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List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans

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Liao dynasty
Mongol Empire c.1207
History of Mongolia
Prehistoric period
Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC
Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC
Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC
Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC
Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC
Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC
Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC
Chandman culture 700–300 BC
Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC
Ancient period
Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD
Xianbei state 93–234
Rouran Khaganate 330–555
Göktürks (First, Eastern, and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630
682–744
Xueyantuo 628–646
Tang protectorate 647–682
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Liao dynasty 907–1125
Medieval period
Mongol khanates 9th–12th century
Khamag Mongol 1130–1206
Mongol Empire 1206–1368
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Northern Yuan 1368–1635
Oirat Confederation 1399–1634
Dzungar Khanate 1634–1757
Qing dynasty 1691–1911
Modern period
National Revolution 1911
Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919
Chinese occupation 1919–1921
People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921
1921–1924
People's Republic 1924–1992
Democratic Revolution 1990
Modern Mongolia 1990–present

The qualifier Mongol tribes was established as an umbrella term in the early 13th century, when Temüjin (later Genghis Khan) united the different tribes under his control and established the Mongol Empire. There were 19 Nirun tribes (marked (N) in the list) that descended from Bodonchar and 18 Darligin tribes (marked (D) in the list),[1] which were also core Mongolic tribes but not descending from Bodonchar. The unification created a new common ethnic identity as Mongols. Descendants of those clans form the Mongolian nation and other Inner Asian people.[citation needed]

Almost all of tribes and clans mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols [2] and some tribes mentioned in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, there are total 33 Mongol tribes.[citation needed]

Core Mongolic tribes

Keraites

The Keraites were a Turco-Mongol Christian (Nestorian) nation.[3][4] Prominent Christian figures were Tooril and Sorghaghtani Beki.

  • Tumen Tubegun; Mongolian: Tümen Tübegün
  • Dungkhait; Mongolian: Dongoid
  • Ubchikh
  • Jirgin
  • Ongchijid

Tatar confederation

Tatars were a major tribal confederation in the Mongolian Plateau.

  • Airi'ut, mentioned in connection with Ambakhai's death
  • Buiri'ut, mentioned in connection with Ambakhai's death
  • Juyin other Tatars, or maybe a military organization, mentioned in connection with Ambakhai's death
  • Chakhan Tatar, mentioned in connection with the final destruction of the Tatar; Mongolian: Tsagaan Tatar
  • Alchi Tatar, mentioned in connection with the final destruction of the Tatar
  • Duta'ut Tatar, mentioned in connection with the final destruction of the Tatar
  • Alukhai Tatar, mentioned in connection with the final destruction of the Tatar
  • Tariat Tatar[5]

Merkit confederation

The Merkits were a Mongol tribe or potentially a Mongolised Turkic people[6][7] who opposed the rise of Temüjin, and kidnapped his new wife Börte. They were defeated and absorbed into the Mongol nation early in the 13th century.

  • Uduyid; Mongolian: Uduid Mergid
  • Uvas, Uvas Mergid
  • Khaad, Khaad Mergid

Naimans

In The Secret History of the Mongols, the Naiman subtribe the "Güchügüd" are mentioned. According to Russian Turkologist Nikolai Aristov's view, the Naiman Khanate's western border reached the Irtysh River and its eastern border reached the Mongolian Tamir River. The Altai Mountains and southern Altai Republic were part of the Naiman Khanate.[8] They had diplomatic relations with the Kara-Khitans, and were subservient to them until 1175.[9] In the Russian and Soviet historiography of Central Asia they were traditionally ranked among the Mongol-speaking tribes.[10] For instance, such Russian orientalists as Vasily Bartold, Grigory Potanin, Boris Vladimirtsov, Ilya Petrushevsky, Nicholas Poppe, Lev Gumilyov, Vadim Trepavlov classified them as one of Mongol,[11] Other scholars classified them as a Turkic people from Sekiz Oghuz (means "Eight Oghuz" in Turkic).[12][13][14] However, the term "Naiman" has Mongolian origin meaning "eight", but their titles are Turkic, and they are thought by some to be possibly Mongolized Turks. They have been described as Turkic-speaking, as well as Mongolian-speaking.[14] Like the Khitans and the Uyghurs, many of them were Nestorian Christians or Buddhists.[15]

Ongud

The Ongud (also spelled Ongut or Öngüt; Mongolian: Онгуд, Онход; Chinese: 汪古, Wanggu; from Old Turkic öng "desolate, uninhabited; desert" plus güt "class marker"[16]) were a Turkic tribe that later became Mongolized active in what is now Inner Mongolia in northern China around the time of Genghis Khan (1162–1227).

Many Ongud were members of the Church of the East, They lived in an area lining the Great Wall in the northern part of the Ordos Plateau and territories to the northeast of it.[17]

Dughlat

The Dughlats are mentioned in the Jami' al-tawarikh.

Other groups mentioned in Secret History of the Mongols

Groups whose affiliation is not really made clear: these groups may or may not be related to any of the tribes and clans mentioned above:

  • Olkhonud, the clan of Temüjin's mother (D); Mongolian: Olkhunuud
  • Khongirad, the tribe Börte, Temüjin's first wife, descends from (D)
  • some clans whose members join Temüjin after the first victory over the Merkit and the separation from Jamukha:
  • some clans that take part in Sangums conspiracy:
    • Khardakit
    • Ebugedjin; Mongolian: Övögjin
    • Kharta'at (N?)
  • Khorulas, clan that joins Chinggis at the Baljun lake
  • Tokhura'ut
  • Negus or Chonos tribe, clan whose chief is killed together with the 70 Chinos princes

See also

References

  1. ^ Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Jami' al-tawarikh
  2. ^ Erich Haenisch, Die geheime Geschichte der Mongolen, Leipzig 1948
  3. ^ R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1970, p191.
  4. ^ Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia pp. 400-401.
  5. ^ Tarikh-i Rashidi
  6. ^ Soucek, Branko; Soucek, Svat (2000-02-17). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65704-4.
  7. ^ Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3.
  8. ^ "Augustine", Routledge History of Philosophy Volume II, Routledge, pp. 410–454, 2003-09-02, doi:10.4324/9780203028452-21, ISBN 9780203028452, retrieved 2022-06-27
  9. ^ Biran, Michal (2020-06-30), "The Qara Khitai", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.59, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, retrieved 2022-06-27
  10. ^ Hanak, Walter K. (April 1995). "Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy.Paul Ratchnevsky , Thomas Nivison Haining". Speculum. 70 (2): 416–417. doi:10.2307/2864944. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2864944.
  11. ^ Hanak, Walter K. (April 1995). "Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy.Paul Ratchnevsky , Thomas Nivison Haining". Speculum. 70 (2): 416–417. doi:10.2307/2864944. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2864944.
  12. ^ Czaplicka, Marie Antoinette (2001). "The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day". Oxford. JSTOR 1780419.
  13. ^ Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34770-X. OCLC 17461930.
  14. ^ a b Jullien, Christelle (2021-01-18). "Li Tang, Dietmar W. Winkler (eds.). Artifact, Text, Context: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia". Abstracta Iranica. 42. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.54181. ISSN 0240-8910 – via OpenEdition Journals.
  15. ^ Verlag, Lit (2009). Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters. 2. Auflage: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643500458.
  16. ^ Rybatzki, Volker (2004). "Nestorian Personal Names from Central Asia". Studia Orientalia. 99: 269–291 – via journal.fi.
  17. ^ "元史/卷118 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 2022-06-26.
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