59. [...]rwḏꜣjꜣ = Tirzah
60. [...]nꜣrw = unknown
61. [...]j = unknown
62. (destroyed)
63. (destroyed)
64. [...]gꜣpn = unknown
65. pꜣ-ꜥmq = The Valley
Section Three - Negev area
Row VI
66. ꜥꜣjꜣḏꜣj = Ezem
67. jnꜣrw = unknown
68. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = the fort
69. ftjywšꜣj = Photis
70. jrhrwrw = Jehallel / El-Hallal
71. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = the fort
72. mrbꜣrmj = unknown
73. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = stream
74. ngbꜣrwy = of (Ezion-)Geber
75. šꜣbꜣrwṯ = stream
76. wꜣꜣrkytj = unknown
77. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrwj = the fort
78. nꜥḏꜣytj = unknown
79. dd[ ]j = unknown
80. ḏꜣpꜣqj = Sapek
81. mj[]j[] = unknown
82. tꜣp[...] = unknown
Row VII
83. gꜣnꜣt = unknown
84. pꜣ nꜣgbw = The Negev
85. ꜥꜣḏꜣḥꜥṯ = unknown
86. tꜣšdnꜣw = unknown
87. pꜣ ꜣḥqꜣrw[t] = the fort
88. šꜣnꜣyj = unknown
89. hꜣqꜣ = unknown
90. pꜣ ng[bw] = The Neg[ev]
91. wꜣhṯrwwꜣk[...] = unknown
92. pꜣ nꜣgbw = The Negev
93. jšꜣḥtjw[t] = unknown
94. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = the fort
95. ꜣḥꜣnnj = (Ben-)Hanan
96. pꜣ ꜣḥgrwj = the fort
97. jrwqꜣd = El-Gad
98. jdꜣmꜣmt = unknown
99. ꜣḥꜣnꜣny = (Ben-)Hanan
Row VIII
100. jdrj = Adar
101. pꜣ ꜣḥgrw = the fort
102. [ṯrwꜣ]ꜣn = unknown
103. ꜣḥydbsꜣ = Highlands/Hilltop
104. šꜣrwnrwjm = Shaaraim
105. []y[...] = Highlands/Hilltop
106. dwꜣꜣṯ = unknown
107. ꜣḥqrwjm = forts
108. ꜥꜣrwdjꜣt = Arad
109. [rwbꜣṯ] = Rabbat
110. ꜥꜣrwdjt = Arad
111. nbꜣpꜣttṯ = unknown
112. yꜣrẖjm = Yeroham
113. [...]j = unknown
114. (destroyed)
115. (destroyed)
116. jd[...] = unknown
Row IX
117. [jdr...] = Adar
118. [...bꜣyj] = unknown
119. [...ḥgj] = unknown
120. []ꜣrywk = unknown
121. frwtjmjj = Peleth
122. [ꜥ]tbꜣr = unknown
123. bꜣpꜣjrwrḏꜣ = unknown
124. bꜣṯꜥnṯ = Beth-Anath
125. šꜣrꜣḥꜣn = Sharuhen
126. jrmꜥṯn = El-mattan
127. grwn = Goren
128. jdꜣmꜣm = unknown
129. [...]rꜣḥṯ = unknown
130. [...]r = unknown
131. mꜥrw[...] = unknown
132. jrwr[...] = unknown
133. ywrwꜣ[...] = Yurza
Row X
134. (destroyed)
135. (destroyed)
136. (destroyed)
137. (destroyed)
138. (destroyed)
139. ywrḥm = Yehoram
140. jwnn = Onam
141. (destroyed)
142. ꜣg[...] = Unknown
143. (destroyed)
144. (destroyed)
145. mꜥ[...] = unknown
146. j[]d[...] = unknown
147. (destroyed)
148. (destroyed)
149. [...]ꜣ = unknown
150. ywrwdn = uncertain
Row X extension
1a. šꜣrwdd = unknown
2a. rpꜣḥ = Raphiah
3a. rwbn = Laban
4a. ꜥngrwn = unknown
5a. hꜣm = unknown
Biblical narrative
The Biblical narrative recounts:
In the fifth year of King Rehoboam, because they had been unfaithful to the LORD, Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem with 1,200 chariots and 60,000 horsemen. And the people were without number who came with him from Egypt— Libyans, Sukkiim, and Ethiopians. And he took the fortified cities of Judah and came as far as Jerusalem. Then Shemaiah the prophet came to Rehoboam and to the princes of Judah, who had gathered at Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says the LORD, 'You abandoned me, so I have abandoned you to the hand of Shishaq.'" Then the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, "The LORD is righteous." When the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah: "They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath shall not be poured out on Jerusalem by the hand of Shishaq. Nevertheless, they shall be servants to him, that they may know my service and the service of the kingdoms of the countries." So Shishaq king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem. He took away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the king’s house. He took away everything. He also took away the shields of gold that Solomon had made, and King Rehoboam made in their place shields of bronze and committed them to the hands of the officers of the guard, who kept the door of the king’s house. And as often as the king went into the house of the LORD, the guard came and carried them and brought them back to the guardroom. And when he humbled himself the wrath of the LORD turned from him, so as not to make a complete destruction. Moreover, conditions were good in Judah.[8]
The account of Shishak carrying off treasures from Jerusalem is thought by some scholars to be of dubious historicity;[9]: 175 see Shishak § Biblical narrative.
See also
References
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Relief_and_Stelae_of_Pharaoh_Shoshenq_I:_Rehoboam’s_Tribute,_c._925_BCE [permanent dead link]
- ^ Kevin A. Wilson (2001). The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine. UMI. pp. 162–163.
- ^ Lettres ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829 In the original French: "Dans ce palais merveilleux, j'ai contemplé les portraits de la plupart des vieux Pharaons connus par leurs grandes actions, et ce sont des portraits véritables; représentés cent fois dans les bas-reliefs des murs intérieurs et extérieurs, chacun conserve une physionomie propre et qui n'a aucun rapport avec celle de ses prédécesseurs ou successeurs; là, dans des tableaux colossals, d'une sculpture véritablement grande et tout héroïque, plus parfaite qu'on ne peut le croire en Europe, on voit Mandoueï combattant les peuples ennemis de l'Égypte, et rentrant en triomphateur dans sa patrie; plus loin, les campagnes de Rhamsès-Sésostris; ailleurs, Sésonchis traînant aux pieds de la Trinité thébaine (Ammon, Mouth et Khons) les chefs de plus de trente nations vaincues, parmi lesquelles j'ai retrouvé, comme cela devait être, en toutes lettres, Ioudahamalek, le royaume des Juifs ou de Juda (Pl. 2.) C'est là un commentaire à joindre au chapitre XIV du troisième livre des Rois, qui raconte en effet l'arrivée de Sésonchis à Jérusalem et ses succès: ainsi l'identité que nous avons établie entre le Sheschonck égyptien, le Sésonchis de Manéthon et le Sésac ou Scheschôk de la Bible, est confirmée de la manière la plus satisfaisante. J'ai trouvé autour des palais de Karnac une foule d'édifices de toutes les époques, et lorsque, au retour de la seconde cataracte vers laquelle je fais voile demain, je viendrai m'établir pour cinq ou six mois à Thèbes, je m'attends à une récolte immense de faits historiques, puisque, en courant Thèbes comme je l'ai fait pendant quatre jours, sans voir même un seul des milliers d'hypogées qui criblent la montagne libyque, j'ai déjà recueilli des documents fort importants."
- ^ Kevin A. Wilson (2001). The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I Into Palestine. UMI.
- ^ Junkkaala, Eero. "Three conquests of Canaan: a comparative study of two Egyptian military campaigns and Joshua 10-12 in the light of recent archaeological evidence." (2006).
- ^ Yohanan Aharoni (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4.
- ^ modified[clarification needed] after http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2010-12;&version=47;
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel (2006). "The Last Labayu: King Saul and the Expansion of the First North Israelite Territorial Entity". In Amit, Yairah; Ben Zvi, Ehud; Finkelstein, Israel; et al. (eds.). Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Naʼaman. Eisenbrauns. pp. 171 ff. ISBN 9781575061283.