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Jack Kemp

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Jack Kemp Jr.
File:Jack Kemp.jpg
1996 Republican Vice Presidential nominee
In office
August 16, 1996 – November 5, 1996
Running mateBob Dole
OpponentBill Clinton/Al Gore
Preceded byDan Quayle
Succeeded byDick Cheney
9 United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
In office
February 13, 1989 – January 19, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded bySamuel Pierce
Succeeded byHenry Cisneros
Congressman New York's 31st congressional district
In office
1983–1989
Preceded byDonald J. Mitchell
Succeeded byBill Paxon
Congressman New York's 38th congressional district
In office
1973–1983
Preceded byJames F. Hastings
Succeeded byDistrict 38 eliminated
Congressman New York's 39th congressional district
In office
1971–1973
Preceded byRichard D. McCarthy
Succeeded byJames F. Hastings
Personal details
Born (1935-07-13) July 13, 1935 (age 89)
Template:City-state
Political partyRepublican
SpouseJoanne Kemp
ChildrenJeff ( (1959-07-11) July 11, 1959 (age 65))
Jennifer (b. c. 1961)
Judith (b. c. 1963)
Jimmy ( (1971-06-27) June 27, 1971 (age 53))
Alma materOccidental College
ProfessionProfessional American football player; Politician
Websitehttp://www.kemppartners.com/principals-jk1.htm

Jack French Kemp, Jr. (born July 13, 1935) is an American politician and former professional American football player. In the 1996 election, Kemp was Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole's running mate for the vice presidency, and was a major contender for the presidential nomination himself in the 1988 Republican primaries. Kemp began his political career with nine terms as a Congressman for Western New York, from 1971 to 1989. He also served as Housing Secretary in the George H. W. Bush administration.

Prior to his political career, Kemp was well known for his 13-year career as a professional quarterback with the National Football League (NFL), Canadian Football League (CFL) and American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to their second consecutive league championship. He was in the AFL for all ten years of its existence, played in its All-star game seven times, played its championship game five times, and set most AFL career passing statistical records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. Kemp is also a veteran of the United States Army who served as a reserve during the early years of his football career.

Kemp is perceived politically as an economic conservative, advocating low taxes and supply side policies. On social issues Kemp takes a variety of positions along the ideological spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition of abortion to his more centrist stances such as advocacy of immigration reform. As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable for his role as both the molder of the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (known as the Kemp-Roth tax cut).

Since his days in political office, Kemp has remained active as a political advocate and commentator, as well as serving on corporate and non-profit organization boards. Kemp has held duties in official capacities to promote American football and advocate for retired professional football players. Kemp has authored, co-authored, and edited several books.

Early life

Youth

Kemp, the third of Paul and Frances Kemp's four sons, was born and raised in Template:City-state.[1][2] Paul Kemp turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to fourteen trucks. Kemp learned to embrace diversity and hard work during his experience working with his brothers at his father's company.[3][4] Frances Kemp was a well-educated social worker as well as a Spanish teacher.[4][1] Jack grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles,[5][2] but his tight-knit middle class family practiced in the Church of Christ, Scientist.[2][1] Although his mother attempted to influence him with the culture of piano lessons trips to the Hollywood Bowl, sports consumed Jack Kemp in his youth and he once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions.[1]

Kemp attended Fairfax High School, which is known for producing celebrities. Over 95 percent of Kemp's classmates were Jewish, and he became a supporter of Jewish causes.[6] In addition to developing his respect for hard work, Kemp's habit of rigorous reading showed in high school where he read history and philosophy books.[6]

College

After high school, he attended Occidental College, where he and close friend Jim Mora were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity,[7] but Kemp declined to become involved in student government.[7] At Occidental, a founding member of the Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference,[8] Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, defensive back, place kicker and punter.[7] At Occidental, which posted 6–2 and 3–6 records in his years with him as the starting quarterback, Kemp was named a Little All-American one year and threw for over 1,100 yards in a season.[7] Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, which would help him achieve his aspiration to become professional quarterback.[2] At 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and 175 pounds (79 kg; 12.5 st), he considered himself to be too small to play for the major Southern California college football programs (USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins).[7]

Kemp was very near-sighted and quite tenacious on the field. In a game against Pomona College, his team trailed by a large margin before he led them to three scoring drives. After kicking an extra point following the final scoring drive, he turned to his teammate and said, "I guess we won."[7] However, he could not see the scoreboard and did not realize that they hadn't.[7] Kemp was also self-motivated: he performed post-graduate study at Long Beach State University, California Western University and served in the military from 1958–1962.[2] Kemp, who earned a degree in physical education from Occidental, took graduate economics classes at the two schools in an effort to improve himself.[7]

Marriage and family

Kemp married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart,[4] after she graduated from Occidental College in 1958, which was a year after Kemp graduated.[2] Joanne had grown up in Template:City-state and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County.[9] Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over the wedding,[7] but after the marriage, Kemp became a Presbyterian.[2]

In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from Template:City-state to Template:City-state,[10] where they now reside.[5] Kemp and his wife, Joanne, have two sons, both of whom played professional football as a quarterback: Jeff Kemp played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991,[11] and Jimmy Kemp played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. They also have two daughters named Jennifer and Judith.[12] Jeff, Jennifer and Judith are each two years apart and Jimmy is eight years younger than Judith.[1] As of June 2006, the Kemps had 16 grandchildren.[13] Kemp's opposition to abortion is partially affected by his own wife's miscarriage.[14]

Football career

Jack Kemp
No. 15
Position:QB
Career information
College:Occidental
Career history
Career highlights and awards
  • 7x AFL All Star (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969)
  • 5x TSN All-AFL (1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966)
  • AFL Champion (1964, 1965)
  • Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame
  • AFL MVP (AP, 1965)
  • AFL Championship Game MVP (1965)

Records and Leaderships

  • AFL career regular season passing attempts
  • AFL career regular season passing completions
  • AFL career regular season passing yards
  • AFL career championship game passing attempts
  • AFL career championship game passing completions
  • AFL career championship game passing yards
  • AFL yards per attempt (1960, 1964)

Kemp began his professional football career in 1957 when he was selected by the Detroit Lions in the 17th round of the 1957 NFL Draft, but he was cut before the 1957 NFL season began.[7][15] Kemp spent one NFL season with the Pittsburgh Steelers and another being on the taxi squad of the New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers. During his taxi squad tenure, he served as a third-string quarterback, who never got to play,[1] on the 1958 New York Giants when they lost in overtime of the 1958 NFL Championship Game to the Baltimore Colts at Yankee Stadium in the first NFL Playoff overtime game.[16]

After his experience with the NFL, Kemp spent a year serving as a private in the United States Army Reserve,[2] (as well as playing one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959). Kemp had been cut by five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers and Stampeders).[7] According to his older brother Tom, the family attempted to encourage him to get on with his life after he bounced around the NFL and his parents drove him from California to Template:City-state only to see him get cut.[1] On February 9 and February 11 1960 the newly-formed AFL agreed to a "no tampering" policy with the NFL and CFL respectively to keep from stealing star players. Thus, players like Kemp with modest NFL experience were common AFL signees at the time.[17] Kemp signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Chargers of the AFL.

Chargers era (1960–1962)

In 1960, Kemp led the Los Angeles Chargers to a Western Division championship with a 10–4 record.[18] Kemp finished second to Frank Tripucka in the major passing statistics (attempts, completions, and yards), led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked, and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead in the eight-team AFL.[19] Kemp became, with Tripucka, one of the first 3,000-yard passers in the American Football League by surpassing 3000 yards in the inaugural 14-game schedule 1960 season.[20] Kemp led an offense that averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored over 41 points in five of their last nine games.[21] In the AFL Championship game on January 11961, Kemp led the team to field goals on their first two possessions, but when the Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7–6 lead, the Chargers would never regain the lead.[22]

In 1961, San Diego Union editor, Jack Murphy, started a movement to convince Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from the Los Angeles Coliseum to Balboa Stadium in Template:City-state.[23] Kemp led the relocated San Diego Chargers to a 12–2 record and a repeat Western Division championship.[24] Kemp again finished second in passing yards (this time to George Blanda).[25] The team earned an AFL championship game rematch against the Oilers. However, this time the Chargers were unable to muster any scoring until a fourth quarter field goal in a 10–3 loss.[24][26]

Kemp was in the United States Army Reserves when his unit, the San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company, was activated for duty on October 151961 by President John F. Kennedy after the Berlin Wall was erected in August of that year. A month before he was activated for duty, the right-handed Kemp injured his left shoulder while playing football. Medical examiners found swelling and muscle spasms in his left shoulder and described his voluntary range of motion at 80 percent. The Surgeon General of the United States Army reviewed recommendation by Army doctors that Kemp be excused from service. Kemp underwent a second physical at an Army hospital in Template:City-state. Kemp's 1961 Chargers roommate and Pro Football Hall of Famer, Ron Mix was denied a deferment. Kemp went on to lead the Chargers to a division title that year, passing for 2,686 yards and 15 touchdowns. He cited lingering effects from a later knee injury as the reason he had to fly first-class at Government expense as the Housing Secretary from 1989 to 1992.[27]

In 1962, the Chargers drafted Lance Alworth and John Hadl in the 1962 American Football League Draft.[28] Kemp won two American Football League Western Division championships with the Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers, but in a rare blunder by Chargers' coach Sid Gillman, Kemp was put on waivers to try to "hide" him when he was unable to play due to a broken middle finger after two games for the Chargers in 1962.[29]

Lou Saban era (1962–1965)

This ploy did not get by Buffalo Bill coach Lou Saban, and the Bills picked up Kemp for the $100 waiver fee on September 25,[30] one of the biggest bargains in pro football history.[15] The AFL commissioner, Joe Foss, awarded Kemp to the Bills, who along with the Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos attempted to claim Kemp.[31] The signing solved the Bills' quarterback problem according to Billy Shaw.[15] According to Van Miller, Kemp was not so excited about coming to Buffalo: "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo. He was in the pits when he joined the Bills in Houston. But he came to Buffalo and made some good stock investments, made millions and then got into politics."[32] During his football career at Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including the likes of Henry David Thoreau, which led to chidings from Saban.[6]

File:Kemp.jpg
Kemp and Wray Carlton as AFL Champion Buffalo Bills

Injuries, including a broken finger,[30] kept Kemp from playing for most of the 1962 season. That season, Kemp received a military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War and received a draft waiver because of a knee problem. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 181962 by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10–6 win over the Oakland Raiders.[30] He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962, but he still made the AFL Eastern Division All-Star team.[30] The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7–6–1.[33] On December 14, the Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica.[30]

In 1963, Kemp found himself in a battle for the quarterback position with Daryle Lamonica that would last four seasons until Lamonica left for the Oakland Raiders. Lamonica felt he "... learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills."[15] An interesting event occurred when Lou Saban suspected Al Davis of spying on the 0–3–1 Bills and made his team practice using false numbers.[34] That week, the Bills went on to win their first game of the season over the Raiders.[34] In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7–6–1 record.[35] Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions and yards, and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns.[36] The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28 1963 at War Memorial Stadium in Template:City-state in 10 °F (−12 °C) weather. While bulldozers removed the snow from the frozen field, fans threw snowballs at the Pinkerton guards. During the game, the Bills replaced Kemp with rookie Lamonica after falling behind 16–0 in the third quarter.[37] The Bills lost 26–8. After the game, Kemp said, "I remember telling coach Lou Saban as we walked off the field at War Memorial Stadium that those same fans who were booing us then would be cheering us next year. I really felt that we had the makings of a championship club and we were just a year away from winning it all."[15]

Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills, and he kept the peace.[15] During the 1964 American Football League season, he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, who Kemp kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week. The negotiated apology was an early sign of his political abilities.[15] Kemp also managed the politics of the quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games.[38] The 1964 team relied on a running game of 250-pound (110 kg; 18 st) Cookie Gilchrist and 220-pound (100 kg; 16 st) Wray Carlton as well as a defense that set records for rushing yards, rushing TD's and quarterback sacks. The team won its first nine games and went 12–2 for the regular season. The team won the Eastern division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park on December 201964. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks.[39] In the 1964 championship game, Kemp scored the final clinching touchdown with just over nine minutes left in the 20–7 victory.[40]

According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a different emphasis: "We really changed our offensive game that year. In '64 we had depended a lot on Cookie Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. That was our bread and butter that year. But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our running backs. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year. Jack was a great quarterback and leader."[15] The Bills finished the 1965 AFL season with a 10–3–1 record.[41] Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions.[42] Kemp felt the 1965 AFL Championship game victory was special because it came against his former team, the San Diego Chargers.[43]

Kemp led the Bills to a repeat league championship in 1965 without the 1964 AFL leader in rushing attempts, yards and touchdowns, Gilchrist, (who had been traded to the Denver Broncos)[15] and with the 1964 yards per reception leader, Elbert Dubenion, only playing three games.[39][44] This earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate, halfback Paul Lowe. Kemp earned the Associated Press award,[45] while Lowe won The Sporting News and United Press International awards.[46] Kemp also earned the AFL Championship Game MVP.[47]

Joe Collier era (1966–1968)

Lou Saban resigned to take the head coaching job for the Maryland Terrapins football team and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 AFL season.[48] In 1966, the Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9–4–1 record. However, in the January 11967 1966 AFL Championship Game, which was played for the right to represent the AFL in Super Bowl I, the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–7.[49] Kemp was named as an American Football League All-Star for the sixth consecutive year in 1966.[50] The 1967 Bills endured a 4–10 1967 AFL season.[51] Kemp was not named to the All-Star game for the first time in his AFL career (there was no 1960 All-Star game).[52]

The Bills suffered a blowout pre-season loss to the Houston Oilers on August 231968. On August 26, head coach Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, Ron McDole fell on Kemp's right knee and Kemp suffered an injury which forced him to sit out the entire season.[53] The Bills went 1–12–1 without Kemp for the 1968 AFL season.[54]

John Rauch era (1969)

The Bills drafted and signed O.J. Simpson, and although Kemp returned from a year of injury, they only compiled a 4–10 record during the 1969 AFL season under new coach John Rauch.[55] Kemp was named as an American Football League All-Star in 1969 for the seventh of the league's ten years.[50] He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it. In 1969, Kemp had a four-year no-cut contract, but the Republican Party of Erie County approached him about running for the United States Congress.[15] After the January 171970 AFL All-star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to run for Congress.[56] Kemp said "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ... I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress."[15]

Career summary

He led Buffalo to three straight Eastern Division titles as well as both the 1964 and the 1965 American Football League championships.[5] Kemp had the most career passes attempted, most completions and most yards gained passing in the history of the American Football League.[20] Kemp played in five of the ten AFL Championship games. He holds these same career passing attempts, yards and completion records for the AFL Championship Game and is listed second for many other championship game statistics including career and single game passer rating.[20] A Sporting News All-League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965, he was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all ten years. Kemp co-founded the American Football League Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots, and was elected its president five times. His founding of and involvement in the player's union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career.[6] He was one of only twenty players who were in the American Football League for its entire ten-year existence.

Kemp twice led the AFL in yards per attempt and played all fourteen games in his final six AFL seasons (excluding 1968).[50] However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game.[57][58] Despite Kemp's AFL records, Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the first and second team quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team.[20] His number 15 was retired by the Buffalo Bills in 1984.[59]

Political career

File:Jack Kemp - Library of Congress, Congressional Portrait Collection.gif
Congressional Portrait Collection image (1975)

Kemp stated football prepared him for politics:

Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in effigy.[60]

Kemp's political career began long before his first electoral campaign in 1970. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to future Richard Nixon aide, Herb Klein, who was then editor of the San Diego Union.[6] Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in Barry Goldwater's 1964 Presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan's 1966 successful California Gubernatorial campaign. In the 1967 football off-season, Mr. Kemp worked on Governor Reagan's staff in Template:City-state. In 1969, he served as special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman.[2] Kemp is a voracious reader, and his foundation came from early readings of Barry Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative, Ayn Rand libertarian novels, such as The Fountainhead, and Friedrich von Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty.[61] Kemp's ability to work with blacks and his stands on racial equality are traced back to the time that he played football with black teammates: Kemp said "I wasn't there with Rosa Parks or Dr. King or John Lewis. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do."[2] Kemp's football colleagues confirmed this influence: John Mackey, for example, explained that "The huddle is colorblind."[62] Kemp felt that he was a representative voice for the people he battled with on the football field.[63]

Congress (1971–1989)

Kemp, who describes himself as a "bleeding-heart conservative",[4] represented a part of the Template:City-state region that is known as the southtowns and that traditionally voted Democratic in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989.[64] The Template:City-state Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman, Richard D. McCarthy, decided to run for the United States Senate.[2] At the time of his political birth, the region he represented was in an economic malaise, and he was considered a John F. Kennedy throwback who ran on the basis of family values, patriotism, sports and defense.[3] Upon his election to the congress in a class of sixty-two freshman, he was one of six (along with Ronald Dellums, Bella Abzug, Louise Day Hicks, Robert Drinan, and Pierre S. du Pont IV) written about by Time magazine as among the more interesting newcomers. In the article, he was described as a football fan like United States President Richard Nixon and as a man who White House Adviser Robert Finch as well as former Kemp boss Herb Klein, who had now become Nixon's Director of Communications, advised. The Nixon aides helped Kemp firm up his military support by encouraging Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies.[65]

During his career, he would at times sound like a liberal Democrat:[3] he championed several Chicago school and supply side economics issues: economic growth, free markets, free trade, tax simplification and lower tax rates on both work and investment.[66] Kemp was a long-time proponent of the flat tax.[67] At times, Kemp supported affirmative action,[68][69] and he has supported rights for illegal immigrants.[70] Kemp also defended of the use anti-Communist forces in Central America, supported the gold standard, spoke for civil rights legislation, opposed abortion, and was the first lawmaker to popularize the notion of enterprise zones,[2] which he supported as a way to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants.[66][71] Although he is liberal on many social issues, he is not on gay rights.[14] Kemp is described as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since Robert Kennedy,[72] but Kemp's view on a war on poverty was quite different than earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson, for example, since Kemp believed in incentive-based systems instead of more traditional government social programs.[3] For his commitment to inner city concerns from within the Republican party, he was heralded as a "courageous voice in the wilderness."[73] Kemp at times felt his role was as a "freewheeling, entrepreneurial, wildcatting backbencher."[74]

Time magazine quickly identified second-term congressman Kemp as a leader of the future when it presented its 1974 "Faces for the Future" and included the then 38 year-old Kemp.[75] As a younger congressman, one of his more notable magazine appearances was in the October 241978 issue of Esquire.[7][76] The article explained allegations of 1967 Sacramento office Reagan staffer homosexual activity that Kemp has been cleared of.[1] By 1978, the press was mentioning him as a contender to unseat United States President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election.[77] Many considered Kemp a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention,[2][78] and he received 43 votes from conservatives who were opposed to George H. W. Bush. After being reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position,[79] and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference.[6] This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working with Congress an economic package.[80][81] By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent.[1] He is as fondly remembered for his good hair and handsome looks as for his athletic prowess and political savvy,[82] and he is described as having the charisma of the earlier J.F.K.[4] Kemp is known as an independent politician who often legislated outside the jurisdictions of the committees upon which he served and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles over political platforms of his party.[2] As a supply sider generally, he was not a proponent of balanced budgeting and trivialized it while speaking of growth as the solution.[2][83]

USS Buffalo (SSN-715) Commissioning
File:0871516.jpg
Jack, Joanne and Judith Kemp
Kemp and Naval Officers
(1980-10-25)

Kemp's original encounter with supply side economics came in 1976 when Jude Wanniski, then an editorial writer for The Wall Street Journal, interviewed at Kemp's Congressional office. Mr. Kemp picked Wanniski's brain all day and night (all the way to Mr. Kemp's home in Template:City-state, at midnight) until Kemp had been completely converted to being a supply-side disciple of University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer.[2][84] Thereafter, Kemp began espousing supply side economics far and wide, and in 1978 he, along with William V. Roth, Jr., proposed tax cutting legislation. Kemp was chiefly responsible for supply side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan,[85][86] although at the time of Robert Mundell's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recognition some sources attributed much of the credit to the foursome of Mundell, Arthur Laffer, Robert Bartley, and Jude Wanniski.[87] Although large tax cuts in the early 1980s are attributed to Reagan, Kemp and Senator William Roth from Delaware, through their Kemp-Roth Tax Cut legislation, actually initiated these cuts in 1981.[2]

Kemp and his followers spent the Reagan years ignoring budget balancing while promoting both tax cuts and economic growth.[88][89] These tax cuts have been credited for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990,[90] the then largest peacetime expansion of the United States GDP,[91][92] which by 1996 had become one of the longest expansions in American history.[93] Kemp notes that Paul Volcker's success at stemming inflation and the favorable regulatory environment were also major factors.[94] Detractors note that the expansion was in undesirable sectors like gaming, prisons, medical treatment, and credit card use.[93]

In 1980, he considered opposing Republican Jacob Javitz for the United States Senate and was considered a potential Reagan running mate that year.[2] One of Kemp's early attempts at tax reform was an unsuccessful 1979 attempt to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations.[95] However, the indexing idea became part of the Reagan economic package that he campaigned on in 1980 as did the tax cuts in the form of three consecutive ten-percent annual reductions.[84] Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980.[96] In 1981, over the objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski, Reagan's budget based on the Kemp-Roth tax reforms passed.[97][98] One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came during 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax-cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was very controversial and stimulated rigorous opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed.[99][100] In 1983, Kemp expended effort voicing opposition to the policies of Chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker on multiple occasions. These debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund.[101][102]

Kemp delivered several speeches at the Republican National Convention. He addressed the convention on July 151980 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Template:City-state and on August 211984 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Template:City-state.[103] During the 1984 Convention, with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee Chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker.[64] Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three planks that he proposed for the platform involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve.[104] Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as a draftsman was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes.[105][106] By 1985, people saw Kemp as a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination.[107] He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Template:City-state.[108] Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in congress.[109]

In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan the politician most responsible for the implementation supply side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas.[110] He has been described as a beacon of economic conservatism and a hero for his urban agenda.[111][112] Today, he continues to be described as a hero to all fiscal conservatives (believer that free markets and low taxes work better than government bureaucracies).[113][86] Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues, but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy.[114] In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At various times he collaborated with Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott on deregulation and tax cuts,[115][2] collaborated with John McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints,[116] legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman,[117] and waged the war on poverty in the cabinet with James Pinkerton.[72] Pete du Pont was another progressive conservative .[114] Even after retiring from congress and after serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, Vin Weber and Connie Mack.[4][118][119] Kemp can also be credited as being a member of the Federal committee to promote Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a national holiday.[120] In fact, with his very progressive voting record he has several civil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks, Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative Black intellectuals like Glenn C. Loury and Robert L. Woodson as supporters and friends.[121] At times he boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H. Gray III, Charles B. Rangel and Robert Garcia.[3] Ken Blackwell was one of Kemp's Deputy Secretaries while serving in Bush's cabinet.[122] During the Reagan Presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, one of the leading proponents of tax-cutting in the United States Senate was Democrat Bill Bradley, a former star athlete.[123] Several American football players have followed Kemp to congress: Steve Largent, JC Watts, and Heath Shuler.

Kemp has been an outspoken opponent of the other version of football, known in the United States as soccer.[124] In 1986 on the House floor during a debate concerning whether the United States should host the 1994 World Cup, Kemp famously proclaimed "I think it is important for all those young out there — who someday hope to play real football, where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands — [that] a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport."[125][126] Kemp has compared his speech to George Carlin's 1984 comedy routine on the differences between baseball and American football and has written that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech.[13] Despite the jocular nature of the speech, it continues to garner negative backlash to this day.[125][126] However, he continues to insist that the main problem with soccer is "it doesn't have a quarterback".[13] Kemp notes that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claims to have since 'changed' his position on soccer and even attended the 1994 FIFA World Cup with long time soccer fan Henry Kissinger, although he wrote during the 2006 World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but it is still a "boring game".[13]

Presidential bid (1988)

Main article: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1988
File:Jackkemp1988brochure.gif
1988 Presidential campaign brochure

In 1988, if Kemp had succeeded when he surrendered his congressional seat to run for President of the United States,[2] it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield.[127] When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed Ed Rollins, the political director of Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election, as an advisor.[128] From the outset, Kemp clearly had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush.[61] Except for a select few cognoscenti,[129] the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas.[61][130] In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves entirely unfamiliar with Kemp at the beginning of his campaign.[129] The political pundits recognized him, however, as a visionary idea man.[131] In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker, who sometimes lost contact with his audience.[61] Although Kemp tried to appeal to the conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights got in the way of social and religious values, and he committed to attending to minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor.[61] To Democrats, Kemp's free-market philosophies were a form of laissez-faire anarchy.[132] However, as much as Kemp would like to minimize the role of government, he acknowledges that moves toward a more laissez-faire system should be well-thought out.[133]

At about the time of the Gary Hart/Donna Rice scandal in May 1987, personal privacy became an issue because of a New York Times questionnaire requesting things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate".[134][135] His campaign was on an early positive course with many key early endorsements in New Hampshire, but Vice President Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York.[1] Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it was quickly in the red,[1] which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising technique.[136] To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz.[1][61] In attempt to position himself as the successor to Reagan, Kemp at one point called for Shultz's resignation based on Kemp's claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on the Strategic Defense Initiative.[137] Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a social security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending.[138] Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit. In the fall of 1987, political pundits clearly saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues.[139] Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from the right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand.[140][141] By early 1988, the moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates.[142]

He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention.[143] His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones.[4] In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics (ISBN 0553067311, Broadway, 1997) by Kemp campaign chairman, Ed Rollins, Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles.[144] Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: He ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling Super Tuesday in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President George H. W. Bush, Bob Dole and Pat Robertson ended his campaign.[4][2] After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the Vice-President nomination.[145] In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay $120,000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeded spending limits in Iowa and in New Hampshire, and for failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation.[146]

Cabinet (1989–1993)

As a bleeding-heart conservative, Kemp was a logical choice for George H. W. Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[147] whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing.[148] However, the scandals of Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership.[149] The goal of these two plans was to transition public housing into tenant owned residence and to lure both industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives.[150] Although Kemp did not affect much policy as director of HUD, he did clean up its reputation,[149][151] and he developed a plan to salvage the troubled Federal Housing Administration.[152] He halted corrupt programs and changed their procedures as well as developed an antidrug offensive,[153][154] which enabled him to collaborate with Bill Bennett.[155] He was also a supporter of "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing.[156][154]

Despite the fact that Kemp was able to push Bush to support a $4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments, the Democratic Congress only allocated $361 million toward the plan. In addition to opposition in Congress, Kemp was constantly at odds with White House Budget Director Richard Darman, who opposed Kemp's proposed welfare reform to correct government offsets and his pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere), which was intended to sell public housing units to their tenants.[72] HOPE was first proposed to John Sununu, the White House chief of staff, in June 1989 for the purpose of not only creating enterprise zones, but also expanding subsidies for low-income renters, social services for the homeless and elderly, and enacting tax changes to help first-time home buyers.[72] Sununu shot it down at first and most of the cabinet voted it down, but Sununu, at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh, decided to encourage president Bush to sign on in August 1990 for Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However, the Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project.[72] Darman found himself battling Kemp and his allies such as Newt Gingrich, James Pinkerton, and Vin Weber.[72] The budget left him with $256 million for his plan, which Kemp was able to increase during some appropriations battles.[72] Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished.[72]

President Bush generally avoided the issue of federal antipoverty programs,[157] and he instead used Kemp as a mouthpiece to deliver oratory on a conservative activist agenda that was given a low priority by the administration.[158][159] Bush's contribution to the urban agenda had been volunteerism through his "Points of Light" theme,[160] and Kemp received stronger support for his ideas from Presidential candidate Bill Clinton.[161] By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform:[4] Bush's vision on racial issues was compared to a man riding backward in a railroad car, never seeing anything until it had rushed past him.[162] Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration,[163][164] even though at first, Kemp had been overlooked.[165] However, Charles E. Schumer had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989 "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot," and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas.[121] Although Kemp was unable to procure money for his visions, he was among the administration's leading users of first-class corporate jets.[166]

By most measures, his time as Housing Secretary was considered unsuccessful.[2] However, even though he could not get federal funding for empowerment zones passed during his tenure, by 1992 38 states had created empowerment zones,[167] and in 1994 $3.5 billion was approved for them under President Clinton.[168] A free market Kemp initiative to allow homeowners to subdivide their houses for the purpose of creating rental units without insurmountable bureaucracy and red tape did not get executed under the Clinton administration however.[169] In 1992, with H. Ross Perot mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a Vice Presidential candidate.[170][171]

Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the Cabinet.[72] At one point, Kemp told James Baker, White House Chief of Staff, that Bush's best chance to win a second election was to dump his economic advisors in dramatic fashion.[172] Before the 1992 Republican National Convention, Kemp and a group of six prominent prepared a controversial memo urging Bush to revise his economic policy.[173] Around the same time moderate Republicans in office and in the media such as William F. Buckley, Jr. and George Will felt Dan Quayle should be ousted in favor of Kemp.[174] This all occurred after Kemp had referred to parts of the President's economic policy as "gimmicks" after the 1992 State of the Union Address.[175] Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay as a member of the Bush Cabinet for the duration of his presidency,[176] and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take any tough stands.[177] Kemp was widely respected within the party for his opposition to Bush,[178] and towards the end of Bush's administration insiders recognized his value.[179] In late 1991, 81 of the 166 Republican Congressmen signed a letter co-authored by Curt Weldon and Dan Burton requesting Bush cede some domestic authority to Kemp as a "domestic policy czar."[178] The letter highlighting Kemp's "energy, enthusiasm and national clout" insulted Bush.[180] Kemp did not expect to be retained if the Republicans were reelected in 1992,[181] and the pundits agreed with him.[179]

Post-HUD years (1993–1996)

As a public speaker between his time as Housing Secretary and his time as a Vice Presidential nominee, Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241 fund-raising dinners to raise $35 million for a 1996 Presidential run and to pay of his 1988 campaign debts.[4] Kemp personally earned $6.9 million in the first three years after stepping down from his $189,000 job as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and the primary source of this income was for public speaking.[182] He spoke mostly on behalf of local Republican candidates.[70] One of Kemp's most storied fundraisers occurred during the Super Bowl XXVIII festivities.[183]

Kemp was considered the star of the 1992 Republican National Convention.[184] In 1992 and 1993, Kemp was considered the favorite or co-favorite for the 1996 Presidential nomination.[185][186][187] At the time of the 1994 Elections, Kemp was widely anticipated to announce his candidacy for 1996,[188] and his supporters were willing to wait until the end of the year for a formal announcement.[189] In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed term limits, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and, unlike the most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty.[190][191] In 1995, some noted Kemp was not in step with the 1994 Contract with America.[119] Kemp also noted a distaste for the extreme levels of fundraising necessary for a Presidential campaign.[192] Some stated that by 1996 the selection process in general had become so expensive, mean and personally invasive that several top Republicans were discouraged from running.[193] In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by Colin Powell, Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign.[194]

Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax,[67] which he formally proposed after he was appointed to head a tax reform commission.[195][196][197] The proposal included some politically popular income tax deductions, such as mortgage interest,[198] but it remained fairly general.[199] Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both Steve Forbes and Phil Gramm proposed the flat tax.[200][197] Kemp had been appointed to the commission by Senate Majority Leader Dole and Gingrich in response to voter concern that the tax code had become too complicated.[201]

During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted.[202][203] Forbes tried to get Kemp to run in 1996, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders Lamar Alexander and Richard Lugar.[4][204] Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the idea of the flat tax and other supply-side views alive.[205][206] Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to the Dole campaign offices.[4] After it became clear Dole would be the nominee, Kemp attempted to form a bipartisan seminar with Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties.[207]

Another issue that Kemp was outspoken on around this time was immigration: according to Kemp and a scientific index he and William Bennett support "immigrants are a blessing, not a curse."[208] In 1994, Kemp and Bennett made waves by opposing California ballot Proposition 187, a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to first-term Republican California Governor Pete Wilson, one of its endorsers who was running for re-election.[209][210] The proposition had also been endorsed by Republican Senate candidate Michael Huffington.[211] Kemp not only supported rights for illegal immigrants, but also opposed restrictions on legal immigration as proposed by Lamar Smith and Alan Simpson.[212]

Vice Presidential nomination (1996)

Bob Dole and Kemp on the cover of Time magazine with an inset of Mars
Main article: United States presidential election, 1996

When Dole declined an invitation to speak National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, he had suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had been named as the Vice Presidential nominee because Kemp was the highest-profile progressive Republican.[213] On August 51996, Dole announced a 15% flat tax in response to both the Steve Forbes campaign and Jack Kemp's tax reform commission. Several of Dole's other campaign ideas came from Kemp and Bill Bennett's Empower America, which had Jeane Kirkpatrick, Vin Weber, Steve Forbes and Lamar Alexander as principals. For example, Dole borrowed Kirkpatrick's tough foreign policy, Bennett's "right conduct" and even Alexander's school choice interest.[214]

On August 161996,[215] the Republican Party chose Kemp as its 1996 vice presidential nominee, running alongside former Senator Bob Dole. Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers Steve Forbes and Pat Buchanan.[216] In 1996, Bill Bennett declined the offer to be Dole's running mate, but suggested Kemp,[217] a man described as Dole's antagonist.[218] Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, John McCain, and Carroll Campbell,[219] and it is assumed that this was partly due to the fact that Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as senior advisors to Bob Dole.[220] Dole had had a long history of representing the budget-balancing faction of the Party, while Kemp had had a long history of representing the tax-cutting advocates,[221] and Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket.[222] When Kemp became Bob Dole's running mate in 1996, he appeared with Dole on the cover of the August 19 1996 issue of Time magazine,[223] however the pair barely edged out the story of the discovery of life on Mars, which was so close to being the cover story that Time inset it on the cover and wrote about how difficult their decision was.[224]

The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit-hawk who had even voted against John F. Kennedy's tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply sider. In the early 1980s, according to David Stockman, Kemp convinced Reagan to make a 30 percent across-the-board tax cut one of the central features of his 1980 presidential campaign. Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the Senate Finance Committee Chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases (that he referred to as reforms). Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned a New York Times op-ed piece, which enraged Dole. Dole convinced Reagan to sign on to the reforms causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act, which eventually passed in 1982.[225] At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp, along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott, added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases. Gingrich called this action "Dole-proofing" the party platform, and the plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tieing vote and Vice President George H. W. Bush casting the deciding vote. In meetings with the President that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial social security cutbacks. This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 Presidential election, the two antagonized each other. Their opposition became less relevant after Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet. The two did not really cross paths again until 1996 when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March.[225]

Dole despised Kemp's economic theories,[68] but he felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success.[226] For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 as well as mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative-action programs in California.[227][215] Some derided Kemp for his compromise and referred to him as a "con artist."[228] From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed,[229] and they faced skeptics even from within the party.[230] However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto.[231] During the campaign, Kemp and Steve Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used.[232][233] However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching Bill Clinton,[120][234][235] and Kemp's advocacy gave a clear picture of the tax reforms that would likely occur on the condition of a successful campaign.[236] Kemp was seen as likely to influence several types of swing voters, especially those of his native state of California,[221] and even the democrats feared Kemp might lure away its voters.[228]

After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket’s spokesman for minorities and the inner-city.[237][238][239] Due to agreement on the self-help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March, Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan.[240][241] However, Farrakhan is perceived as being anti-Semitic,[241] and Kemp is considered an ally of Republican Jews.[242] This issue necessitated some political sidestepping.[241] As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole.[231] In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the Presidential nominee.[243][231] In addition to having overshadowed Dole, despite the negative ad campaigns that the ticket used, Kemp was a very positive runningmate who relied on a pep rally type campaign tour full of football-related metaphors and hyperbole.[244] Although some enjoyed Kemp's style, referring to him as the Good Shepherd,[244] others grew tired of the overemphasis on recounting stories of passing balls and underemphasis stories of on passing bills.[245] During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that the Republican party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly.[246] Somehow, despite Kemp's voice on minority issues, Colin Powell's support and polls that showed about 30% of black identified themselves as conservatives on issues such as school prayer, school vouchers and criminal justice, the Republican's were unable to improve upon historical levels of support from African-American voters.[247]

1996 Dole-Kemp campaign logo

Both Gore and Kemp had Presidential aspirations, which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane.[248] In addition, Gore and Kemp were long-time friends unlike Gore and his previous Vice-Presidential opponent Dan Quayle. Thus, as debaters they did not attempt personal attacks.[249] However, some felt Kemp failed to even counter substantive attacks.[250] In the final October 9 1996 Vice Presidential Debate against Al Gore (when the Dole-Kemp ticket was already trailing badly in the national polls), Kemp was said to have been soundly beaten,[251][252] and Al Gore's performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances.[253] The debate ranged broadly in topics from the usual topics such as abortion, foreign policy to a discourse on an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire.[254][255] The discussion of the policy on Mexico was one of the more interesting topics for critical review.[256] The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters,[69] and Gore has a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debator.[257]

Post-political life

Kemp, Sue Myrick, Phil English, and Mike Turner (c. May 2004)

His legacy includes the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s, also known as the first of two "Reagan tax cuts". These served as the foundation of supply side economics known as Reaganomics. Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that the key to cutting the deficit is making the economy grow, which is best done by cutting taxes. Although George H. W. Bush referred to this philosophy as voodoo economics, even George W. Bush and his Treasury Secretary, John Snow, are believers.[258] Kemp is also remembered alongside George Wallace and William Jennings Bryan as people who influenced history by changing the direction of presidential elections despite their defeats.[259] In 1993, Kemp co-founded (with Bill Bennett and Jeane Kirkpatrick and with the financial backing of Theodore Forstmann)[66][260] the free market advocacy group Empower America, which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works. Empire America represented the populist wing of the party: while avoiding divisive issues such as abortion and gay rights, it promoted free markets and growth over balancing the budget and cutting the deficit.[261][262] He resigned as Co-Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after he was questioned by the FBI about his ties to Samir Vincent, a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U.N. Oil-for-food scandal who pled guilty to four criminal charges stemming from the scandal, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein.[263] Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial.[264] Also, Federal Bureau of Investigation informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election.[265]

By 1996, Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards after leaving the government in 1993. He had been a director for Cyrix Corporation, American Bankers Insurance Group.[266] Kemp has served on the board of Oracle Corporation (Nasdaq: ORCL), which is owned by friend Larry Ellison,[267] since 1996 and was named to the board of Six Flags, Inc. (NYSE: SIX) in December 2005.[268] He has also been a director for Hawk Corporation, IDT Corporation (NYSE: IDT), CNL Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and InPhonic, Inc.[269] At IDT, Kemp opted not to stand for re-election in 2006.[270] He also serves on the Habitat for Humanity Board of Directors.[271] Kemp has also served on the high-powered board of Atlanta-based software maker EzGov Inc.[272] Kemp is the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm helping clients achieve both business and public policy goals.

In the late 1990s, Kemp remained outspoken on political issues: he was vocal in his opposition to Clinton's International Monetary Fund lax policies toward South Korea.[273] In early 1998, he had been considered a serious contender for the 2000 United States presidential election, but his campaign possibilities faltered,[274] and he instead endorsed eventual winner George W. Bush. Kemp has continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education.[5] When a 1997 budget surplus was earmarked for debt repayment, Kemp Opposed against the plan in favor of tax-cuts.[275] For example, he (along with John Ashcroft and Alan Krueger) endorsed reform of payroll taxes to eliminate double taxation.[276] In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against abortion at the same time that congress was considering a bill banning partial-birth abortions.[277] He also advocates for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, assisted living, disability benefits, and the recently approved joint replacement program.[278] Furthermore, he advocates for reforming immigration laws.[279]

In addition to corporate boards of directors, Kemp has served on several advisory boards. He serves on the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board, and on the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees, which he has served since 1993.[271] On March 252003, Kemp was selected as Chairman of the Board of Directors of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League and the NFL Players Association. The organization supports Pop Warner, American Youth Football, Boys and Girls Clubs Of America, National Recreation and Park Association, Police Athletic League, YMCA and the AAU.[5] He is also vice president of NFL Charities.

File:Russian Task 101.jpg
Kemp and John Edwards on Council on Foreign Relations

In 1997, when Gingrich was embroiled in a House ethics controversy, Kemp served as an intermediary between Dole and Gingrich to save the Republican Party leader.[280] Later, in 2002, when Lott made caustic remarks about Strom Thurmond, Kemp was upset, and he was a strong supporter of Lott's apology saying he had encouraged him to "repudiate segregation in every manifestation."[281] Kemp was among the prominent business and political leaders who pledged to raise money for the defense of Scooter Libby in 2005.[282]

In 2006, Kemp, along with another unsuccessful vice-presidential candidate, John Edwards, co-chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia,[283] producing a document called "Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do".[284] After their roles on the task force the pair continued to work together advocating solutions to poverty in America.[285] As of May 2007, Kemp sat on the board of the Yellowstone Mountain Club, which is located in Template:City-state on 13,600 acres (21.3 sq mi; 55.0 km2) in the Madison Range north of Yellowstone National Park with 60 ski runs. The Club is a private ski and golf resort where people have come from around the world to build vacation homes. Bill Gates and Dan Quayle are members, and Greg LeMond has accused founder, Timothy Blixseth, of borrowing hundreds of millions of dollars from the club without collateral. Membership, once approved, is $300,000 plus $16,000 annual dues for all members who own their land and homes.[286] Blixseth, a close friend of Kemps, describes the club as resort with the a "wow factor" to even the extremely wealthy.[287]

On January 6 2008, he endorsed John McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary, which was a surprise to many conservative Republican tax-cutters.[288] However, as McCain neared the official nomination, the press associated McCain with Kemp more and more.[289] Kemp has prepared an open letter to Sean Hannity, Rush Limbaugh, Laura Ingraham and other conservative talk show hosts on McCain's behalf to quell their dissatisfactions.[290][113][291] In addition, Kemp and Phil Gramm will be advising McCain on economic plan.[292]

In February 2008, Kemp was associated with a group called "Defense of Democracies" that was advocating an electronic surveillance bill that failed in the House of Representatives. The television ad that the group ran caused such controversy that some of its advisors, including Charles Schumer and Donna Brazile resigned.[293]

Kemp recently gave a generous donation to Pepperdine University's School of Public Policy to establish the Jack F. Kemp Institute of Political Economy.[294] Currently Wayne Angell, James A. Baker III, Bennett, Michael Boskin, Edwin Feulner, Forbes, George Gilder, Carla A. Hills, Larry Kudlow, Laffer, Edwin Meese III, Mundell, Michael Novak, and Watts have endorsed the creation of the Kemp Institute and have agreed to lecture at Pepperdine, as well as to serve on an advisory committee.[295] The institute would create The Jack F. Kemp Library, which would house Kemp's papers; establish the Jack F. Kemp Distinguished Visiting Chair; and fund annual public lectures and conferences at the School of Public Policy.[294]

Books

In addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman, Kemp has authored or co-authored several books:

  • An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth, (ISBN , Goodrich, 1985)
  • An American Renaissance: Strategy for the 1980's, (ISBN 0-06-012283-8, Harper & Row, 1979)
  • The IRS v. The People, (ISBN 089195077X, Heritage Books, 2005) Authored by Ken Blackwell and edited by Kemp
  • Trusting the People : The Dole-Kemp Plan to Free the Economy and Create a Better America, (ISBN 0694518042 audiobook, ASIN B000OEV5RE HarperCollins, 1996) coauthored with Bob Dole, narrated by Christine Todd Whitman
  • Together We Can Meet the Challenge : Winning the Fight Against Drugs, (ISBN 9780788102721, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1994)
  • Pro Sports: Should the Government Intervene?, (ISBN 9780844720975, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977)
  • 'U.S. By the Numbers: What's Left, Right & Wrong with America, (ISBN 9781892123145, Capital Books, Incorporated, 2000) with Raymond J. Keating, and Thomas N. Edmonds
  • Our Communities, Our Homes: Pathways to Housing and Homeownership in America's Cities and States, (ISBN 9780976148111, Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2007) with Henry G. Cisneros, Kent W. Colton, and Nicolas P. Retsinas
  • Reaganomics: Supply Side Economics in Action (ISBN 0870005057, 1981) by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer

Kemp, who at the time of writing An American Renaissance was a newly converted supply-side economics convert, says the message is best summarized as saying that "A rising tide lifts all boats."[121]

Kemp also wrote the foreword to several books:

  • Raoul Wallenberg: Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld (ISBN 0879751770, Prometheus Books, 1982)
  • Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year: 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks (ed.) (ISBN 9780882896052, Pelican Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1986)
  • Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain (ISBN 9781930819023, Tapestry Press, 2001)
  • Whole World's Watching: Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O'Connell (ISBN 9780471499817, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2001)

See also

Notes

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  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Stengel, Richard (1996-08-19). "Jack Be Nimble". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e "Jack Kemp To Chair USA Football". Green Bay Packers, Inc. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Payton, Melissa (1997-05-05). "114th Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipient Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa". USC News. University of Southern California. Retrieved 2008-04-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martinez, Michael (1996-09-08). "Kemp Success Began At Oxy". Los Angeles Daily News. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "About the SCIAC". Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
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  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Schultz, Randy (2003). Legends of the Buffalo Bills. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1582616876.
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  17. ^ Gruver, p. 44.
  18. ^ Gruver, p. 55.
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  23. ^ Gruver, p. 61.
  24. ^ a b Gruver, p. 71.
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  28. ^ Gruver, p. 80.
  29. ^ Gruver, pp. 82–83.
  30. ^ a b c d e Maiorana (1994), p. 86.
  31. ^ Gruver, p. 83.
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  35. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 104.
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  37. ^ Gruver, p. 115.
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  41. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 125.
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  48. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 127.
  49. ^ Maiorana (1994), pp. 136–37.
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  53. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 148.
  54. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 157.
  55. ^ Maiorana (1994), pp. 158–66.
  56. ^ Maiorana (2000), p. 174.
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References

  • Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
  • Foer, Franklin (2004). How Soccer Explains the World. Harper.
  • Gruver, Ed (1997). The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960-1969, McFarland & Company, Inc., ISBN 0-7864-0399-3.
  • Lodge, George (2000). "The Reagan Plan". Harvard Business School 9-381-173.
  • Maiorana, Sal (1994). Relentless: The Hard-hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football, Quality Sports Publications, ISBN 1-885758-00-6.
  • Maiorana, Sal (2000). Relentless: The Hard-hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football, Volume II Quality Sports Publications, ISBN 1-885758-17-0.

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Government offices

Template:USRep succession box Template:USRep succession box Template:USRep succession box

Preceded by United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1989 – 1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Republican Party Vice Presidential candidate
1996 (lost) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by American Football League MVP
1965
with Paul Lowe 		Succeeded by
Sporting positions
New title
New team created
 San Diego Chargers Starting Quarterback
1960–1962 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Buffalo Bills Starting Quarterbacks
1962–1969 		Succeeded by

Template:InPhonic

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