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Free public transport

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Free public transport, often called fare-free public transit or zero-fare public transport, refers to public transport funded in full by means other than by collecting fares from passengers. It may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation, or by commercial sponsorship by businesses. Alternatively, the concept of "free-ness" may take other forms, such as no-fare access via a card which may or may not be paid for in its entirety by the user.

Types

City-wide systems

Tallinn, capital city of Estonia with more than 420,000 inhabitants, and several mid-size European cities and many smaller towns around the world have converted their public transportation networks to zero-fare. The city of Hasselt in Belgium is a notable example: fares were abolished in 1997 and ridership was as much as "13 times higher" by 2006.[1]

See list below.
  • Polling place in the historic tramway Gotha G4-61
    Polling place in the historic tramway Gotha G4-61
  • Tallinn's residents vote for free public transportation on March 24, 2012
    Tallinn's residents vote for free public transportation on March 24, 2012

Local services

Local zero-fare shuttles or inner-city loops are far more common than citywide systems. They often use buses or trams. These may be set up by a city government to ease bottlenecks or fill short gaps in the transport network.

See List of free public transport routes for a list of zero-fare routes within wider (fare-paying) networks

Zero-fare transport is often operated as part of the services offered within a public facility, such as a hospital or university campus shuttle or an airport inter-terminal shuttle.

Some zero-fare services may be built to avoid the need for large transport construction. Port cities where shipping would require very high bridges might provide zero-fare ferries instead. These are free at the point of use, just as the use of a bridge might have been. Machinery installed within a building or shopping centre can be seen as 'zero-fare transport': elevators, escalators and moving sidewalks are often provided by property owners and funded through the sales of goods and services. Community bicycle programs, providing free bicycles for short-term public use could be thought of as zero-fare transport.

A common example of zero-fare transport is student transport, where students travelling to or from school do not need to pay. A notable example is the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, which provides much of the funding to operate the Stevens Point Transit system. All students at the university can use any of the four citywide campus routes and the other four bus routes throughout the city free of charge. The university also funds two late night bus routes to serve the downtown free of charge with a goal of cutting down drunk driving.

In some regions transport is free because the revenues are lower that expenses from fare collection is already partially paid by government or company or service (for example BMO railway road in Moscow, most part of is used to as service transport and officially pick up passengers).[clarification needed]

Many large amusement parks will have trams servicing large parking lots or distant areas. Disneyland in Anaheim, California, runs a tram from its entrance, across the parking lot, and across the street to its hotel as well as the bus stop for Orange County and Los Angeles local transit buses. Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California, provides tram service throughout its parking lot.

In July 2017, Dubai announced it would offer free bus services for a short period of time on selected days.[2]

Benefits

Operational benefits

Transport operators can benefit from faster boarding and shorter dwell times, allowing faster timetabling of services. Although some of these benefits can be achieved in other ways, such as off-vehicle ticket sales and modern types of electronic fare collection, zero-fare transport avoids equipment and personnel costs.

Passenger aggression may be reduced. In 2008 bus drivers of Société des Transports Automobiles (STA) in Essonne held strikes demanding zero-fare transport for this reason. They claim that 90% of the aggression is related to refusal to pay the fare.[3]

Commercial benefits

Some zero-fare transport services are funded by private businesses, such as the merchants in a shopping mall, in the hope that doing so will increase sales or other revenue from increased foot traffic or ease of travel. Employers often operate free shuttles as a benefit to their employees, or as part of a congestion mitigation agreement with a local government.

Community benefits

Zero-fare transport can make the system more accessible and fair for low-income residents. Other benefits are the same as those attributed to public transport generally:

Global benefits

Global benefits of zero-fare transport are also the same as those attributed to public transport generally. If use of personal cars is discouraged, zero-fare public transport could mitigate the problems of global warming and oil depletion.

Disadvantages

Several large U.S. municipalities have attempted zero-fare systems, but many of these implementations have been judged unsuccessful by policy makers. A 2002 National Center for Transportation Research report suggests that, while transit ridership does tend to increase, there are also some disadvantages:[4]

  • An increase in vandalism, resulting in increased costs for security and vehicle-maintenance
  • In large transit systems, significant revenue shortfalls unless additional funding was provided
  • An increase in driver complaints and staff turnover, although farebox-related arguments were eliminated
  • Slower service overall (not collecting fares has the effect of speeding boarding, but increased crowding tends to swamp out this effect unless additional vehicles are added)
  • Declines in schedule adherence

This U.S. report suggests that, while ridership does increase overall, the goal of enticing drivers to take transit instead of driving is not necessarily met: because fare-free systems tend to attract a certain number of "problem riders", zero-fare systems may have the unintended effect of convincing some 'premium' riders to go back to driving their cars. It should be kept in mind that this was a study that only looked at U.S. cities, and the author's conclusions may be less applicable in other countries that have better social safety nets and less crime than the large U.S. cities studied.[4]

List of towns and cities with area-wide zero-fare transport

For local and/or limited services, see List of free public transport routes

Europe

Asia

Americas

Brazil Brazil

United States United States

Perception and analysis

Free public transport creates the perception of a no-cost service, just as car drivers commonly perceive no cost to deciding to take their car somewhere. The catch of the car-based system is that the car trip is not in fact free, but it is generally perceived as such.

Likewise, this perception of freeness is important for public transport, which is far more environmentally and resource efficient than own-car travel – which means in this case that full access to the system need not be altogether “free” for its users but that from a financial perspective it becomes (a) front-loaded and (b) affordable. The invariable fact of life of delivering any public service is that the money to do so must come from somewhere – and of “free” public transport that once the user has entered into some kind of “contract” with her or his city – for example a monthly or annual transit pass that opens up the public system to unlimited use for those who pay for it. Now, how they pay and how much will be part of the overall political/economic package (“contract”) of their community. In cities that offer such passes – as is the case to take but one example in most cities in France that since the mid-seventies have had their own Carte Orange – the remainder of the funds needed to pay for these services comes from other sources (mainly in this case from employers, local government).

Social-justice advocacy groups, such as the Swedish network Planka.nu, see zero-fare public transport as an effort in the redistribution of wealth.[45] It is also argued that transportation to and from work is a necessary part of the work day, and is essential to the employer in the managing of work hours. It is thus argued that financing of public transportation should fall to employers rather than private citizens.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ '10 jaar gratis openbaar vervoer' Archived 2008-10-20 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch) on the city's official website
  2. ^ http://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/transport/dubai-rta-launches-free-bus-service-to-cover-partial-metro-closure
  3. ^ Volkskrant.nl - Franse chauffeurs voor gratis buskaartje (in Dutch)
  4. ^ a b Perone, Jennifer S. (October 2002). "Advantages and Disadvantages of Fare-Free Transit Policy" (PDF). NCTR Report Number: NCTR-473-133, BC137-38. National Center for Transportation Research. Retrieved 01/11/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ http://www.transport.mirvoronezha.ru/avtobus/gorodskoy-avtobus/marshrutyi-gorodskih-i-prigorodnyih-avtobusov/6
  6. ^ "Миасс" (in Russian). transphoto.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  7. ^ municipal website (in Spanish) retrieved 2009-05-08
  8. ^ Kiruna municipality website (in Swedish) retrieved 2012-07-09
  9. ^ HotNews.ro - Premiera in Romania: Municipiul Lugoj va avea transport in comun gratuit
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ Ilioupoli
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  14. ^ "Tallinlase tasuta sõit Elron rongides" (in Estonian). Tallinn City Government. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  15. ^ "Türi linna tasuta bussiliin". Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  16. ^ https://www.senec.sk/sk/aktualita/cestovny-poriadok-mhd-senec-platny-od-142018
  17. ^ http://carfree.fr/index.php/2011/07/06/aubagne-aura-le-premier-tramway-au-monde-entierement-gratuit/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ municipal website retrieved 2009-05-07 (in French)
  19. ^ Bliss, Laura. "The French City That Shocked Citizens By Making Transit Free". CityLab. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  20. ^ Boyer King, Emilie (9 November 2017). "Want a free ride? French cities opt for free public transport - France 24". France 24. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  21. ^ Tartaglia, Andrea. "Metro e bus gratis per gli studenti dell'Università di Catania". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |-website= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Smogový regulační systém, ENVIS Praha
  23. ^ Tarif PID, XIV., 3.
  24. ^ Viktor Chrást: Valašské Meziříčí chystá MHD zdarma, zaplatí ji pokuty za rychlou jízdu, iDnes.cz, 2017-04-19
  25. ^ Ve Valašském Meziříčí bude městská hromadná doprava zdarma a pro všechny, Valašské Meziříčí, 2017-04-13
  26. ^ Alena Šrámková: MHD zadarmo! Od nového roku, Strakonický deník, 2017-11-19
  27. ^ Radek Štěpánek: Strakonice mají MHD zdarma pro všechny. Je to populismus, říká opozice, iDnes.cz, 12. 1. 2018
  28. ^ Pavel Křivohlavý: Lovosice zavedly MHD zdarma, chtějí tím snížit počet aut ve městě, iDnes.cz, 2018-01-29
  29. ^ Litoměřice budou mít MHD zdarma, stejně jako sousední Lovosice, iDnes.cz, 2. 3. 2018
  30. ^ Změny linek ČSAD Benešov, a.s., projekt Zastávka
  31. ^ http://www.torshavn.fo/Default.aspx?pageid=679
  32. ^ a b c "Transporte público grátis já existe em cidades brasileiras". Envolverde. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  33. ^ a b c "Transporte gratuito é realidade em cidades brasileiras". A Tarde. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  34. ^ a b "Tarifa zero é possível: conheça cidades que têm transporte público gratuito". Brasil Metrópole. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  35. ^ "Prefeitura de Potirendaba garante circular gratuita para população". Prefeitura de Potirendaba. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  36. ^ "Moura Júnior anuncia tarifa zero no transporte público de Paulínia, SP". G1. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  37. ^ "Fim do monopólio: transporte público é gratuito em Maricá". Prefeitura de Maricá. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  38. ^ "Tarifa zero: transporte público é de graça em Muzambinho, MG". G1. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  39. ^ ""Tarifa zero" é realidade em alguns municípios pequenos do Brasil". Gazeta do Povo. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  40. ^ "Transporte de tarifa zero completa um ano e meio de existência". Prefeitura de Silva Jardim. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  41. ^ appalcart.com - Microsoft Word - AppalCART Overview110125.doc - overview02-01-11.pdf
  42. ^ "Transportation Services". City of Commerce, California (municipal web site). Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  43. ^ "Corvallis Transit System drops bus fares". Corvallis Gazette-Times. February 1, 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  44. ^ Hillhouse, Vicki (May 25, 2016). "Valley Transit set for another fare-free summer". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  45. ^ Planka.nu: Free Public Transport
  46. ^ Planka.nu: Kollektivtrafik ska vara avgiftsfri (Swedish)
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