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Chain smoking

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"Chainsmoker" redirects here. For the EDM producers, see The Chainsmokers.

Chain smoking is the practice of consuming multiple cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finished cigarette to light the next. Typically "chain smoker" is used to describe a person who smokes relatively constantly, not necessarily chaining each cigarette. The term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well. It is a common form of addiction.[1]

Causes

The use of cocaine or amphetamine with cigarettes can result in chain smoking.[2] Many people chain smoke when drinking alcoholic beverages because alcohol potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to re-sensitization and hence inducing a craving.[3]

The extent to which chain smoking is driven by nicotine dependence has been studied. It does not seem that the amount of nicotine delivered is a significant factor as the puff volume correlates poorly with the frequency of cigarette consumption.[4]

Clinical use

Chain-smoking is given as an example of excessive addictive behaviour in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[5] It may be used as a form of aversion therapy for smokers who are unused to such heavy smoking, inducing them to give up altogether.[6]

Ventilation

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) professionals claim that an airflow of about 1000 cubic feet (28.32 cubic meters) per minute per smoker is required to maintain satisfactory air quality when the smokers are chain smoking.[7] However, research confirms that current HVAC systems, while important for general air quality, cannot control exposure to secondhand smoke.[8]

Chain smokers

A number of public figures were noted for being chain smokers.

See also

References

  1. ^ Charles, Gerras (1976). The Encyclopedia of Common Diseases. Rodale Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-87857-113-0.
  2. ^ Fisher, Gary L.; Roget, Nancy A. (11 November 2008). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-5084-8.
  3. ^ Rose, J.; Brauer, L.; Behm, F.; Cramblett, M. (2004). "Psychopharmacological interactions between nicotine and ethanol" (PDF). Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 6 (1): 133–44. doi:10.1080/14622200310001656957. PMID 14982697.
  4. ^ Kolonen, S.; Tuomisto, J.; Puustinen, P.; Airaksinen, M. M. (1992). "Effects of smoking abstinence and chain-smoking on puffing topography and diurnal nicotine exposure". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 42 (2): 327–32. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90535-N. PMID 1631188.
  5. ^ Helen, Keane (2002). What's Wrong with Addiction?. Melbourne University Publish. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-522-84991-2.
  6. ^ Cocores, James (1991). The Clinical Management of Nicotine Dependence. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97464-4.
  7. ^ Rock, Brian A. (13 January 2006). Ventilation for Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Elsevier Science. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-08-052539-6.
  8. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2006). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General (PDF). p. 92.
  9. ^ King, Kelley (19 July 1999). "Dick Allen, Baseball Bad Boy". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  10. ^ Okrent, Daniel (1985). Nine Innings: The Anatomy of a Baseball Game. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 107. ISBN 0-618-05669-6.
  11. ^ DeFrank, Thomas M. (13 September 2010). "'Face the Nation' cigarette query rattles chain-smokin' GOP big John Boehner". New York Daily News. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  12. ^ Thompson, Wright (24 May 2012). "The last ride of Bear and Billy". ESPN.com. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  13. ^ Samuel, Henry (22 April 2009). "Whiff of Kafka to Coco Chanel smoking poster ban". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  14. ^ Mckinley, Mike. "Biography". Retrieved 4 April 2015.
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  16. ^ "King Diamond Undergoes Triple Bypass Heart Surgery". Blabbermouth.net. 11 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  17. ^ Jerome, Richard (29 March 1999). "Joe Dimaggio: the Quiet Man". PEOPLE Magazine. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  18. ^ Walker, Tim (18 November 2013). "Walt Disney's chain-smoking habit that new film 'Saving Mr Banks' hides from view". The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  19. ^ Korda, Michael (December 2007). "Ike at D-Day". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  20. ^ "Gorillas' Protector on the Hunt for Poachers". The Palm Beach Post. 24 October 1985. p. B8. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  21. ^ Bickley, Dan (14 February 2013). "A cold wake-up call for humbled Diamondbacks' Mark Grace". USA Today. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  22. ^ Langford, Jim. "Joe Grzenda". BaseballLibrary.com. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  23. ^ Chen, Albert (1 June 2009). "The Greatest Game Ever Pitched". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  24. ^ "Nationalpastime.com". Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  25. ^ Roger Lewis, The Man Who Was Private Widdle, London, 2002
  26. ^ "Jesse Helms". The Daily Telegraph. London: TMG. 6 July 2008. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  27. ^ BillHicks1961 (25 March 2009). "Bill Hicks - Deficit (Jesse Helms)". YouTube. Retrieved 14 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Steroid Frenzy Goes Into High Gear". Daily Kos. 30 March 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  29. ^ Clavin, Tom; Danny Peary (2012). Gil Hodges: the Brooklyn bums, the miracle Mets, and the extraordinary life of a baseball legend. New York: New American Library, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. ISBN 978-1-101-59305-9.
  30. ^ Beschloss, Michael (4 December 2012). "In His Final Days, LBJ Agonized Over His Legacy". PBS News Hour. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  31. ^ Cummings, K. Michael (1994). "A picture is worth a thousand words" (PDF). Tobacco Control (3): 300–301. doi:10.1136/tc.3.4.300.
  32. ^ Pasbani, Robert (22 November 2013). "Lemmy Kilmister Says He's Quit Smoking And Only Drinks Wine". Metal Injection. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  33. ^ Fife-Yeomans, Janet (20 December 2011). "Kim Jong-il – the high life of an evil dictator". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 December 2011. When North Korea's Dear Leader, the chain-smoking Kim Jong-il, 69, died on Saturday
  34. ^ Jackson, Patrick (29 June 2007). "Profile: Putin's foreign minister Lavrov". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  35. ^ "Russia's Medvedev was given a cold remedy and tried archery". RIA Novosti. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  36. ^ Madden, Bill (21 October 2013). "MLB loses one of its great characters as Jim Leyland retires as Tigers manager". New York Daily News. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  37. ^ Maraniss, David (1999). "19". When Pride Still Mattered: A Life of Vince Lombardi. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-87290-2.
  38. ^ Hope, Jenny. "Cancer killed her father yet she still smoked 60 a day". Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  39. ^ Borelli, Stephen (17 January 2002). "Remember Roger Maris?". USA Today. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  40. ^ Greenwood, Alan (8 December 2013). "Johnny, we still know ye". The Telegraph (Nashua, NH). Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  41. ^ "Edward R. Murrow, Broadcaster And Ex-Chief of U.S.I.A., Dies". The New York Times. 28 April 1965. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  42. ^ Debolt, Abbe A.; Baugess, James S., eds. (December 2011). Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture (Volume 2: N-Z). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood (ABC-CLIO). p. 454. ISBN 978-0-313-32944-9.
  43. ^ "Willie Nelson: Road Rules And Deep Thoughts". NPR. 18 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  44. ^ Schneider, Karen; Reed, J.D.; Levitt, Shelley; Gleick, Elizabeth (6 June 1994). "Hour of Farewell". PEOPLE magazine. 41 (21). Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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  47. ^ Hastings, Max (19 January 2009). "Franklin D. Roosevelt: The man who conquered fear". The Independent. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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  50. ^ Okrent, Daniel (1985). Nine Innings: The Anatomy of a Baseball Game. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 107. ISBN 0-618-05669-6.
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  53. ^ Phillips, Nicholas (4 November 2010). "Doug Stanhope Sounds Off on the British, Bill Hicks and Why He Loathes Comedy Clubs". Riverfront Times. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  54. ^ "Celebrity Smoking List". 24 April 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  55. ^ Balch, Dr. Charles (14 February 2010). "John Wayne's Change of Heart About Smoking Cigarettes". My Cancer Advisor. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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  58. ^ Okrent, Daniel (1985). Nine Innings: The Anatomy of a Baseball Game. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 107. ISBN 0-618-05669-6.
  59. ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/stubbing-out-mao-smoky-legacy-2014255326672545.html
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