[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

Dietary supplement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by PStrait (talk | contribs) at 03:47, 6 January 2014 (→‎From food or pills?: deleted dubious claim backed by gibberish citation). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Food supplement" redirects here. For food additions that alter the flavor, color or longevity of food, see Food additive.
Flight through a CT image stack of a multivitamin tablet "A-Z" by German company Abtei.
See also: Bodybuilding supplement

A dietary supplement is intended to provide nutrients that may otherwise not be consumed in sufficient quantities.

Supplements as generally understood include vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, among other substances. U.S. authorities define dietary supplements as foods, while elsewhere they may be classified as drugs or other products.

There are more than 50,000 dietary supplements available. More than half of the U.S. adult population (53% - 55%) consume dietary supplements with most common ones being multivitamins[1] .[2]

These products are not intended to prevent or treat any disease and in some circumstances are dangerous, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. For those who fail to consume a balanced diet, the agency says that certain supplements "may have value."[3] Effects of most of these products have not been determined in randomized clinical trials and manufacturing is lightly regulated; randomized clinical trials of certain vitamins and antioxidants have found increased mortality rates.[4][5]

According to scientific evidence, supplements of beta-carotein and Vitamin E, possibly also Vitamin A, increase mortality.[6] Also supplements of other antioxidants, B vitamins, folic acid or minerals and multivitamin supplements fail to decrease mortality, as well as morbidity to major chronic diseases.[6] However, vitamin D supplements may be useful, but the evidence this far is not conclusive.[6]

Most supplements should be avoided, and usually people should not eat micronutrients except people with clearly shown deficiency.[6] Those people should first consult a doctor.[7] An exception is vitamin D, which is recommended in Nordic countries[8] due to weak sunlight.

Need for dietary supplements

Dietary supplements are unnecessary if one eats a balanced diet.[9]

Moreover, many supplements have no practical effect. For example, glucosamine and chondroitin, often thought to relieve joint pain, have been shown to be without benefit. Relief reported for these supplements may be explained by the fact that many people taking them on a doctor's recommendation are also taking other pain relievers.[10] Another common supplement, omega-3 fatty acids, has been similarly shown to be without benefit for healthy individuals.[11]

Some supplements are harmful. For example, one study funded by the National Institute of Health found that men who consumed vitamin E supplements had a higher rate of prostate cancer than men who did not.[12] Also, it has been found that calcium supplements puts people at a greater risk for heart attacks.[13]

Supplements may create harm in several ways, including over-consumption, particularly of minerals and fat-soluble vitamins which can build up in the body.[14] The products may also cause harm related to their rapid absorption in a short period of time, quality issues such as contamination, or by adverse interactions with other foods and medications.[15]

No prevention of dementia

A metastudy showed that daily multivitamin supplements do not prevent the weakening of cognitive performance. Another study showed that multivitamins and omega-3 fatty acids do not alleviate existing mild or medium dementia.[6]

Increased mortality due to supplements

In Dec 17th 2013, the editorial of the scientific Annals of the Internal Medicine journal criticized heavily dietary supplements referring to research surveys. Systematic reviews did not find evidence on that vitamin or multivitamin supplements would reduce mortality in general or cardiovascular or cancer mortality. On the contrary, many random clinical trials have shown that betacarotein, vitamin E and possibly also high doses of vitamin A increase mortality.[6]

JAMA journal published a review on 68 random trials (232,606 participants, 385 publications) showing that supplements of betacarotein and vitamins A and E seem to add mortality. The effect of vitamin C and selen was unclear.[16]

Cochrane Database Syst Review published a review of 78 random trials (296,707 participants). In its fixed-effect models antioxidants were shown to increase mortality, particularly betacarotein and vitamin E.[17]

According to a study on almost 39,000 American women since the 1980s showed that multivitamin, folic acid, Vitamin B5, iron, magnesium, zinc and copper supplements may increase mortality and also other supplements do not seem to decrease common chronic diseases.[18]

Bodybuilding supplements

Bodybuilding supplements often involve health problems.[19]

For example, the "natural" best-seller Craze, 2012's "New Supplement of the Year" by bodybuilding.com, sold in Walmart, Amazon etc., was found to contain undisclosed amphetamine-like compounds. Also other products by Matt Cahill have contained dangerous substances causing blindness or liver damages, and experts say that Cahill is emblematic for the whole industry. [20]

Natural supplements

Natural supplements such as green tea pills may damage liver and cause liver transplants, hepatitis and deaths. Yet people believe that "natural" is healthy or that supplements have been researched. [21]

The catechin contained in green tea is claimed to accelerate metabolism, so they are sold as fat-burners. Green tea pills often contain many times more catechin than a cup of tea and can be toxic to liver, particularly for some people. [21]

Liver damage

The number liver damages from dietary supplements has trippled in a decade. Most of the supplements were bodybuilding supplements. Some of the patients require liver transplants and some die. In third of the supplements involved contained unlisted steroids. [21]

FDA

FDA reports 50,000 health problems due to supplements each year.[22] It does not have the resources to oversee the market.[22] According to FDA, 70% of the companies do not follow basic quality standards.[21]

Ungrounded health claims

According to University of Helsinki food safety professor Marina Heinonen, more than 90% of dietary supplement health claims are incorrect.[23]

Adulteration

BMC Medicine published a study on herbal supplements. Most of the supplements studied were of low quality, a third did not contain at all the herb claimed but, e.g., rice power or laxative. A third contained unlisted substances. [24][25]

Some supplements were contamined by rodent feces and urine.[22]

Only 0.3% of the 55,000 U.S. market dietary supplements were studied so that their common side effects are known. [21]

From food or pills?

In early 20th century there were great hopes on the supplements, but later research has shown them unfounded.[26]

Antioxidant paradox

"Antioxidant paradox" means the fact that even though fruits and vegetables are related to decreases in mortality, cardiovascular diseases and cancers, antioxidant nutrients do not really seem to help. According to one theory, this is because some other nutrients would be the important ones.[27][28] Multivitamin pills have neither proved useful[6] but may even increase mortality.[18]

Fish oils and omega-3

Omega-3 fatty acids and fish oils from food are very healthy, but fish oil supplements are recommended only for those suffering from coronary artery diseases and not eating fish. Latest research has made the benefits of the supplements questionable even for them. Contrary to claims, fish oils do not decrease cholesterol but may even raise the "bad" LDL cholesterol and cause other harms. Also the use of cod liver oil is criticized by scientists.[29]

Alice Lichtenstein, DSc, chairwoman of the American Heart Association (AHA) says that even though omega-3 fatty acids from foods are healthy, the same is not shown in studies on omega-3 supplements. Therefore one should not eat fish oil supplements unless one suffers from heart diseases.[30]

Regulation

United States

In the name of deregulation, the Dietary Supplement Health And Education Act of 1994 restricted the Food and Drug Administration from exerting authority over supplements as long as manufacturers made no claims about preventing or treating disease. As a result, the FDA currently regulates dietary supplements as a category of food, and not pharmaceutical drugs.

In contrast with pharmaceutical manufacturers — who must demonstrate their products are effective as well as safe — supplement manufacturers are not required to demonstrate efficacy.

Supplement manufacturers must, however, indicate a product is safe prior to introduction. The product cannot be marketed for 75 days following filing of this information with the FDA. Listing the information, however, does not mean the FDA regards the product as necessarily safe.[31]

In practice, the FDA has said it has lacked funds to determine whether a given supplement should be considered "hazardous" and, thus, removed from the market. In one situation where this standard was reached (Ephedra), the agency faced significant opposition from the supplement industry and the U.S. Congress, and thus limited itself to making announcements about Ephedra's problematic safety records on the FDA website.[32]

In 2007 the FDA implemented a "good manufacturing practices" policy to ensure dietary supplements "are produced in a quality manner, do not contain contaminants or impurities, and are accurately labeled." [33] Also in that year, the FDA implemented a rule requiring that supplement manufacturers submit reports of serious adverse events involving their products.

Because of the 1994 legislation, the FDA must demonstrate that individual supplements are unsafe using its adverse events reporting system, which may capture only 1 to 10 percent of all adverse events linked to supplements.[34]

In 2012 the director of the FDA’s Dietary Supplements Program, called the level of non-compliance with regulations on dietary supplements “astonishing." Based on audits completed by the FDA’s compliance division in 2011 and 2012, the official, Dan Fabricant, said it was estimated that nearly 70% of dietary supplement manufacturers are currently not compliant with rules governing "good manufacturing practices."

Fabricant also indicated that FDA had concerns regarding under-reporting of adverse events.[35]

A 2001 study, published in Archives of Internal Medicine, found broad public support for greater regulation of dietary supplements.[36]

According to Consumer Reports, the 1994 law "has left consumers without the protections surrounding the manufacture and marketing of over-the-counter or prescription medications" and it became the FDA's responsibility to prove that a supplement is not safe.

Similarly, Time described the 1994 legislation as "ill-conceived and reprehensible", that "gives the industry virtually free reign [sic] to market products defined as dietary supplements, while severely limiting the FDA's ability to regulate them".[37]

Quality Rules (U.S.)

FDA rules require that supplements meet specifications for "purity, strength, and composition and has been manufactured, packaged, labeled, and held under conditions to prevent adulteration." [38] FDA inspectors can look at a company's records upon request.[39] However, enforcement is difficult given the number of supplement manufacturers and the 16% decline in FDA investigators from 2003 to 2006.[40] Suppliers provide certificates of analysis stating that they have tested the material.[40]

In the U.S., contamination and false labeling are "not uncommon".[41] The United States Pharmacopeia offers a "seal" that may indicate that the product has been tested for integrity and safe manufacturing,[42] and it is the only certification program that conducts random off-the-shelf testing.[41][43] In 2008 ConsumerLab.com criticized the USP for proposing a 10 microgram per daily serving limit on lead in dietary supplements and drugs. It noted that under the FDA's 2006 guidance on lead in candy, only 0.2 micrograms of lead per serving are allowed.[44] Consumerlab randomly tests some dietary supplements and makes the results available to subscribers. It has reported that 25% of the supplements it tests have problems, and half of the multivitamins category had similar problems.[40] NSF International,[45] HFL Sport Science,[46] and the Natural Products Association[47] also have dietary supplement certification programs.

Permissible claims (U.S)

The FDA says that if a product sold in the U.S. as a dietary supplement is promoted or claimed as a treatment, prevention or cure for disease, it is considered an unapproved — and thus illegal — drug. In addition, all supplements must, in the U.S., include on the label a statement that all claims by the seller "have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration," and that the product "is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."

Supplement makers are permitted, however, to claim their product supports the structure or function of the body (e.g., "glucosamine helps support healthy joints" or "the hormone melatonin helps establish normal sleep patterns").

The FDA must be notified of these claims, which must be substantiated according to FDA rules. In reality, however, inaccurate claims are very common.[48][49] For example, the compound hydrazine sulfate is promoted as a treatment for cancer, despite no significant evidence that it is either safe or effective.[50][51]

In the U.S., a supplement may include vitamins, minerals herbs, amino acids, or any substance historically used as a diet supplement. Products must also be for ingestion as a pill, capsule, tablet, powder or liquid and not represented for use as a conventional food or as the sole item of a meal or diet. Finally, the products must be labeled as a "dietary supplement".

Regulation in European Union

The European Union's Food Supplements Directive of 2002 requires that supplements be demonstrated to be safe, both in dosages and in purity.[52] Only those supplements that have been proven to be safe may be sold in the bloc without prescription. As a category of food, food supplements cannot be labeled with drug claims but can bear health claims and nutrition claims.[53]

The dietary supplements industry in the United Kingdom (UK), one of the 28 countries in the bloc, strongly opposed the Directive. In addition, a large number of consumers throughout Europe, including over one million in the UK, and various doctors and scientists, had signed petitions by 2005 against what are viewed by the petitioners as unjustified restrictions of consumer choice.[54]

In 2004, along with two British trade associations, the Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) had a legal challenge to the Food Supplements Directive[55] referred to the European Court of Justice by the High Court in London.[56]

Although the European Court of Justice's Advocate General subsequently said that the bloc's plan to tighten rules on the sale of vitamins and food supplements should be scrapped,[57] he was eventually overruled by the European Court, which decided that the measures in question were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting public health. ANH, however, interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically produced supplements—and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or consumed as part of the diet.[58]

Nevertheless, the European judges acknowledged the Advocate General's concerns, stating that there must be clear procedures to allow substances to be added to the permitted list based on scientific evidence. They also said that any refusal to add the product to the list must be open to challenge in the courts.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ Park, Madison. "Half of Americans use supplements". CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  2. ^ Grace, Emily. "How to choose the best supplement". Health Beacon. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  3. ^ Staff, FDA/ FDA FAQ's on Dietary Supplements
  4. ^ Staff, National Public Radio. May 30, 2010 GAO Finds Many Claims About Supplements Mislead
  5. ^ Paul Offit for The Atlantic. July 19, 2013 The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Eliseo Guallar, MD, DrPH; Saverio Stranges, MD, PhD; Cynthia Mulrow, MD, MSc, Senior Deputy Editor; Lawrence J. Appel, MD, MPH; and Edgar R. Miller III, MD, PhD. Annals of the Internal Medicine, editorial, 17.12.2013.
  7. ^ Questions To Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements, Nutrition.gov, accessed 2013-12-22.
  8. ^ New Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Focus on quality and the whole diet, Norden.org 03.10.2013.
  9. ^ "The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements". Webmd.com. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  10. ^ "The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements". Webmd.com. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  11. ^ "The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements". Webmd.com. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  12. ^ "Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)". cancer.org. 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  13. ^ Grandi, N. C.; Brenner, H.; Hahmann, H.; Wüsten, B.; März, W.; Rothenbacher, D.; Breitling, L. P. (2012). "Calcium, phosphate and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a population with stable coronary heart disease". Heart. 98 (12): 926–33. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300806. PMID 22301505.
  14. ^ "The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements". Webmd.com. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  15. ^ Ermak G., "Modern Science & Future Medicine (second edition)", 164 p., 2013
  16. ^ Bjelakovic, Goran; Nikolova, Dimitrinka; Gluud, Lise Lotte; Simonetti, Rosa G.; Gluud, Christian (2007). "Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention". JAMA. 297 (8): 842–57. doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.842. PMID 17327526..
  17. ^ Bjelakovic, G; Nikolova, D; Gluud, LL; Simonetti, RG; Gluud, C (2012). Bjelakovic, Goran (ed.). "Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 3: CD007176. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2. PMID 22419320..
  18. ^ a b Tutkimus: Ravintolisä- ja vitamiinivalmisteista ei juuri hyötyä, Helsingin Sanomat, 10.10.2011.
  19. ^ Tainted Body Building Products, FDA, 12/17/2010.
  20. ^ Sports supplement designer has history of risky products, USA Today, September 27, 2013.
  21. ^ a b c d e Spike in Harm to Liver Is Tied to Dietary Aids, The New York Times, December 21, 2013.
  22. ^ a b c Skip the Supplements, Paul A. Offit, chief of the division of infectious diseases at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Sarah Erush, the clinical manager in the pharmacy department of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. The New York Times, December 14, 2013.
  23. ^ Ravintolisissä paljon humpuukia, Yle.fi 17.10.2012.
  24. ^ O’CONNOR, ANAHAD. "Herbal Supplements Are Often Not What They Seem". New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  25. ^ Newmaster, Steven G; Grguric, Meghan; Shanmughanandhan, Dhivya; Ramalingam, Sathishkumar; Ragupathy, Subramanyam (2013). "DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products". BMC Medicine. 11: 222. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222. PMC 3851815. PMID 24120035.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Russell, Robert M. (2005). "Essential Nutrients: Food or Supplements?". JAMA. 294 (3): 351–8. doi:10.1001/jama.294.3.351. PMID 16030280.
  27. ^ intake of vitamin e and other antioxidant nutrients in early life and the development of advanced ß-cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes, Liisa Uusitalo, National institute for health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, and Tampere school of public health, University of Tampere, Finland, 2009, page 74.
  28. ^ Halliwell, B (2013). "The antioxidant paradox: Less paradoxical now?". British journal of clinical pharmacology. 75 (3): 637–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04272.x. PMC 3575931. PMID 22420826..
  29. ^ Kannattaako kalaöljyvalmisteita syödä?, Helsingin Sanomat 3.12.2012.
  30. ^ The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements, Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD, Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD, page 5. Accessed 2012-12-22.
  31. ^ "New Dietary Ingredients in Dietary Supplements — Background for Industry". Food and Drug Administration. 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  32. ^ "Dangerous supplements: still at large". Consumer Reports. 2004-05-01. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  33. ^ "FDA issues Dietary Supplements final rule". Food and Drug Administration. 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  34. ^ Heinrich, J. (2000). "Adverse drug events substantial problem but magnitude uncertain: Testimony before the committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, U.S. Senate" (PDF). Government Accountability Office.
  35. ^ "Dan Fabricant: FDA 'Somewhat aghast' at degree of cGMP non-compliance". Nutra ingredients-usa.com. 2012-04-26.
  36. ^ Blendon RJ, DesRoches CM, Benson JM, Brodie M, Altman DE (2001). "Americans' views on the use and regulation of dietary supplements". Archives of Internal Medicine. 161 (6): 805–10. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.6.805. PMID 11268222. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Jaroff, L (2004-02-10). "Beyond Ephedra". Time. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  38. ^ "Final Rules: Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Packaging, Labeling, or Holding Operations for Dietary Supplements". Federal Register. 2007-06-25.
  39. ^ Dickinson, A; Shao, A (2007-08-27). "The Evolution of Dietary Supplement GMPs". Natural Products Insider.
  40. ^ a b c O'Connell, J (2007). "The untold dietary-supplement scandal". Men's Health.
  41. ^ a b Larimore WL, O'Mathúna DP (2003). "Quality assessment programs for dietary supplements". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37 (6): 893–8. doi:10.1345/aph.1D031. PMID 12773081. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ^ "USP Verified Dietary Supplements". United States Pharmacopeia. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  43. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about USP Verification Program for Dietary Supplements". United States Pharmacopeia. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  44. ^ "Asks USP to Adopt Safer Lead Limits for Drugs and Supplements, 2008". ConsumerLab.com. 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  45. ^ "The Importance of Certification". NSF International.
  46. ^ Mathews, AW (2009-09-03). "What's Really in Supplements?". The Wall Street Journal.
  47. ^ "Quality Assurance Programs". Natural Products Association.
  48. ^ "'Miracle' Health Claims: Add a Dose of Skepticism". Federal Trade Commission.
  49. ^ Bonakdar RA (2002). "Herbal cancer cures on the Web: noncompliance with The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act". Family Medicine. 34 (7): 522–7. PMID 12144007.
  50. ^ Questions and answers about hydrazine sulfate. National Cancer Institute. March 12, 2009.
  51. ^ Black, M; Hussain, H (2000). "Hydrazine, cancer, the Internet, isoniazid, and the liver". Annals of Internal Medicine. 133 (11): 911–3. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-11-200012050-00016. PMID 11103062. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  52. ^ "Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  53. ^ "European Commission website: Food Safety - Labelling & Nutrition - Health & Nutrition Claims". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  54. ^ "Controversial EU vitamins ban to go ahead". Timesonline.co.uk. 2005-07-012. Retrieved 2012-12-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ EU Food Supplements Directive[dead link]
  56. ^ "'Court victory for vitamin firms'". BBC News. 2004-01-30. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  57. ^ "'EU health foods crackdown 'wrong''". BBC News. 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  58. ^ "'Vitamin controls backed by Europe'". BBC News. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  59. ^ "'EU court backs health supplements ban'". Guardian. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2012-12-05.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietary_supplement&oldid=589392433"