Corneotherapy: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical specialty |
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| title = Corneotherapy |
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| subdivisions = |
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| image = Epidermal layers.png |
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| Caption = Layers of the epidermis with the ''stratum corneum'' |
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|image_size = 200px |
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| caption = Human ''stratum corneum'' |
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| system = [[Skin]] |
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| diseases = [[atopic dermatitis]], [[psoriasis]], [[dermatitis]] |
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| tests = [[Skin biopsy]] |
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| specialist = Corneotherapist |
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}} |
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'''Corneotherapy''' (from [[Latin]] ''corneum'', ''outermost layer of the skin'') is a concept of [[skin care]] that deals with repairing its [[Keratin#Cornification|cornified layer]] (''[[stratum corneum]]''), improving its function and the [[homeostasis]] of the skin. The term corneotherapy was defined in the mid-1960s by Albert Kligman, an American [[dermatology]] Professor. Corneobiology and corneobiochemistry are new terms used together with corneotherapy to illustrate this treatment regime.<ref name="consalud">{{cite web |url= https://www.consalud.es/estetic/servicios/corneotherapy-contra-el-envejecimiento-prematuro_22127_102.html |title= “Corneotherapy” contra el envejecimiento prematuro |date= November 4, 2015 |publisher= Consalud (Spain) }}</ref><ref name="pmid28266621">{{cite journal |author=Sadowski T, Klose C, Gerl MJ, Wójcik-Maciejewicz A, Herzog R, Simons K, Reich A, Surma MA |title=Large-scale human skin lipidomics by quantitative, high-throughput shotgun mass spectrometry |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=7 |issue= |pages=43761 |year=2017 |pmid=28266621 |doi=10.1038/srep43761 |url=}}</ref> |
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== Overview == |
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According to Kligman, ''Corneotherapy refers to preventive interventions that are primarily directed to the correction and restoration of the stratum corneum barrier that has been rendered defective and impaired by disease, genetics and a variety of mechanical, physical, chemical and psychological exogenous insults and stresses''.<ref name="kligman1"/> This chemical (lipids, acids, hydrolytic [[enzymes]] and [[peptides]]) and [[Immune system|immunologically]] active barrier, protects the body against [[microbial]] pathogens, [[oxidant stress]] ([[UV light]]) and [[chemical]] compounds.<ref name="elias">{{cite journal | last = Elias |first=P.M. | title = The skin barrier as an innate immune element | year = 2007 | journal = Seminars in Immunopathology | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–14 | doi = 10.1007/s00281-007-0060-9 | pmid = 17621950}}</ref><ref name="menon">{{cite journal | last = Menon |first= GK1 | last2 = Kligman |first2= A.M. | title = Barrier functions of human skin: a holistic view. | year = 2009 | journal = Skin Pharmacology and Physiology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 178– 89 | doi = 10.1159/000231523 | pmid = 17621950}}</ref> |
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Corneotherapy is also an ensemble of cures centered around corneobiology, a science focused on the anatomy, physiology and biology of the stratum corneum.<ref name="kligman1">{{cite journal |author= A. M. Kligman |title= Corneobiology and Corneotherapy – a final chapter |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages= 197-209 |year=2017 |pmid= |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00644.x |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00644.x/full}}</ref><ref name="probeauty">{{cite news |url= |title= Corneotherapy: The science of maintenance and restoration |date= September 2012 |newspaper= Professional Beauty }}</ref> Corneotherapy encompasses all therapeutic interventions aimed at repairing stratum corneum barriers impaired through dermatologic disorders including [[atopic dermatitis]], [[psoriasis]], [[dermatitis]] and chronic alipidic skin. |
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== History == |
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Until the last part of the 20th century, the [[human skin]] outer layer of [[Desquamation|desquamating]] [[corneocyte]]s was perceived as a dead, inert, passive, metabolically lifeless membrane. It was also seen as a barrier impermeable to the environment that had no biological function.<ref name="kligman3">{{cite book |last= Kligman |first=A.M. |editor-last= Elias |editor-first= PM |editor-last2=Feingold |editor-first2=KR |title= Skin Barrier |publisher=Taylor and Francis, NY, London |date= 2005 |pages=15-24 |chapter= 3: How the Dead Stratum Corneum Became Alive |doi= 10.1201/b14173-4 |isbn=}}</ref> The story of corneotherapy begins with observations by Tree and Marks in a 1975 paper titled ''An Explanation for the ‘Placebo’ Effect of Bland Ointment Bases''. <ref name="kligman1"/> Then, a series of medical experimented conducted by Albert Kligman, revealed that the stratum corneum is a biologically active cellular tissue. Kligman and his partners discovered that the stratum corneum, and the lipid barrier that keeps it intact, played a significant role in skin health. It can send many signals to the underlying living epidermis and influences the regenerative processes in deeper layers of the skin. This revelation had an impact on subsequent understanding of skin health and topical therapies. Kligman labelled this ensemble of therapies: “corneoth¬erapy”. Then, more research on corneobiology was done by Peter Elias, a medical doctor. Elias defined the fundamental functions of the stratum corneum and outlined 10 functions of this horny layer of skin. In collaboration with Kligman, he considered a total of 16 layers. Kligman and his associates further found that treating the disturbed balance of the skin through the repeated application of substances with [[humectant]] and [[Moisturizer|emollients]] properties, had substantial clinical effects. These special substances, blended into creams became known as commercial skin “[[moisturizer]]s”.<ref name="Lautensjournal">{{cite journal |author= Lautenschläger, Hans. |title= Specific active agents and bases in corneotherapy |language= |journal= Cosmetic Medicine |volume=2004 |issue=2 |pages=72–74 |date= |pmid= |doi= |url=}}</ref> The repeated application for cosmetic and therapeutic uses of these “moisturisers” improved common skin barrier disorders including [[atopic dermatitis]], [[Keratin#Cornification|cornification]] disorders and [[Cutaneous condition|dermatosis]]. As a result of this research, the upper layers of the epidermis were recognized as a significant player in immunity and protection.<ref name="Lautensmoscow">{{cite journal |author= Lautenschläger, Hans. |title= The history and current aspects of corneotherapy, IV. |language= |journal= International Symposium on Aesthetic Medicine |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=58–60 |date= 19 April 2005 |pmid= |doi= |url= }}</ref> |
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== Applications == |
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{{gallery |
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| height = 150 |
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| width = 150 |
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| lines = 3 |
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|Image:Normal Epidermis and Dermis with Intradermal Nevus 10x.JPG|Epidermis and dermis of human skin |
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|Image:Anatomy of the skin.jpg|Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis. |
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|Image:Skin.png|Cross-section of all skin layers |
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|File:Blausen 0353 Epidermis.png|Illustration of epidermal layers |
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}} |
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The practice of daily applications of a moisturizing agent in high doses not only induces skin surface hydration but also repairs mild barrier dysfunction of the stratum as noted in atopic [[Xeroderma|xerosis cutis]].<ref name="corneoprincip">{{cite journal |author= Hachiro Tagami |title= Percutaneous Absorption and Principles of Corneotherapy/Skin Care |language= |journal= Therapy of Skin Diseases |volume= |issue= |pages=57-62 |date=2010 |pmid= |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Skin repair]] |
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* [[ATC code D02]] |
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* [[List of cutaneous conditions]] |
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== Further readings == |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* [corneotherapy.org/ International Association for Applied Corneotherapy] |
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{{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}} |
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{{integumentary system|state= collapsed}} |
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{{Emollients and protectives}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Corneotherapy}} |
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[[Category:Cutaneous conditions ]] |
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[[Category:Syndromes affecting the cornea]] |
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[[Category:Scientific terminology]] |
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[[Category:Medical terminology| ]] |
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Revision as of 14:57, 26 February 2018
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