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Combat helmet

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Example of a modern combat helmet (British Mk 6 with cloth cover)

A combat helmet or battle helmet is a type of helmet, a piece of personal armor designed specifically to protect the head during combat.

History

Helmets are among the oldest forms of personal protective equipment and are known to have been worn by the Akkadians/Sumerians in the 23rd century BC, Mycenaean Greeks since the 17th century BC,[1][2] the Assyrians around 900 BC, ancient Greeks and Romans, throughout the Middle Ages, and up to the end of the 17th century by many combatants.[3] Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from leather and brass, and then bronze and iron during the Bronze and Iron Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged steel in many societies after about 950 AD. At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with swords, flying arrows, and low-velocity musketry.

Military use of helmets declined after 1670, and rifled firearms ended their use by foot soldiers after 1700[3] but the Napoleonic era saw ornate cavalry helmets reintroduced for cuirassiers and dragoons in some armies which continued to be used by French forces during World War I as late as 1915.[4]

World War I and its increased use of artillery renewed the need for steel helmets, with the French Adrian helmet and the British Brodie helmet being the first modern steel helmets used on the battlefield,[5][6] soon followed by the adoption of similar steel helmets, such as the Stahlhelm[7][8] by the other warring nations. Such helmets offered protection for the head from shrapnel and fragments.

Today's militaries often use high quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as Kevlar and Twaron,[9] which offer improved protection. Some helmets also have good non-ballistic protective qualities, against threats such as concussive shock waves from explosions.[10][11]

Many of today’s combat helmets have been adapted for modern warfare requirements and upgraded with STANAG rails to act as a platform for mounting cameras, video cameras and VAS Shrouds for the mounting of night vision goggles (NVG) and monocular night vision devices (NVD).

Beginning in the early 20th century, combat helmets have often been equipped with helmet covers to offer greater camouflage. There have been two main types of covers—mesh nets were earlier widely used, but most modern combat helmets use camouflage cloth covers instead.

By the late 20th century, starting in the 1970s and 1980s, new materials such as Kevlar and Twaron began replacing steel as the primary material for combat helmets, in an effort to improve weight, ballistics protection, and protection against head injuries caused by blasts. This practice still continues into the 21st century, with further advancement and refinements in the fibers used, design and shape of the helmet, and increased modularity. Early helmet systems of this new design are the American PASGT, the Spanish MARTE, the Italian SEPT-2 PLUS, and British Mk6.

List of military helmets

1980-present

Model Image Origins First Issued Users Notes
6B26  Russia Part of Ratnik infantry system
6B27  Russia Part of Ratnik infantry system
6B28  Russia Part of Ratnik infantry system
6B7  Russia Russian Army This helmet and its variants are the standard-issue headgear of the Russian army, they also are replacing older helmets like the SSh-68; Part of Ratnik infantry system
6B7-1L  Russia Russian Army and Russian Navy naval infantry part of Ratnik infantry system
Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH)  United States 2002 US Army Developed from the Modular Integrated Communications Helmet[12][13][14]
BK-3 Helmet  Croatia Bulgarian Army, Croatian Army PASGT-style helmet with original PASGT suspension system. Further updated version of the BK-6.
BK-6 Helmet  Croatia Croatian Army, Swedish Army, German Army, Kuwaiti Army, French Army, Singapore Army, Israel Army, Saudi Arabian Army, Polish Armed Forces, Australian Army, Turkish Armed Forces, Czech Army, Bulgarian Army, United Arab Emirates Army, Lithuanian Armed Forces, Mexican Army, Spanish Army, Pakistan Army, Malaysian Army, Saudi Arabian Army, Finnish Army, National Army of Colombia, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Indonesian Army, Italian Army, Military of Hungary, Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, People's Liberation Army and by the police forces of the following countries: Croatia, Turkey, UK, Spain, Republic of Macedonia, Egypt, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Colombia, Italy, Ukraine, by Argentina and by the UN demining committee.[15] PASGT-style helmet with original PASGT suspension system.
BK-6  Mexico Mexican Army Kevlar helmet, adopted in the 2000s (decade). used in conjunction supplementation role with the PASGT. - Imported helmet.
BK-ACH Helmet  Croatia Croatian Army ACH shape helmet, replacing PASGT shape Croatian BK-6
CABAL II  Argentina Argentine Army Infantry PASGT style ballistic helmet M-6 for Argentine Infantry Approved by CITEFA NIJ Level II according to the standards currently in stage R3B certified to MIL-Std 662 E.[16] However it wasn´t issued in large scales.
Capacete Combate Ballistico (CCB)  Brazil Brazilian Armed Forces U.S PASGT-shape helmet in two versions: Polymer and Kevlar.[17]
CG634  Canada 1997 Canadian Forces Canadian variant of the French Gallet F2 SPECTRA helmet similar to the U.S Military MICH 2000/ACH helmet (in that it has no peak) but with the U.S PASGT/French F2 helmet suspension system. Issued in 1997.[18][19]
Cobra Plus Combat Helmet  United States 2013 Danish Army[20] and British Forces [21]
Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia)  Israel 2004 (Australia)
2009 (NZ)		 Australian Defence Force, New Zealand Defence Force The RBH 303AU model was made specially for the ADF, replacing the M91 PASGT helmet. MICH 2000 style helmet made by Rabintex, Israel[22] Was adopted by NZDF from 2009-2019
Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH)  United States 2012 Designed as an upgrade to the Advanced Combat Helmet. Uses thermoplastics instead of ballistic fibers.
EXFIL Ballistic Helmet  United States 2016 Australian Defence Force[23][24] Tiered Combat Helmet (TCH) forms part of the Soldier Combat Ensemble and includes gun rails and night vison goggle mount.
Gefechtshelm Schuberth B826 (M92)  Germany 1992 Bundeswehr, Swiss Armed Forces, Dutch Army, Estonian Defence Forces, Czech Army, Danish Army, Norwegian Army - PASGT type helmet
Gefechtshelm Schuberth B828 Airborne and B828 Tactical Cut  Germany Limited use by the paratroops in Bundeswehr like Fallschirmjäger, Spezialisierte Kräfte des Heeres mit Erweiterter Grundbefähigung für Spezielle Operationen and Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK) - MICH 2000 and MICH 2001 type helmets
GK80  People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army
GOLFO  Chile Military of Chile Chilean PASGT-derived helmet. The helmet is locally made by Baselli Hermanos S.A of kevlar and was introduced in 2000. It is capable of stopping a 9×19mm round at 310m.
Helm wz. 2005  Poland Polish Armed Forces. Supplementing the older Helm wz. 93 currently in use. Similar in size to the American Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH), similar look to the PASGT.
Helm wz. 93  Poland Polish Armed Forces. Being replaced by the Helm wz. 2005.[25]
Hjälm 90  Sweden Swedish Armed Forces
Hjelm Cato  Norway Early 2000s Norwegian Armed Forces Similar to the Swedish Hjalm 90.
M/92 Komposiittikypärä (also known as K-92)  Finland Finnish Defense Forces. Gefechtshelm M92-style PASGT helmet but with U.S PASGT style suspension system.[26] Replaced in the early 2000s (decade) by the M/02. PASGT-Hjelm style blend helmet
KASDA  Israel Israel Defense Forces, Guatemalan Army
Kyung Chang Industry (KCI)  South Korea Republic of Korea Armed Forces PASGT type helmet
Kolpak 2  Russia Russian army
Lightweight Helmet (LWH)  United States United States Marine Corps[27] PASGT-style helmet with four-point retention strap system and velcro-attached head pad system.
M02 Composite Helmet  Finland Finnish Defence Forces Upgraded PASGT-style helmet, replacing the Gefechtshelm M92-style M/92 Komposiittikypärä helmet.
M76 paratrooper helmet  United Kingdom 1976 British Armed forces Paratroopers and Airborne units
M80 Helmet  Iraq 1980 Iraqi Army Plastic and cloth copy of the M1 Helmet, Developed during Saddam Hussein's Iraq, Limited use on the modern Iraqi army.
M80/03 Helmet  Iraq 1980 Iraqi Army Improved and stronger variant of the M80 helmet, this version has a distinct cover
M83 helmet  South Africa 1983 Paratroopers of the South African Army Variant of the OR-201 helmet
M87  South Africa 1987 South African Army Similar to U.S PASGT Kevlar helmet, replacing earlier Israeli-style helmet in use since the 1980s
M90 Helmet  Iraq Another Iraqi copy of the M1 helmet, unlike the M80 helmet the M90 helmet is composed purely of plastic
M91 helmet  Australia Australian Defence Force. PASGT-style kevlar helmet. Was made by RBR Armour Systems Pty Ltd (Australia) introduced 1991. The Australian PASGT helmet was identical to the USA PASGT helmet with the exception of a 3-point chin strap, much like the chin strap of the German B826 Gefechsthelm. Was replaced in 2004 by the Israeli-made Australian Enhanced Combat helmet.
MARTE helmet  Spain 1985 Spanish Armed Forces, Spanish Navy Marines Versions I to IV, MARTE IV Kevlar helmet currently used by the Spanish Armed Forces. Similar to the PASGT. MICH type helmet replacing it in the Navy Marines.
Mile Dragić M-05  Serbia 2005 Serbian Special Forces MICH type helmet[28]
Mile Dragić M-97  Serbia 1997 Serbian Army PASGT type helmet[29]
Mk. 6 Helmet  United Kingdom British Armed Forces.[30] being replaced by the Mk. 7 Helmet
Mk. 7 Helmet  United Kingdom British Armed Forces
MKH/PA-1  India Indian Armed Forces Kevlar helmet worn is a PASGT type helmet.
Modular Integrated Communications Helmet (MICH)  United States special operations - United States Army Developed for special operations use and became the basis for the Advanced Combat Helmet
MPC-1  Slovenia Variant of OR-201 helmet
NP Aerospace AC200/650  Greece Special Forces unit of the Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy and Hellenic Air Force]] - Gefechshelm type helmet. - Hellenic Army, Navy and Air Force primarily use the PASGT
Ops-Core FAST Helmet  United States 2009 United States special operations, United States SWAT and Law Enforcement, German Bundeswehr, Norwegian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Australian Federal Police and others.
OR-201  Israel 1976 Israel Defense Forces, Some units of Special forces of Indian Army, Irish Defence Force, Lebanon (Lebanese Forces, South Lebanon Army, Hezbollah, Lebanese Army), Honduran Army, Guatemalan Army, Peruvian Army, Romanian Army, Nicaragua (National Guard and Police), Portugal (Portuguese Marine Corps), South African Defence Force, Chilean Army (1st Parachutists Battalion "Pelantaru" (1º Batallón de Paracaidistas "Pelantaru")), Sri Lanka, and other countries.
PATKA  India Indian Armed Forces Indigenously built helmet. It can prevent 7.62mm AKM round
PASGT helmet  United States 1983 United States Military, Argentine Army, Mexican Army, New Zealand Defence Force First issued in 1983 to replace the M1 helmet. Former kevlar helmet used by the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy. Used by the USAF, but is being phased out by the ACH[31] US Air Force.[32] Adopted by the Mexican Armed Forces in the 1990s to replace the M1 helmet. Replaced the M1 helmet of the Argentine army and modified with padded interiors. US-made PASGT helmets (by UNICOR and Gentex) replaced the New Zealand M1 helmet and were in use until the adoption of the Australian ECH.[33]
QGF02  People's Republic of China 1994 People's Liberation Army
QGF03  People's Republic of China 2005 People's Liberation Army
QGF11  People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army
RBH303IE  Ireland Irish Defence Force Variant of the Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia) helmet made by Rabintex
Savar SVRH01  Turkey Turkish Armed Forces and General Directorate of Security
Savar SVRH02  Turkey Police Special Operation Department of the General Directorate of Security
Sistema Compositi SEPT-2 PLUS  Italy Italian Armed Forces[34]
Sistema Compositi SUPERUBOTT  Italy Special Units (particularly GIS) of the Italian Law Enforcement community[35]
F2 SPECTRA  France 1992 Danish Army, French Army, Canadian military, Austrian Army, Bangladesh Army, Malta Army, Royal Moroccan Army, Ukrainian Ground Forces, and United Nations peacekeeping forces[36] PASGT shape helmet produced by Gallet of France, introduced early 1990s. 'Spectra' is a brand-name of a type of resistant fibre, not the actual name of the helmet.
SSh-68  Soviet Union} 1968 Russian army, Afghanistan Army, Armenian Army, Azerbaijan Army, Belarus Army, Georgia Army, Moldovia Army, Nicaragua Army, Philippines (Army reservists), Syria Army, Ukraine Army, Uzbekistan Army, Vietnam Army Steel helmet, being withdrawn from the Russian army, used in many other countries.
STSh-81  Soviet Union Titanium helmet
Type 88 Helmet  Japan JSDF PASGT type helmet
Vz.53 helmet  Czechoslovakia

1914-1980

Model Image Origins First issued Users
1935/38 M. rohamsisak  Hungary 1935  Hungary,  Finland
1950 M rohamsisak  Hungary 1950  Hungary
1970 M rohamsisak  Hungary 1970  Hungary
Adrian helmet  France 1915 [4] used in  France,  Belgium,

 Russian Empire, Japan Japan,  Serbia,  Yugoslavia,  United States,  Soviet Union, Irish Free State,  Italy,  Republic of China,  Manchukuo,  Peru,  Romania,  Mexico,  Greece,  Uruguay,  Thailand, Brazil

Belgian M26/32  Belgium 1926  Belgium,  Luxembourg
Brodie helmet  United Kingdom 1915 used in  United Kingdom,  Canada,  United States (1917-1942),  Australia,[37]  Republic of China,  Estonia,  Belgium,  New Zealand,  Sri Lanka,  South Africa,  India,  the Netherlands,  Portugal, Luxembourg,  Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1944)
Bulgarian M36 Helmet  Bulgaria 1936  Bulgaria[38]
Czechoslovakian Model 1932 Steel Helmet  Czechoslovakia 1932  Czechoslovakia
Danish M1923 Helmet  Denmark 1923  Denmark
Dutch M-28 helmet  Netherlands 1928  Netherlands,  Romania
Greek M1934/39 (helmet)  Italy 1939  Greece
Hełm wz. 31  Poland 1931  Poland
Hełm wz. 50  Poland 1950  Poland
Hełm wz. 67  Poland 1967  Poland
Helmet Steel Airborne Troop  UK 1941 used in  CAN,  BEL,  Rhodesia,  UK
Irish M1928  Ireland 1928  Ireland
M1 helmet  United States 1941  USA,  Mexico,  Canada,[39]

 Austria,  Belgium,  Czechoslovakia,  Denmark,  West Germany (1956-1992),  Greece,  Netherlands,  Norway,  Poland,  Spain,  Turkey,  Republic of China,  Egypt,  Iran,  Iraq,  South Korea,  Philippines (1944-1991),  Singapore,  Saudi Arabia,  Thailand,  Australia,  New Zealand (1960-2000),  Guatemala,  Argentina, Brazil,  Chile,  Peru,  Venezuela,  Uruguay,  Republic of South Vietnam

M33 helmet  Italy 1934  Italy,  Finland
M42 Duperite helmet  AUS 1942 Paratrooper helmet
M63 Staaldak  South Africa 1963  Rhodesia,  South Africa
Mk III Turtle helmet  United Kingdom 1944  United Kingdom,  Canada
Mº 44 E.T.A. de Paracaidista  Argentina 1944 used by Argentine Paratroopers
Modèle 1951  France 1951  France,  South Vietnam,  South Africa,  Cambodia, Laos,  Lebanon,  Israel,  Portugal,  Rhodesia
Norwegian M31  Norway 1931  Norway
Portuguese M1940  Portugal 1940  Portugal
RAC helmet  United Kingdom  United Kingdom,  Belgium
Soviet helmets during World War II  Soviet Union  Soviet Union,  People's Republic of China,  North Korea,  North Vietnam,  Finland, Warsaw Pact
Spanish M1926, M1942 Modelo Z  Spain 1926  Spain
Stahlhelm[7][8]  German Empire 1916  Weimar Republic,  Nazi Germany,  Turkey, Chile Chile,  Republic of China,  China,  Colombia,  Argentina,  Bolivia,  Mexico,  Irish Free State,  Italy,  Poland,  Estonia,  Finland,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Portugal,  Spain,  Afghanistan
Swedish M1926  Sweden 1926  Sweden
Swedish M1937  Sweden 1937  Sweden
Swiss M1918/40   Switzerland 1918   Switzerland,  Argentina
Type 66 Helmet  Japan 1966 Variant of M1 Helmet used by some elements of the JSDF Ground Forces
Type 90  Japan 1931  Japan,  Thailand,  China

Medieval and early Modern

  • 6th century Spangenhelm.
    6th century Spangenhelm.
  • German great helm of the 12th or 13th century.
    German great helm of the 12th or 13th century.
  • Italian bascinet from about 1400.
    Italian bascinet from about 1400.
  • English sallet of the 15th century.
    English sallet of the 15th century.
  • Japanese samurai helmet or kabuto; 15th or 16th century.
    Japanese samurai helmet or kabuto; 15th or 16th century.
  • 16th century Ottoman Zischagge.
    16th century Ottoman Zischagge.
  • French morion helmet, 17th century.
    French morion helmet, 17th century.
  • "Indian Helmet, Shield and Swords," a print by Day and Sons, London, c.1858
    "Indian Helmet, Shield and Swords," a print by Day and Sons, London, c.1858
  • An early 19th century French officer's dragoon helmet.
    An early 19th century French officer's dragoon helmet.
  • 17th century Safavid helmet (Safavid army).
    17th century Safavid helmet (Safavid army).
Model Origin Users
Armet 15th century Western Europeans.
Barbute 15th century Italian states.
Bascinet c. 1300 Europeans during the Hundred Years' War(1337 to 1453) amid the kingdoms of France,  Aquitaine, Burgundy and  England
Burgonet[40] c. 1600 Europeans, especially by militias of  Poland &   Switzerland
Capeline late 16th century Europeans during the 17th century, including the English Civil War in  England & Thirty Years' War across the  Holy Roman Empire
Cervelliere late 13th century Christian Europeans in Crusades during the 14th century
Close helmet late 15th century Western Europeans.
Dragoon helmet late 18th century  France .
Enclosed helmet late 12th century Western Europeans.
Frog-mouth helm c. 1600 Western Europeans.
Great helm[41] 1189 Christian Europeans in Third Crusade; other Europeans until 1540
Hounskull 14th century Western Europeans.
Kabuto c. 1600 Samurai especially during the 17th century of the Edo-period Tokugawa shogunate in Medieval  Japan.
Kettle hat 12th century Common all over medieval Europe.
Morion 16th and early 17th centuries Europeans (esp. associated with Spanish Conquistadores)
Nasal helmet Early Middle Ages Byzantine Empire, later common all over Europe.
Pickelhaube[7][8] 1842 especially by  Prussia &  German Empire and other Europeans until 1918; revived for 2006 FIFA World Cup in  Germany
Raupenhelm c. 1800-1870 High crested leather helmet used primarily by  Kingdom of Bavaria and  Württemberg
Sallet c. 1450 used in Northern Europe &  Hungary until the mid-16th century
Secrete 17th century Western Europeans
Spangenhelm[42] 5th century Central Asia, Near East & Europe; espec. by Scythians, Sarmatians, Persians, & Germans until 1000
Tarleton c. 1770-1800 Crested, peaked leather helmet used by cavalry and light infantry by  Great Britain,  France and  USA in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Qing parade helmet after 1655 till 1911 China
Zischagge c. 1600-1780 Originated in Ottoman Empire, used by the most of the Europe.

See also headgear listing within Components of medieval armour.

Ancient militaries

Model Origin Users
Attic helmet ancient Greeks
Boar's tusk helmet 17th century BCE Mycenaean Greeks until 10th century BCE
Boeotian helmet ancient Greek cavalry
Chalcidian helmet ancient Greeks
Corinthian helmet[43] ancient Greeks
Disc and stud helmet c. 400 BCE ancient Illyrians & Adriatic Veneti until 167 BCE
Galea (helmet) ancient Romans
Horned helmet c. 1000 BCE Celtic Europeans until 700 CE
Illyrian type helmet ancient Greeks
Kegelhelm ancient Greeks
Negau helmet ancient Etruscans in Negau, Slovenia
Montefortino helmet ancient Romans
Pilos ancient Greeks
Pot helmet ancient Illyrians
Phrygian/Thracian helmet 5th century BCE ancient Greeks in Thrace, Dacia, Italia & Hellenistic Europe until c. 200 CE

Padding

Cushioning is used to negate concussive injuries. Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory published a study in 2011 that concluded that the addition of an eighth of an inch/3 millimetres of cushion decreased the impact force to the skull by 24%.[44]

References

  1. ^ "Shaft Graves, Mycenae". Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  2. ^ Nobuo Komita, The Grave Circles at Mycenae and the Early Indo-Europeans[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ a b Heaumes Page Archived 30 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "The first modern steel combat helmet: the French 'Adrian' - Military Trader". 2 February 2009.
  6. ^ Military headgears Archived 27 May 2012 at archive.today
  7. ^ a b c "German-Helmets.com".
  8. ^ a b c "German Pickelhaube Spiked Helmet Evolution Guide". www.kaisersbunker.com.
  9. ^ "Differences Between Kevlar and Twaron | Difference Between". www.differencebetween.net. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  10. ^ "Kevlar PASGT Helmet".
  11. ^ "combat helmet upgrade,tbi,brain injury,military,charity". Operation Helmet.
  12. ^ Pike, John. "Advanced Combat Helmet ( ACH )". www.globalsecurity.org.
  13. ^ "Advanced Combat Helmet ACH".
  14. ^ "US Military Taking Delivery of Advanced Combat Helmets".
  15. ^ "Šestan - Busch d.o.o. (Ltd)". Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  16. ^ motos, cascos para. "Cascos para Motos Cascos Nahelmets Cascos Policia". www.nahelmets.com.ar.
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ "Canadian Military Police Virtual Museum". www.mpmuseum.org.
  19. ^ "combat helmet upgrade,tbi,brain injury,military,charity". Operation Helmet. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006.
  20. ^ KrigerenDK (11 October 2012). "Ny standardhjelm M/12 og Multicam uniform udleveres fra januar 2013". KrigerenDK (in Danish). Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  21. ^ "Revision to Supply State-of-the-Art Cobra Plus Head Protection System for UK Troops". Revision Military. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  22. ^ "Rabintex". www.rabintex.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  23. ^ "Australian Defense Force selects Team Wendy EXFIIL Ballistic Helmet". Team Wendy (Press release). 19 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  24. ^ McLennan, Lt-Col Ben (24 March 2016). "Optimal Performance" (PDF). Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1369 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. ISSN 0729-5685. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  25. ^ pl:Hełm wz. 2005[circular reference]
  26. ^ http://www.gostak.co.uk/composites/finland/
  27. ^ "The Warrior". www.natick.army.mil. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
  28. ^ www.orangeteam.biz. "Mile Dragic - Production - Helmet M-05". www.armyequipment.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  29. ^ www.orangeteam.biz. "Mile Dragic - Production - Helmet M-97". www.armyequipment.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  30. ^ PLCE and Body Armour Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "USAF". Operation Helmet. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  32. ^ "Department Of The Air Force" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Composite Helmet, Ballistic helmets, Military helmets NEW ZEALAND helmet, Kevlar helmet". www.gostak.co.uk.
  34. ^ "Sistema Compositi SEPT-2 PLUS helmet". Archived from the original on 5 January 2009.
  35. ^ "Sistema Compositi SUPERUBOTT helmet". Archived from the original on 5 January 2009.
  36. ^ "MSA - The Safety Company - Global". www.gallet.fr.
  37. ^ "Index CEF Helmets". www.kaisersbunker.com.
  38. ^ Българските Военни Каски Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Home of the M-1 Helmet". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007.
  40. ^ Flynt, Sean A. "The Burgonet". myArmoury.com.
  41. ^ "75years - Great Helms". Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  42. ^ Simon Coupland, "Carolingian Arms and Armor in the Ninth Century Archived 5 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine", (accessed 10 March 2006).
  43. ^ "lookup=Hdt.+4.180.1 Herodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley)". Archived from the original on 6 October 2001.
  44. ^ Regg Zoroya (17 April 2011). "Larger helmet could guard against brain injury to troops". USA TODAY. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
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