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List of Armenian monarchs

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King of Armenia
Details
First monarchHydarnes I (satrap)
Orontes II (king)
Last monarchLeo V
Formation521 BC (satrapy)
336 BC (kingdom)
Abolition1375

This is a list of the monarchs of Armenia, rulers of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (336 BC – AD 428), the medieval Kingdom of Armenia (884–1045), various lesser Armenian kingdoms (908–1170), and finally the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375). Also included are prominent vassal princes and lords who ruled during times without an Armenian kingdom, as well as later claimants to the position.

Ancient Armenia (521 BC – AD 428)

For the rulers of Urartu, an Iron Age kingdom (858–585 BC) that preceded the ancient Armenian kingdom, see list of kings of Urartu.
See also: Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Early satraps (521–401 BC)

See also: Satrapy of Armenia

Orontid dynasty (401–200 BC)

See also: Orontid dynasty
Modern depiction of Orontes IV (r. 212–200 BC)
  • Orontes I "the Bactrian", satrap 401 BC–mid 4th century BC,[1] matrilineal? descendant of Hydarnes I[3]
  • Artashata, satrap ?–before 338 BC[1] (non-dynastic), later Achaemenid king as Darius III 336–330 BC
  • Orontes II, satrap before 338 BC, king 336–331 BC?[1] – first ruler to rule as king
  • Mithrenes, satrap 331–321 BC[1] (non-dynastic?)
  • Neoptolemus, satrap/general? 323–321 BC (non-dynastic claimant)[1]
  • Orontes III, c. 317–260 BC[1]
  • Arsames, after 260–c. 228 BC[1]
  • Xerxes, 228–c. 212 BC[1]
  • Orontes IV, 212–200 BC[1]
    • Interregnum 200–190 BC:[1] the Orontid domains were incorporated into the Seleucid Empire under three vassal strategoi (military governors): Artaxias (Greater Armenia), Zariadres (Sophene) and Mithridates (Lesser Armenia). Armenian royal power was re-established after a decade of vassalage by Artaxias.[1]

Artaxiad dynasty (190 BC–AD 2)

See also: Artaxiad dynasty
Coin of Tigranes II (r. 95–55 BC)

Non-dynastic kings (2–61)

Coin of Tigranes V (r. 6–12)

This period of time saw conflict between the Roman and Parthian empires result in rapid appointments and depositions of Armenian client kings by both sides.[1]

Arsacid dynasty (61–428)

See also: Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Statue of Tiridates I (r. 54–58, 61/66–75/88)
Modern depiction of Tiridates III (r. 298–330)

Armenia was divided into western (under Roman influence) and eastern (under Sasanian influence) parts in 387.[12] Upon the death of Arshak III in 389, the Roman emperor Theodosius I chose to not appoint another king, ending the western kingdom. The Sasanian king Bahram V deposed the last eastern king, Artaxias IV, in 428 with the permission of the Armenian nobility and annexed his domains into the Sasanian Empire.[13]

Vassal lords and princes (428–884)

Marzbāns in Sasanian Armenia (428–646)

See also: Sasanian Armenia
20th-century artwork of Vahan I Mamikonian, autonomous marzbān 485–505/510

Following their deposition of the last Arsacid king Artaxias IV, the Sasanian Empire entrusted the rule of their Armenian territories to an official with the title marzbān,[14] a title variously interpreted as governor-general[14] or viceroy. The first marzbān, appointed by Bahram V, was the military officer Veh Mihr Shapur.[1]

The list of marzbān is not entirely contiguous due to both periods without an appointed marzbān and gaps in the historical record. It was relatively common for the office to be vacant since the Sasanians periodically tried to assert more direct control.[15]

Presiding princes of Armenia (628–884)

Modern imaginary portrait of Ashot V Bagratuni, who served as the last presiding prince of Armenia 856–884 and later reigned as King of Armenia (as Ashot I) 884–890

The position of presiding prince of Armenia (formally "prince of the Armenians") was created by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century in order to legitimize a local vassal leader with Byzantine backing and counteract Sasanian efforts in the region. During later centuries, the presiding princes wavered in allegiance between Byzantium and the Caliphates, who competed over influence. Most often they were largely autonomous tributary vassals.[15] The earliest known presiding prince was Mjej II Gnuni, appointed by the Byzantines in the early 7th century.[16]

Restored kingdom (884–1045)

Bagratuni dynasty (884–1045)

See also: Bagratuni dynasty and Bagratid Armenia
Statue of Ashot II (r. 914–928)

After more than four centuries of dormancy, the Armenian kingdom was restored under the Bagratuni dynasty, which had already produced several vassal princes during the previous centuries. The Bagratuni princes were during their efforts to gain power of the other Armenian noble families supported by the Abbasid caliphs, who feared Byzantine influence in the region. In 884, the Bagratuni prince Ashot V was crowned king (as Ashot I) by his peers. His new position was recognised by both the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate; both Emperor Basil I and Caliph Al-Mu'tamid sent him a royal crown.[17]

The Bagratid kingdom and its capital of Ani was conquered by the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos in 1045.[17]

Lesser medieval Armenian kingdoms

Artsruni dynasty of Vaspurakan (908–1021)

See also: Artsruni dynasty and Kingdom of Vaspurakan

The Artsruni family were princes ruling in Vaspurakan under the Bagratids. They revolted against the Bagratuni dynasty after King Smbat I ceded some of their land to the nearby princes of Syunik and Vaspurakan became a separate kingdom under the Artsruni dynasty shortly thereafter in 908, after prince Gagik Artsruni was recognised as a king by Abbasid caliph.[17]

Senekerim-Hovhannes, the last king of Vaspurakan, surrendered his crown to the Byzantine Empire in 1021 under pressure from incursions by the Seljuk Turks and resettled with his family in Cappadocia.[10]

Bagratuni dynasty of Vanand (961–1065)

See also: Kingdom of Vanand

The Kingdom of Vanand was created as a vassal state by the Bagratids in 961, ruled by members of their dynasty.[18]

  • Mushegh, 961/962–984,[1] son of Abas I of Armenia[16]
  • Abas I, 984–1029,[1] son of Mushegh[16]
  • Gagik-Abas II, 1029–1065,[1] son of Abas I;[16] claimed the position of king of all Armenia following the collapse of the main Bagratid kingdom in 1045.[18]

Vanand was ceded to the Byzantine Empire by Gagik-Abas II[18] in 1065.[10][18]

Kiurikian dynasty of Tashir-Dzoraget (982–c. 1145)

See also: Kiurikian dynasty and Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
Kiurike I of Tashir-Dzoraget (left, r. 982–989) and Smbat II of Armenia (right, r. 977–989)

The Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget was a vassal kingdom founded in 982 by Kiuriki I, youngest son of Ashot III of Armenia, and thereafter ruled by his descendants. It was for most of its history ruled from the fortress of Lori.[19]

Tashir-Dzoraget was largely conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081/1089.[16] In the early 12th century, further conqueste led to David II and Abas only retaining control of the fortress of Macnaberd. The kingdom was fully conquered by around 1145, though it is possible that some members of the Kiurikian dynasty retained control of fortresses and settlements in the region thereafter.[19]

Siunia dynasty of Syunik (970–1170)

See also: Siunia dynasty and Kingdom of Syunik

The independent Kingdom of Syunik was established under the Siuni prince Smbat Sahak in 970.[10]

The Kingdom of Syunik was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1170.[21]

Shah-i Armens (1100–1185)

See also: Shah-Armens

In the decades following the Battle of Manzikert (1071), one of the Turkmen[22] vassal dynasties of the Seljuk Turks gained control of the city of Ahlat in the former Armenian heartland. These Muslim emirs took the title Shah-i Armen ("King of the Armenians");[23][24] the same title the Caliphates had previously used for the Bagratuni kings.[25]

Sökmen II left no heirs and his death in 1185 terminated the Shah-i Armen dynastic line. Ahlat was thereafter ruled by a series of slave emirs;[22] Seyfeddin Bektimur 1185–1193, Bedreddin Aksungur 1193–1198, Sücaeddin Kutlug 1198, Melukülmansur Muhammed 1198–1207, and Izzeddin Balaban 1207.[27] The city's period of relative autonomy came to an end when it was captured by the Ayyubid Sultanate in 1207.[22] The title Shah-i Armen was later revived under the Qara Qoyunlu.[24]

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375)

See also: Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
For the rulers of Georgia, who sometimes controlled large amounts of Armenian land in 1118–1476 and were related to the Bagratuni dynasty, see List of monarchs of Georgia § Georgia under Bagrationi dynasty.

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees who fled the Seljuk invasion of their homeland.[28] It was initially ruled by the Rubenids, an offshoot of the Bagratuni dynasty. While the Rubenid rulers were initially regional princes, their close ties with the Western world after the First Crusade saw the principality recognised as a kingdom under Leo I by the Holy Roman Empire in 1198.[29] The rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilia thereafter styled themselves simply as "King of Armenia".[16]

Rubenid dynasty (1080–1252)

See also: Rubenids
19th-century depiction of Leo I (r. 1198–1219)

Hethumid dynasty (1226–1341)

See also: Hethumids
Coin depicting Isabella (r. 1219–1252) and Hethum I (r. 1226–1269)

The Hethumid dynasty gained power through marriage with Isabella of the Rubenid dynasty. Upon her death, her husband Hethum I became sole ruler and was followed as king by their descendants.

Lusignan and Neghir dynasties (1342–1375)

See also: House of Lusignan and House of Neghir
Bust of Leo V, the last King of Armenia (r. 1373–1375)

After the death of Leo IV in 1341 his cousin Guy de Lusignan was elected to succeed him as Constantine II, beginning the rule of the Lusignan dynasty. This dynasty ruled for just over three decades before Cilicia was captured by the Mamluks, bringing an end to the kingdom.

Later claimants

Lusignan claimants (1375–1489)

The deposed Leo V continued to claim the title "King of Armenia" in exile until his death in 1393. His claims were then inherited by his distant cousin James I (both were great-grandsons of the Cypriot king Hugh III), who ruled as King of Cyprus. From 1393 to the end of the Cypriot kingdom in 1489, the rulers of Cyprus claimed the full title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".[30]

After the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, Catherine Cornaro sold her claims and titles (including her claim to Armenia) to the Republic of Venice, which at times thereafter advanced a shadowy claim to Cilicia or Armenia as a whole.[31]

Savoyard claimants (1485–1946)

The House of Savoy claimed the titular style "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" for centuries. It was in use as late as the 20th century, for instance by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (pictured).[32]

Charlotte, who ruled as Queen of Cyprus 1458–1464, was deposed in 1464 but maintained claims to her dispossessed titles in exile. In 1485, Charlotte ceded her titular claims to her first cousin once removed Charles I, Duke of Savoy.[33] As a consequence of Charlotte's sale, the House of Savoy is often seen as the heirs of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus and Armenian Cilicia.[31] For centuries thereafter, the heads of the family maintained the style "Duke of Savoy and titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".[34] The title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" was maintained even after the Savoyard dynasts became kings of Italy, for instance being used by both Victor Emmanuel II[35] and Victor Emmanuel III.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Baumer, Christoph (2021). History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 125, 142, 166, 190, 305, 310–311. ISBN 978-0-7556-3969-4.
  2. ^ Shahbazi, Shapur (1994), "Darius I the Great", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 7, New York: Columbia University, pp. 41–50
  3. ^ Boyce, Mary; Grenet, F. (2015). A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. BRILL. p. 310. ISBN 978-90-04-29391-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Wijlick, Hendrikus A. M. van (2020). Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War. BRILL. p. 242. ISBN 978-90-04-44176-7.
  5. ^ a b c Spier, Jeffrey; Potts, Timothy; Cole, Sara E. (2022). Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World. Getty Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-60606-680-5.
  6. ^ Brijder, Herman (2014). Nemrud Dagi: Recent Archaeological Research and Preservation and Restoration Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-61451-622-4.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marek, Christian (2021). In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-691-23365-9.
  8. ^ a b Potts, Daniel T. (1988). Araby the Blest: Studies in Arabian Archaeology. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-87-7289-051-7.
  9. ^ a b c Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-674-96850-9.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 174–176, xxxvii–xxxviii. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  11. ^ Spuler, Bertold (1977). Rulers and Governments of the World. Bowker. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-85935-021-1.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Zakaria (2004). The Chronicle of Deacon Zakʻaria of Kʻanakʻer. Mazda Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-56859-121-6.
  13. ^ Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the oral tradition to the Golden Age. Wayne State University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8143-2815-6.
  14. ^ a b Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia, Past and Present. Armenian Prelacy. p. 85.
  15. ^ a b Vacca, Alison (2017). Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-107-18851-8.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct Bury, John Bagnell (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume IV Part I: Byzantium and its Neighbours. University Press. pp. 780–785.
  17. ^ a b c d Chahin, Mack (2013). The Kingdom of Armenia: New Edition. Routledge. pp. 228, 230, 232. ISBN 978-1-136-85243-5.
  18. ^ a b c d Arakelyan, Babken; Vardanyan, Vrezh; Khalpakhchyan, Hovhannes (1979). "Կարս [Kars]". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume 5 (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. pp. 342–344.
  19. ^ a b c d Akopyan, Alexander; Vardanyan, Aram (2015). "A Contribution to Kiurikid Numismatics: Two Unique Coins of Gagik, King of Kakhet'i and of David II of Loři (Eleventh Century)". The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-). 175: 214. ISSN 0078-2696.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Khachʻatryan, Hayk; Merguerian, Barbara J. (2001). Queens of the Armenians: 150 Biographies Based on History and Legend. Amaras. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-9648787-2-3.
  21. ^ Holding, Deirdre (2014). Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84162-555-3.
  22. ^ a b c d e Peacock, A. C. S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur; Yildiz, Dr Sara Nur (2012). "The World of Tutbeg b. Bahram al-Khilati". The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-346-7.
  23. ^ Eastmond, Antony (2017). Tamta's World. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-107-16756-8.
  24. ^ a b Payaslian, S. (2008). The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present. Springer. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-230-60858-0.
  25. ^ Lynch, H. F. B. (2020). Armenia, Travels and Studies Vol 1: Volume 1. p. 330. ISBN 978-3-7524-1017-4.
  26. ^ Güzel, Hasan Celâl; Oğuz, Cem; Karatay, Osman (2002). The Turks: Middle ages. Yeni Türkiye. p. 496. ISBN 978-975-6782-57-6.
  27. ^ a b c Bedirhan, Yaşar (2022). Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Tarihi (in Turkish). Eğitim Yayinevi. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-625-8468-42-7.
  28. ^ (in Armenian) Poghosyan, S.; Katvalyan, M.; Grigoryan, G. et al. Cilician Armenia (Կիլիկյան Հայաստան). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. v. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1979, pp. 406–428
  29. ^ Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Badmoutioun Hayots, Volume II (in Armenian). Athens, Greece: Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Oussoumnagan Khorhourti. pp. 29–56.
  30. ^ a b c Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins 1080–1393. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1418-9. Section "The seeds of Lusignan rule in Cilicia"
  31. ^ a b c Fortescue, Adrian (1913). The Lesser Eastern Churches. London: Catholic Truth Society. OCLC 992420. p. 390
  32. ^ a b c Arielli, Nir (2010). Fascist Italy and the Middle East, 1933–1940. London: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 173. ISBN 978-1349312047.
  33. ^ a b c Hill, George (1948). A History of Cyprus. Vol. The Frankish Period, 1432–1571. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 468917323. p. 612
  34. ^ a b Mauvillon, Eleazar (1742). The History of Francis-Eugene, Prince of Savoy. London: James Hodges. p. 1
  35. ^ a b Davies, Norman (2011). Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0141048864. Section "Sabaudia".
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