Scanning voltage microscopy

Scanning voltage microscopy (SVM) -- sometimes also refered to as nanopotentiometry -- is a scientific experimental technique based on atomic force microscopy. A conductive probe, usually only a few nanometers wide at the tip, is placed in full contact with an operational electronic or optoelectronic sample. By connecting the probe to a high-impedance voltmeter and rastering over the sample's surface, a map of the electric potential can be acquired. SVM is generally nondestructive to the sample although some damage may occur to the sample or the probe if the pressure required to maintain good electrical contact is too high. If the input impedance of the voltmeter is sufficiently high, the SVM probe should not perturb the operation of the operational sample.

SVM is particularly well suited to analyzing microelectronic devices (such as transistors or diodes) or quantum electronic devices (such as quantum well diode lasers) because nanometer spatial resolution is possible. For example, the potential profile across the quantum well structure of a diode laser can be mapped and analyzed; such a profile could indicate the carrier distribution where light is generated and could lead to improved laser designs. SVM can also be used to verify theoretical simulation of complex electronic devices.