Fieldata

FIELDATA character encoding
	Military primary (1xxxxxx) code, a representative military supervisory (0xxxxxx) code, UNIVAC graphical code.
Classification	7-bit basic Latin encoding (6-bit in some UNIVAC variants)
Preceded by	ITA 2
Succeeded by	US-ASCII
	v; t; e;

FIELDATA (also written as Fieldata) was a pioneering computer project run by the US Army Signal Corps in the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard (as defined in MIL-STD-188A/B/C^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]) for collecting and distributing battlefield information. In this respect it could be thought of as a generalization of the US Air Force's SAGE system that was being created at about the same time.

Unlike SAGE, FIELDATA was intended to be much larger in scope, allowing information to be gathered from any number of sources and forms. Much of the FIELDATA system was the specifications for the format the data would take, leading to a character set that would be a huge influence on ASCII a few years later.^[1]^[5] FIELDATA also specified the message formats and even the electrical standards for connecting FIELDATA-standard machines together.

Another part of the FIELDATA project was the design and construction of computers at several different scales, from data-input terminals at one end, to theatre-wide data processing centers at the other. Several FIELDATA-standard computers were built during the lifetime of the project, including the transportable MOBIDIC from Sylvania, and the BASICPAC and LOGICPAC from Philco. Another system, ARTOC, was intended to provide graphical output (in the form of photographic slides), but was never completed.

Because FIELDATA did not specify codes for interconnection and data transmission control, different systems (like "STANDARD FORM", "COMLOGNET Common language code", "SACCOMNET (465L) Control Code"^[6]^[5]) used different control functions. Intercommunication between them was difficult.^[1]

FIELDATA is the original character set used internally in UNIVAC computers of the 1100 series, represented by the sixth of the 36-bit word of that computer. The direct successor to the UNIVAC 1100 is the Unisys 2200 series computers, which use FIELDATA to this day (although ASCII is now also common with each character encoded in 1/4 of a word, or 9 bits). Because some of the FIELDATA characters are not represented in ASCII, the Unisys 2200 uses '^', '"' and '_' characters for codes 004_oct, 076_oct and 077_oct respectively.

The FIELDATA project ran from 1956^{[citation needed]} until it was stopped during a reorganization in 1962.^{[citation needed]}

FIELDATA characters

Military

Tag Bit (1)	Indicator Bits (2)	Detail Bits (4)	Binary Bits (1+6)	Decimal	Octal	Glyph	Name	Comment
Supervisory code (tag bit 0)
0	00	0000	0:000000	0	000		Blank / Idle (IDL)
0	00	0001	0:000001	1	001		Control Upper Case (CUC)
0	00	0010	0:000010	2	002		Control Lower Case (CLC)
0	00	0011	0:000011	3	003		Control Tab (CHT)
0	00	0100	0:000100	4	004		Control Carriage Return (CCR)
0	00	0101	0:000101	5	005		Control Space (CSP)
0	00	0110	0:000110	6	006	a		The first two rows of the supervisory code are not used in all applications, only where "alphabetic supervisory information" is required.^[7] COMLOGNET omits them, while SACCOMNET includes additional control characters in place of the supervisory letters.^[5]
0	00	0111	0:000111	7	007	b
0	00	1000	0:001000	8	010	c
0	00	1001	0:001001	9	011	d
0	00	1010	0:001010	10	012	e
0	00	1011	0:001011	11	013	f
0	00	1100	0:001100	12	014	g
0	00	1101	0:001101	13	015	h
0	00	1110	0:001110	14	016	i
0	00	1111	0:001111	15	017	j
0	01	0000	0:010000	16	020	k
0	01	0001	0:010001	17	021	l
0	01	0010	0:010010	18	022	m
0	01	0011	0:010011	19	023	n
0	01	0100	0:010100	20	024	o
0	01	0101	0:010101	21	025	p
0	01	0110	0:010110	22	026	q
0	01	0111	0:010111	23	027	r
0	01	1000	0:011000	24	030	s
0	01	1001	0:011001	25	031	t
0	01	1010	0:011010	26	032	u
0	01	1011	0:011011	27	033	v
0	01	1100	0:011100	28	034	w
0	01	1101	0:011101	29	035	x
0	01	1110	0:011110	30	036	y
0	01	1111	0:011111	31	037	z
0	10	0000	0:100000	32	040	β	Dial 0 (D0)	Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.^[5]
0	10	0001	0:100001	33	041	#	Dial 1 (D1)
0	10	0010	0:100010	34	042	t	Dial 2 (D2)
0	10	0011	0:100011	35	043		Dial 3 (D3)
0	10	0100	0:100100	36	044		Dial 4 (D4)
0	10	0101	0:100101	37	045	@	Dial 5 (D5)	Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.
0	10	0110	0:100110	38	046	%	Dial 6 (D6)
0	10	0111	0:100111	39	047	¢	Dial 7 (D7)
0	10	1000	0:101000	40	050		Dial 8 (D8)	BEL in COMLOGNET.
0	10	1001	0:101001	41	051	&	Dial 9 (D9)	Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.
0	10	1010	0:101010	42	052	∑	Start of Control Block (SCB, SOC)
0	10	1011	0:101011	43	053	≠	Start of Block (SBK, SOB)
0	10	1100	0:101100	44	054	≢	Spare, SOD
0	10	1101	0:101101	45	055	°	Spare
0	10	1110	0:101110	46	056		Spare
0	10	1111	0:101111	47	057		Spare, Stop
0	11	0000	0:110000	48	060		Ready to Transmit (RTT)
0	11	0001	0:110001	49	061		Ready to Receive (RTR)
0	11	0010	0:110010	50	062		Not Ready to Receive (NRR)
0	11	0011	0:110011	51	063		End of Blockette (EBE, EOBK)
0	11	0100	0:110100	52	064		End of Block (EBK, EOB)
0	11	0101	0:110101	53	065		End of File (EOF)
0	11	0110	0:110110	54	066		End of Control Block (ECB, EOC)
0	11	0111	0:110111	55	067		Acknowledge Receipt (ACK, ACR)
0	11	1000	0:111000	56	070		Repeat Block (RPT, RBK)
0	11	1001	0:111001	57	071		Spare	Ordered ISN, NISN, CWF, Spare in some variants.^[5]
0	11	1010	0:111010	58	072		Interpret Sign (INS, ISN)
0	11	1011	0:111011	59	073		Non-Interpret Sign (NIS, NISN)
0	11	1100	0:111100	60	074		Control Word Follows (CWF)
0	11	1101	0:111101	61	075		S.A.C. (SAC)
0	11	1110	0:111110	62	076		Special Character (SPC)	ASCII ESC.^[5]
0	11	1111	0:111111	63	077		Delete (DEL)
Primary code (tag bit 1)
1	00	0000	1:000000	64	100		Master Space (MS)
1	00	0001	1:000001	65	101		Upper Case (UC)
1	00	0010	1:000010	66	102		Lower Case (LC)
1	00	0011	1:000011	67	103		Tab (HT)
1	00	0100	1:000100	68	104		Carriage Return (CR)
1	00	0101	1:000101	69	105		Blank / Space (SP)
1	00	0110	1:000110	70	106	A
1	00	0111	1:000111	71	107	B
1	00	1000	1:001000	72	110	C
1	00	1001	1:001001	73	111	D
1	00	1010	1:001010	74	112	E
1	00	1011	1:001011	75	113	F
1	00	1100	1:001100	76	114	G
1	00	1101	1:001101	77	115	H
1	00	1110	1:001110	78	116	I
1	00	1111	1:001111	79	117	J
1	01	0000	1:010000	80	120	K
1	01	0001	1:010001	81	121	L
1	01	0010	1:010010	82	122	M
1	01	0011	1:010011	83	123	N
1	01	0100	1:010100	84	124	O
1	01	0101	1:010101	85	125	P
1	01	0110	1:010110	86	126	Q
1	01	0111	1:010111	87	127	R
1	01	1000	1:011000	88	130	S
1	01	1001	1:011001	89	131	T
1	01	1010	1:011010	90	132	U
1	01	1011	1:011011	91	133	V
1	01	1100	1:011100	92	134	W
1	01	1101	1:011101	93	135	X
1	01	1110	1:011110	94	136	Y
1	01	1111	1:011111	95	137	Z
1	10	0000	1:100000	96	140	)
1	10	0001	1:100001	97	141	-
1	10	0010	1:100010	98	142	+
1	10	0011	1:100011	99	143	<
1	10	0100	1:100100	100	144	=
1	10	0101	1:100101	101	145	>
1	10	0110	1:100110	102	146	_		& in UNIVAC.
1	10	0111	1:100111	103	147	$
1	10	1000	1:101000	104	150	*
1	10	1001	1:101001	105	151	(
1	10	1010	1:101010	106	152	"		% in UNIVAC.
1	10	1011	1:101011	107	153	:
1	10	1100	1:101100	108	154	?
1	10	1101	1:101101	109	155	!
1	10	1110	1:101110	110	156	,
1	10	1111	1:101111	111	157		Stop (ST)
1	11	0000	1:110000	112	160	0
1	11	0001	1:110001	113	161	1
1	11	0010	1:110010	114	162	2
1	11	0011	1:110011	115	163	3
1	11	0100	1:110100	116	164	4
1	11	0101	1:110101	117	165	5
1	11	0110	1:110110	118	166	6
1	11	0111	1:110111	119	167	7
1	11	1000	1:111000	120	170	8
1	11	1001	1:111001	121	171	9
1	11	1010	1:111010	122	172	'
1	11	1011	1:111011	123	173	;
1	11	1100	1:111100	124	174	/
1	11	1101	1:111101	125	175	.
1	11	1110	1:111110	126	176		Special Character (SPEC)
1	11	1111	1:111111	127	177		Backspace (BS)

UNIVAC

The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (primary code) of the military version with some changes.^[8]

Indicator Bits (2)	Detail Bits (4)	Binary Bits (6)	Decimal	Octal	Glyph	Name	Comments
00	0000	000000	0	00	@		Sometimes switched with Δ^[8]
00	0001	000001	1	01	[
00	0010	000010	2	02	]
00	0011	000011	3	03	#		Line Feed (LF) on 1107 and 1108^[8]
00	0100	000100	4	04	Δ	Delta	Carriage Return (CR) on 1107 and 1108^[8]
00	0101	000101	5	05		Blank / Space (SP)
00	0110	000110	6	06	A
00	0111	000111	7	07	B
00	1000	001000	8	10	C
00	1001	001001	9	11	D
00	1010	001010	10	12	E
00	1011	001011	11	13	F
00	1100	001100	12	14	G
00	1101	001101	13	15	H
00	1110	001110	14	16	I
00	1111	001111	15	17	J
01	0000	010000	16	20	K
01	0001	010001	17	21	L
01	0010	010010	18	22	M
01	0011	010011	19	23	N
01	0100	010100	20	24	O
01	0101	010101	21	25	P
01	0110	010110	22	26	Q
01	0111	010111	23	27	R
01	1000	011000	24	30	S
01	1001	011001	25	31	T
01	1010	011010	26	32	U
01	1011	011011	27	33	V
01	1100	011100	28	34	W
01	1101	011101	29	35	X
01	1110	011110	30	36	Y
01	1111	011111	31	37	Z
10	0000	100000	32	40	)
10	0001	100001	33	41	-
10	0010	100010	34	42	+
10	0011	100011	35	43	<
10	0100	100100	36	44	=
10	0101	100101	37	45	>
10	0110	100110	38	46	&		Changed from _ in military version.
10	0111	100111	39	47	$
10	1000	101000	40	50	*
10	1001	101001	41	51	(
10	1010	101010	42	52	%		Changed from " in military version.
10	1011	101011	43	53	:
10	1100	101100	44	54	?
10	1101	101101	45	55	!
10	1110	101110	46	56	,
10	1111	101111	47	57	\		Stop sign (🛑) on 1107 and 1108^[8]
11	0000	110000	48	60	0
11	0001	110001	49	61	1
11	0010	110010	50	62	2
11	0011	110011	51	63	3
11	0100	110100	52	64	4
11	0101	110101	53	65	5
11	0110	110110	54	66	6
11	0111	110111	55	67	7
11	1000	111000	56	70	8
11	1001	111001	57	71	9
11	1010	111010	58	72	'
11	1011	111011	59	73	;
11	1100	111100	60	74	/
11	1101	111101	61	75	.
11	1110	111110	62	76	⌑	Lozenge
11	1111	111111	63	77	≠	Not Equal	Idle character (IDLE) on some models^[8]

Character map

Military version

The following table is representative of a reference version of the military set, as described in Leubbert (1960) harvtxt error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help). Various other variants exist, with in some cases dramatic differences in the supervisory code (the first four rows 0-3).^[5] The letters in the first two rows are intended for use in "alphabetic supervisory information".^[7]

FIELDATA (military)^[5]^[9]
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|IDL 0000 0	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CUC 1	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CLC 2	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CHT 0009 3	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CCR 000D 4	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CSP 0020 5	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|a 0061 6	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|b 0062 7	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|c 0063 8	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|d 0064 9	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|e 0065 10	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|f 0066 11	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|g 0067 12	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|h 0068 13	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|i 0069 14	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|j 006A 15
1_	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|k 006B 16	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|l 006C 17	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|m 006D 18	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|n 006E 19	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|o 006F 20	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|p 0070 21	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|q 0071 22	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|r 0072 23	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|s 0073 24	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|t 0074 25	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|u 0075 26	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|v 0076 27	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|w 0077 28	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|x 0078 29	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|y 0079 30	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|z 007A 31
2_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D0 32	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D1 33	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D2 34	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D3 35	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D4 36	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D5 37	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D6 38	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D7 39	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D8 40	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D9 41	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SCB 42	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SBK 0001 43	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 44	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 45	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 46	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 47
3_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|RTT 48	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|RTR 49	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|NRR 50	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|EBE 51	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|EBK 0017 52	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|EOF 53	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|ECB 54	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|ACK 0006 55	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|RPT 0015 56	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 57	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|INS 58	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|NIS 59	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CWF 60	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SAC 61	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SPC 001B 62	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|DEL 007F 63
4_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|MS 64	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|UC 65	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|LC 66	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|HT 0009 67	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CR 000D 68	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SP 00A0 69	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|A 0041 70	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|B 0042 71	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|C 0043 72	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|D 0044 73	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|E 0045 74	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|F 0046 75	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|G 0047 76	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|H 0048 77	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|I 0049 78	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|J 004A 79
5_	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|K 004B 80	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|L 004C 81	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|M 004D 82	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|N 004E 83	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|O 004F 84	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|P 0050 85	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Q 0051 86	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|R 0052 87	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|S 0053 88	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|T 0054 89	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|U 0055 90	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|V 0056 91	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|W 0057 92	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|X 0058 93	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Y 0059 94	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Z 005A 95
6_	Template:Chset-color-punct\|) 0029 96	Template:Chset-color-punct\|- 002D 97	Template:Chset-color-punct\|+ 002B 98	Template:Chset-color-punct\|< 003C 99	Template:Chset-color-punct\|= 003D 100	Template:Chset-color-punct\|> 003E 101	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|_ 005F 102	Template:Chset-color-punct\|$ 0024 103	Template:Chset-color-punct\|* 002A 104	Template:Chset-color-punct\|( 0028 105	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|" 0022 106	Template:Chset-color-punct\|: 003A 107	Template:Chset-color-punct\|? 003F 108	Template:Chset-color-punct\|! 0021 109	Template:Chset-color-punct\|, 002C 110	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|STOP 111
7_	Template:Chset-color-digit\|0 0030 112	Template:Chset-color-digit\|1 0031 113	Template:Chset-color-digit\|2 0032 114	Template:Chset-color-digit\|3 0033 115	Template:Chset-color-digit\|4 0034 116	Template:Chset-color-digit\|5 0035 117	Template:Chset-color-digit\|6 0036 118	Template:Chset-color-digit\|7 0037 119	Template:Chset-color-digit\|8 0038 120	Template:Chset-color-digit\|9 0039 121	Template:Chset-color-punct\|' 0027 122	Template:Chset-color-punct\|; 003B 123	Template:Chset-color-punct\|/ 002F 124	Template:Chset-color-punct\|. 002E 125	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SPEC 126	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|BS 0008 127
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

UNIVAC version

The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (6-bit primary code) of the military version with some changes.^[8]

FIELDATA (UNIVAC)^[8]
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	Template:Chset-color-punct\|@ 0040 0	Template:Chset-color-punct\|[ 005B 1	Template:Chset-color-punct\|] 005D 2	Template:Chset-color-punct\|# (LF) 0023/000A 3	Template:Chset-color-intl\|Δ (CR) 0394/000D 4	Template:Chset-color-punct\|SP 0020 5	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|A 0041 6	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|B 0042 7	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|C 0043 8	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|D 0044 9	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|E 0045 10	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|F 0046 11	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|G 0047 12	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|H 0048 13	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|I 0049 14	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|J 004A 15
1_	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|K 004B 16	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|L 004C 17	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|M 004D 18	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|N 004E 19	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|O 004F 20	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|P 0050 21	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Q 0051 22	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|R 0052 23	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|S 0053 24	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|T 0054 25	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|U 0055 26	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|V 0056 27	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|W 0057 28	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|X 0058 29	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Y 0059 30	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Z 005A 31
2_	Template:Chset-color-punct\|) 0029 32	Template:Chset-color-punct\|- 002D 33	Template:Chset-color-punct\|+ 002B 34	Template:Chset-color-punct\|< 003C 35	Template:Chset-color-punct\|= 003D 36	Template:Chset-color-punct\|> 003E 37	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|& 0026 38	Template:Chset-color-punct\|$ 0024 39	Template:Chset-color-punct\|* 002A 40	Template:Chset-color-punct\|( 0028 41	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|% 0025 42	Template:Chset-color-punct\|: 003A 43	Template:Chset-color-punct\|? 003F 44	Template:Chset-color-punct\|! 0021 45	Template:Chset-color-punct\|, 002C 46	Template:Chset-color-punct\|\ (🛑) 005C/1F6D1 47
3_	Template:Chset-color-digit\|0 0030 48	Template:Chset-color-digit\|1 0031 49	Template:Chset-color-digit\|2 0032 50	Template:Chset-color-digit\|3 0033 51	Template:Chset-color-digit\|4 0034 52	Template:Chset-color-digit\|5 0035 53	Template:Chset-color-digit\|6 0036 54	Template:Chset-color-digit\|7 0037 55	Template:Chset-color-digit\|8 0038 56	Template:Chset-color-digit\|9 0039 57	Template:Chset-color-punct\|' 0027 58	Template:Chset-color-punct\|; 003B 59	Template:Chset-color-punct\|/ 002F 60	Template:Chset-color-punct\|. 002E 61	Template:Chset-color-ext-punct\|⌑ 2311 62	Template:Chset-color-ext-punct\|≠ (IDL) 2260/0000 63
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c Mackenzie 1980.
^ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188A, 1958-04-25
^ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188B, 1964-02-24
^ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188C, 1969-11-24
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Jennings 2016.
^ International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT) (1968). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (5 ed.). Howard W. Sams and Co. pp. Appendix. ISBN 0-672-20678-1. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
^ ^a ^b Leubbert 1960, p. 196. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Walker 1996.
^ Leubbert 1960. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help)

References and further reading

Fleming, George; James, Nathan L. (2002-12-17). "Univac Fieldata Codes". 1.0. Greenbelt, USA: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2016-05-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5. ISBN 0-596-10242-9.
Jennings, Thomas Daniel (2016-04-20) [1999]. "An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration". World Power Systems (WPS). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Leubbert, William F. (1960) [1959-12-01/03 (International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge)]. Written at U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, USA. "Data Transmission Equipment Concepts for FIELDATA" (PDF). 1959 Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference (WJCC). Boston, USA: American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS): 189–196. doi:10.1109/AFIPS.1959.27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-05-23. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) [1] [2]
Leubbert, William F. (September 1960). "Data Processing as a Tool for Generalizing Communications Systems". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE), Part I: Communication and Electronics. 79 (4): 431–436. doi:10.1109/TCE.1960.6367290. ISSN 0097-2452. Retrieved 2012-12-10. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 61, 64, 86. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Walker, John (1996-08-06). "UNIVAC 1100 Series FIELDATA Code". UNIVAC Memories. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[FOOTNOTEMackenzie1980-1] Mackenzie 1980.

[MIL-STD-188A-2] Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188A, 1958-04-25

[MIL-STD-188B-3] Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188B, 1964-02-24

[MIL-STD-188C-4] Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188C, 1969-11-24

[FOOTNOTEJennings2016-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Jennings 2016.

[ITT_1968-6] International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT) (1968). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (5 ed.). Howard W. Sams and Co. pp. Appendix. ISBN 0-672-20678-1. Retrieved 2016-05-23.

[FOOTNOTELeubbert1960196-7] Leubbert 1960, p. 196. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help)

[FOOTNOTEWalker1996-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Walker 1996.

[FOOTNOTELeubbert1960-9] Leubbert 1960. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeubbert1960 (help)

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	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|IDL 0000 0	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CUC 1	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CLC 2	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CHT 0009 3	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CCR 000D 4	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CSP 0020 5	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|a 0061 6	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|b 0062 7	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|c 0063 8	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|d 0064 9	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|e 0065 10	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|f 0066 11	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|g 0067 12	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|h 0068 13	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|i 0069 14	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|j 006A 15
1_	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|k 006B 16	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|l 006C 17	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|m 006D 18	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|n 006E 19	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|o 006F 20	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|p 0070 21	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|q 0071 22	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|r 0072 23	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|s 0073 24	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|t 0074 25	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|u 0075 26	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|v 0076 27	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|w 0077 28	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|x 0078 29	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|y 0079 30	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|z 007A 31
2_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D0 32	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D1 33	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D2 34	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D3 35	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D4 36	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D5 37	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D6 38	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D7 39	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D8 40	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|D9 41	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SCB 42	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SBK 0001 43	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 44	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 45	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 46	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 47
3_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|RTT 48	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|RTR 49	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|NRR 50	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|EBE 51	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|EBK 0017 52	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|EOF 53	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|ECB 54	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|ACK 0006 55	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|RPT 0015 56	Template:Chset-color-undef\| 57	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|INS 58	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|NIS 59	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CWF 60	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SAC 61	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SPC 001B 62	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|DEL 007F 63
4_	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|MS 64	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|UC 65	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|LC 66	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|HT 0009 67	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|CR 000D 68	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SP 00A0 69	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|A 0041 70	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|B 0042 71	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|C 0043 72	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|D 0044 73	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|E 0045 74	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|F 0046 75	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|G 0047 76	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|H 0048 77	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|I 0049 78	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|J 004A 79
5_	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|K 004B 80	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|L 004C 81	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|M 004D 82	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|N 004E 83	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|O 004F 84	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|P 0050 85	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Q 0051 86	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|R 0052 87	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|S 0053 88	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|T 0054 89	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|U 0055 90	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|V 0056 91	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|W 0057 92	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|X 0058 93	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Y 0059 94	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Z 005A 95
6_	Template:Chset-color-punct\|) 0029 96	Template:Chset-color-punct\|- 002D 97	Template:Chset-color-punct\|+ 002B 98	Template:Chset-color-punct\|< 003C 99	Template:Chset-color-punct\|= 003D 100	Template:Chset-color-punct\|> 003E 101	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|_ 005F 102	Template:Chset-color-punct\|$ 0024 103	Template:Chset-color-punct\|* 002A 104	Template:Chset-color-punct\|( 0028 105	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|" 0022 106	Template:Chset-color-punct\|: 003A 107	Template:Chset-color-punct\|? 003F 108	Template:Chset-color-punct\|! 0021 109	Template:Chset-color-punct\|, 002C 110	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|STOP 111
7_	Template:Chset-color-digit\|0 0030 112	Template:Chset-color-digit\|1 0031 113	Template:Chset-color-digit\|2 0032 114	Template:Chset-color-digit\|3 0033 115	Template:Chset-color-digit\|4 0034 116	Template:Chset-color-digit\|5 0035 117	Template:Chset-color-digit\|6 0036 118	Template:Chset-color-digit\|7 0037 119	Template:Chset-color-digit\|8 0038 120	Template:Chset-color-digit\|9 0039 121	Template:Chset-color-punct\|' 0027 122	Template:Chset-color-punct\|; 003B 123	Template:Chset-color-punct\|/ 002F 124	Template:Chset-color-punct\|. 002E 125	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|SPEC 126	Template:Chset-color-ctrl\|BS 0008 127
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	Template:Chset-color-punct\|@ 0040 0	Template:Chset-color-punct\|[ 005B 1	Template:Chset-color-punct\|] 005D 2	Template:Chset-color-punct\|# (LF) 0023/000A 3	Template:Chset-color-intl\|Δ (CR) 0394/000D 4	Template:Chset-color-punct\|SP 0020 5	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|A 0041 6	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|B 0042 7	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|C 0043 8	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|D 0044 9	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|E 0045 10	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|F 0046 11	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|G 0047 12	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|H 0048 13	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|I 0049 14	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|J 004A 15
1_	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|K 004B 16	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|L 004C 17	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|M 004D 18	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|N 004E 19	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|O 004F 20	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|P 0050 21	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Q 0051 22	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|R 0052 23	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|S 0053 24	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|T 0054 25	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|U 0055 26	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|V 0056 27	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|W 0057 28	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|X 0058 29	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Y 0059 30	Template:Chset-color-alpha\|Z 005A 31
2_	Template:Chset-color-punct\|) 0029 32	Template:Chset-color-punct\|- 002D 33	Template:Chset-color-punct\|+ 002B 34	Template:Chset-color-punct\|< 003C 35	Template:Chset-color-punct\|= 003D 36	Template:Chset-color-punct\|> 003E 37	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|& 0026 38	Template:Chset-color-punct\|$ 0024 39	Template:Chset-color-punct\|* 002A 40	Template:Chset-color-punct\|( 0028 41	Template:Chset-color-punct-box\|% 0025 42	Template:Chset-color-punct\|: 003A 43	Template:Chset-color-punct\|? 003F 44	Template:Chset-color-punct\|! 0021 45	Template:Chset-color-punct\|, 002C 46	Template:Chset-color-punct\|\ (🛑) 005C/1F6D1 47
3_	Template:Chset-color-digit\|0 0030 48	Template:Chset-color-digit\|1 0031 49	Template:Chset-color-digit\|2 0032 50	Template:Chset-color-digit\|3 0033 51	Template:Chset-color-digit\|4 0034 52	Template:Chset-color-digit\|5 0035 53	Template:Chset-color-digit\|6 0036 54	Template:Chset-color-digit\|7 0037 55	Template:Chset-color-digit\|8 0038 56	Template:Chset-color-digit\|9 0039 57	Template:Chset-color-punct\|' 0027 58	Template:Chset-color-punct\|; 003B 59	Template:Chset-color-punct\|/ 002F 60	Template:Chset-color-punct\|. 002E 61	Template:Chset-color-ext-punct\|⌑ 2311 62	Template:Chset-color-ext-punct\|≠ (IDL) 2260/0000 63
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

v t e Character encodings
Early telecommunications	Telegraph code Needle Morse Non-Latin Wabun/Kana Chinese Cyrillic Korean Baudot and Murray Fieldata ASCII ISO/IEC 646 BCDIC Teletex and Videotex/Teletext T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 ITU T.61 ITU T.101 World System Teletext background sets Transcode
ISO/IEC 8859	Approved parts -1 (Western Europe) -2 (Central Europe) -3 (Maltese/Esperanto) -4 (North Europe) -5 (Cyrillic) -6 (Arabic) -7 (Greek) -8 (Hebrew) -9 (Turkish) -10 (Nordic) -11 (Thai) -13 (Baltic) -14 (Celtic) -15 (New Western Europe) -16 (Romanian) Abandoned parts -12 (Devanagari) Proposed but not approved KOI-8 Cyrillic Sámi Adaptations Welsh Barents Cyrillic Estonian Ukrainian Cyrillic
Bibliographic use	MARC-8 ANSEL CCCII/EACC ISO 5426 5426-2 5427 5428 6438 6862
National standards	ArmSCII Big5 BraSCII CNS 11643 DIN 66003 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 2312 GB 12345 GB 12052 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 KS X 1002 LST 1564 LST 1590-4 PASCII Shift JIS SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
ISO/IEC 2022	ISO/IEC 8859 ISO/IEC 10367 Extended Unix Code / EUC
Mac OS Code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic Central European Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Farsi (Persian) Font X (Kermit) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Keyboard Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Turkish Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian VT100
DOS code pages	437 668 708 720 737 770 773 775 776 777 778 850 851 852 853 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 897 899 903 904 932 936 942 949 950 951 1034 1040 1042 1043 1044 1098 1115 1116 1117 1118 1127 3846 ABICOMP CS Indic CSX Indic CSX+ Indic CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	895 896 912 915 921 922 1006 1008 1009 1010 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1046 1124 1133
Windows code pages	CER-GS 932 936 (GBK) 950 1169 Extended Latin-8 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1270 Cyrillic + Finnish Cyrillic + French Cyrillic + German Polytonic Greek
EBCDIC code pages	Japanese language in EBCDIC DKOI
DEC terminals (VTx)	Multinational (MCS) National Replacement (NRCS) French Canadian Swiss Spanish United Kingdom Dutch Finnish French Norwegian and Danish Swedish Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8-bit Greek 8-bit Turkish SI 960 Hebrew Special Graphics Technical (TCS)
Platform specific	1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Acorn RISC OS Amstrad CPC Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC Compucolor 8001 Compucolor II CP/M+ DEC RADIX 50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International Galaksija GEM GSM 03.38 HP Roman HP FOCAL HP RPL SQUOZE LICS LMBCS MSX NEC APC NeXT PETSCII PostScript Standard PostScript Latin 1 SAM Coupé Sega SC-3000 Sharp calculators Sharp MZ Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 DIN 91379 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU TACE16 Comparison of Unicode encodings
TeX typesetting system	Cork LY1 OML OMS OT1
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP ASMO 449 Digital encoding of APL symbols ISO-IR-68 ARIB STD-B24 Fieldata HZ IEC-P27-1 INIS 7-bit 8-bit ISO-IR-169 ISO 2033 KOI KOI8-R KOI8-RU KOI8-U Mojikyō SEASCII Stanford/ITS Symbol TRON Unified Hangul Code
Control character	Morse prosigns C0 and C1 control codes ISO/IEC 6429 JIS X 0211 Unicode control, format and separator characters Whitespace characters
Related topics	CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware code page MICR code Mojibake Variable-length encoding
Character sets