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Pietas

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For the Christian image, see Pietà.

Pietas, as a virtue of the emperor Antoninus Pius, represented by a woman offering a sacrifice on the reverse of this sestertius

Pietas (Latin pronunciation: [ˈpiɛt̪aːs̠]), translated variously as "duty", "religiosity"[1] or "religious behavior",[2] "loyalty",[3] "devotion", or "filial piety" (English "piety" derives from the Latin), was one of the chief virtues among the ancient Romans. It was the distinguishing virtue of the founding hero Aeneas, who is often given the adjectival epithet pius ("religious") throughout Virgil's epic Aeneid. The sacred nature of pietas was embodied by the divine personification Pietas, a goddess often pictured on Roman coins. The Greek equivalent is eusebeia (εὐσέβεια).[4]

Cicero defined pietas as the virtue "which admonishes us to do our duty to our country or our parents or other blood relations."[5] The man who possessed pietas "performed all his duties towards the deity and his fellow human beings fully and in every respect," as the 19th-century classical scholar Georg Wissowa described it.[6] Cicero suggests people should have awareness of their own honor and must always attempt to raise the honor of others with dignified praise. Furthermore, praise, admiration, and honored actions must be beyond all one's own desires, and actions and words must be chosen with respect to friends, colleagues, family, or blood relations. Cicero describes youth in the pursuit of honour: “How they yearn for praise! What labours will they not undertake to stand fast among their peers! How will they remember those who have shown them kindness and how eager to repay it!”.

As virtue

Main article: Religion in ancient Rome

Pietas erga parentes ("pietas toward one's parents") was one of the most important aspects of demonstrating virtue. Pius as a cognomen originated as way to mark a person as especially "pious" in this sense: announcing one's personal pietas through official nomenclature seems to have been an innovation of the late Republic, when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius claimed it for his efforts to have his father, Numidicus, recalled from exile.[7] Pietas extended also toward "parents" in the sense of "ancestors," and was one of the basic principles of Roman tradition, as expressed by the care of the dead.[8]

Pietas as a virtue resided within a person, in contrast to a virtue or gift such as Victoria, which was given by the gods. Pietas, however, allowed a person to recognize the divine source of benefits conferred.[9]

The first recorded use of pietas in English occurs in Anselm Bayly's The Alliance of Music, Poetry, and Oratory, published in 1789.[10]

A Roman with the virtue of pietas did not leave his religious duties at the door of the temple, but carried them with him everywhere, following the will of the gods in his business transactions and everyday life.[11]

Pietas held importance in international relations and diplomacy, where the credibility of a commander was dependent on his cessation of all self-gain and to commit to the cause, without action of treachery. "Due to this reliance on credibility, the reputation of individual commanders and the Roman state itself held a practical role in negotiations and discussions." The commanders belief in fides must be one of credibility by continuity of action, consistency in dealing with neighbours will be applied to the current parties. Ensure respect in existing contracts, means the pledges and oaths will be held, Rome will continue to do what is right and thus continue diplomatic strategies. Ending conflict was slim if perfidy was the norm of commander in the negotiation.[11]

Iconography

Denarius of Herennius, depicting Pietas and an act of pietas.

Pietas was represented on coin by cult objects, but also as a woman conducting a sacrifice by means of fire at an altar.[12] In the imagery of sacrifice, libation was the fundamental act that came to symbolize pietas.[13]

Pietas is first represented on Roman coins on denarii issued by Marcus Herennius in 108 or 107 BC.[14] Pietas appears on the obverse as a divine personification, in bust form; the quality of pietas is represented by a son carrying his father on his back; the symbolism of which would be echoed in Virgil's Aeneid, with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troy.[15] Pietas is among the virtues that appear frequently on Imperial coins, including those issued under Hadrian.[16]

One of the symbols of pietas was the stork, described by Petronius as pietaticultrix, "cultivator of pietas." The stork represented filial piety in particular, as the Romans believed that it demonstrated family loyalty by returning to the same nest every year, and that it took care of its parents in old age. As such, a stork appears next to Pietas on a coin issued by Metellus Pius (on whose cognomen see above).[17]

As goddess

Flavia Maximiana Theodora on the obverse, on the reverse Pietas holding infant to her breast.

Pietas was the divine presence in everyday life that cautioned humans not to intrude on the realm of the gods.[18] Violations of pietas required a piaculum, expiatory rites.[19]

A temple to Pietas was vowed (votum) by Manius Acilius Glabrio at the Battle of Thermopylae in 191 BC.[20]

According to a miraculous legend (miraculum),[21] a poor woman who was starving in prison was saved when her daughter gave her breast milk (compare Roman Charity). Caught in the act, the daughter was not punished, but recognized for her pietas. Mother and daughter were set free, and given public support for the rest of their lives. The site was regarded as sacred to the goddess Pietas (consecratus deae) because she had chosen to manifest her presence there.[22] The story exemplified pietas erga parentes, the proper devotion one ought to show to one's parents.[23]

Imperial women portrayed as Pietas

Pietas was often depicted as goddess on the reverse of Roman Imperial coins, with women of the imperial family on the obverse,[24] as an appropriate virtue to be attributed to them. Women of the Imperial family might be portrayed in art in the goddess's guise.

See also

References

  1. ^ Jonathan Williams, "Religion and Roman Coins," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 156.
  2. ^ Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs," in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 279.
  3. ^ Frank Bernstein, "Complex Rituals: Games and Processions in Republican Rome," in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 227.
  4. ^ J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.17.2 (1981), pp. 864–865.
  5. ^ Cicero, De inventione 2.22.66 (pietatem, quae erga patriam aut parentes aut alios sanguine coniunctos officium conservare moneat), as quoted by Hendrik Wagenvoort, Pietas: Selected Studies in Roman Religion (Brill, 1980), p. 7.
  6. ^ As quoted by Wagenvort, Pietas, p. 7.
  7. ^ Fears, The Cult of Virtues, p. 880.
  8. ^ Stefan Heid, "The Romanness of Roman Christianity", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 408.
  9. ^ Fears, The Cult of Virtues, p. 878.
  10. ^ "pietas". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Web. 28 Jan. 2010.
  11. ^ a b Pfingsten, Max. "Roman Virtues and Stoicism" (PDF). Asheville, NC: Asheville School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  12. ^ Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life," p. 286.
  13. ^ John Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 265.
  14. ^ Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 880.
  15. ^ Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 880.
  16. ^ J. Rufus Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome: Approaches and Problem," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.17.2 (1981), p. 813.
  17. ^ Pliny, Natural History 10.63; Anna Clark, Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome (Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 154–155; Catherine Connors, Petronius the Poet (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 59.
  18. ^ As expressed by Cicero, De Legibus 2.22; Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life," p. 286.
  19. ^ Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life," p. 286.
  20. ^ Livy 40.34.4; Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome," pp. 741–742, and "The Cult of Virtues," p. 835.
  21. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.121; Valerius Maximus 5.4.7, as cited by Fears, "The Theology of Victory," p. 742, note 10.
  22. ^ Fears, "The Theology of Victory," p. 742; "The Cult of Virtues," p. 880.
  23. ^ Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 880.
  24. ^ Roman Coins Issued During the Reign of Emperor Hadrian, Dig4Coins.com.
  • Media related to Pietas at Wikimedia Commons
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