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Ski jumping

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Martinp1 (talk | contribs) at 22:18, 21 August 2013 (→‎Women's ski jumping: typo). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Ski jump" redirects here. For the element of an aircraft carrier's flight deck, see Flight Deck § Ski-jump ramp.
Ski jumping
Vikersundbakken in Modum, Norway is the world's largest ski jumping hill. (Picture taken before it was reconstructed in 2010/2011)
Highest governing bodyInternational Ski Federation
First played1808
Eidsberg, Norway
Characteristics
Team membersIndividual or groups
Presence
OlympicSince the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924
Ski jumping facility in Einsiedeln, Switzerland
The Ski Jumping Complex in Pragelato during the 2006 Winter Olympics of Turin.
Matti Nykänen ski jumping hill (K100) and a smaller K64 hill in Jyväskylä, Finland.

Ski jumping is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump and attempt to land as far as possible down the hill below. In addition to the length of the jump, judges give points for style. The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long (260 to 275 centimetres (102 to 108 in)). Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, performed on snow, and is part of the Winter Olympic Games, but can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces – porcelain or frost rail track on the inrun, plastic on the landing hill. Ski jumping belongs to the nordic type of competitive skiing.

History

Ski jumping as a sport originated in Norway. Olaf Rye, a Norwegian lieutenant, was the first known ski jumper.[citation needed] In 1809, he launched himself 9.5 metres in the air in front of an audience of other soldiers. By 1862, ski jumpers were tackling much larger jumps and traveling longer. The first recorded public competition were held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862. Already at this first competition judges awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.[1] It is clear from the news report published in Morgenbladet that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event. Already in 1863 the first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition.[2] Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 metres over a rock without the benefit of poles. His record stood for three decades.[citation needed] In 1866 the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2000. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.[2] The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 metres.[3] Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skiier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.[2] Until 1884-1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).[2] The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only).

According to the International Olympic Committee's site:[4]

Ski jumping has been part of the Olympic Winter Games since the first Games in Chamonix Mont-Blanc in 1924. The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.

In 1929 Norwegian instructors arrive in Sapporo and train Japanese in ski jumping.[1]

Competition

Today, FIS Ski Jumping World Cup are held on three types of hills:

Normal hill competitions
for which the calculation line is found at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances of up to and over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached.
Large hill competitions
for which the calculation line is found at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 145 metres (476 ft) can be obtained on the larger hills. Both individual and team competitions are run on these hills.
Ski-flying competitions
for which the calculation line is found at 185 metres (607 ft). The Ski Flying World Record of 246.5 metres (809 ft) is held by Johan Remen Evensen, and was set in Vikersundbakken, Norway in February 2011.

Amateur and junior competitions are held on smaller hills.

Individual Olympic competition consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice.

Ski jumping is one of the two elements of the Nordic combined sport.

Summer jumping

Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on a porcelain track and plastic grass combined with water. There are also many competitions during the summer. The World Cup (Summer Grand Prix) often includes those hills:

Ski jumping Fis-Cup and Continental Cup also have summer competitions and even more than the World Cup.

Women's ski jumping

On 26 May 2006, the International Ski Federation decided to allow women to ski jump at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec, Czech Republic and then to have a team event for women at the 2011 world championships. FIS also decided to submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to allow women to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[5]

On 28 November 2006, the proposal for a women's ski jumping event was rejected by the Executive Board of the IOC. The reason for the rejection cited the low number of athletes as well as few participating countries in the sport. The Executive Board stated that women's ski jumping has yet to be fully established internationally.[6] Jacques Rogge, president of the International Olympic Committee stated that women's ski jumping will not be an Olympic event because "we do not want the medals to be diluted and watered down," referring to the relatively small number of potential competitors in women's ski jumping.[7]

It has been stated that while the number of women in ski jumping is not insignificant, the field has a much wider spread in terms of talent, in that the top men are all of a similar level of strength competitively, while the women are more varied, even in the top tiers.[8]

A group of 15 competitive female ski jumpers filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC) saying that conducting a men's ski jumping event without a women's event in the Vancouver Winter Olympics in 2010 would be in direct violation of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[9] The arguments associated with this suit were presented from 20 to 24 April 2009 and a judgment came down on 10 June 2009 against the ski jumpers. The judge ruled that although the women were being discriminated against,[10] the issue is an International Olympic Committee responsibility and thus not governed by the charter. It further ruled that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms does not apply to VANOC.[11] Three British Columbia judges unanimously denied an appeal on 13 November 2009. The American actress and documentary film producer Virginia Madsen has chronicled the Canadian team's efforts in a film called Fighting Gravity (2009).[12]

On 6 April 2011 the International Olympic Committee officially accepted women ski jumping into the official Olympic program for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.[13]

Within a few months, in 2013 four female top ski jumpers suffered serious knee injuries and had to withdraw for long recovery periods, thus putting their good chances at the Olympics in Sochi at risk. On 12 January 2013, Daniela Iraschko, the 2011 World Champion, fell in Hinterzarten and withdrew,[14] Anja Tepeš suffered a serious injury on 17 March in Oslo,[15] and on 12 August 2013 Alexandra Pretorius, two-times women's Grand Prix winner, suffered a serious knee injury in Courchevel.[16]On 21 August 2013, Sarah Hendrickson, the 2013 World Champion, suffered a knee ligament damage in Oberstdorf.[17] Female ski jumpers need a longer approach than their male colleagues to make up for their light weight and to reach the necessary speed. Due to her light weight, however, female jumpers reach distances which are not below those of male jumpers. In media reports, it is argued that this might physiologically overburden the knee of female jumpers.

Mixed Team

On 16 June 2012 a historic first ever world premiere of Mixed Team ski jumping event performing men and women together was held at Mostec[18] in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In each team there was a couple, one man and one woman. Competition was also called Battles of Genders or Duels of Genders and was part of a traditional 42nd International Revial Ski Jumping competition on hills of Arena Triglav Mostec[19] ski jumping complex located in Šiška District, Ljubljana. On four different hills of size HS14, HS23, HS38 and HS62 mixed teams (only couples) for the first time competed with each other by rules of elimination system. Slovenian ski jumpers Maja Vtič and Tomaž Naglič are the first Mixed Team couple winners in history.[20]

On 14 August 2012 first ever full four members (two men and two women) ski jumping Mixed Team, a first ever Mixed Team FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping event and first ever on plastic was held in Courchevel, France. Competition was held on normal La Praz olympic HS96 hill. The first full four member Mixed Team and first ever Grand Prix mixed team winner in history was team of Japan.

On 23 November 2012 first historic FIS World Cup Mixed Team event took place in Lillehammer, Norway. Competition was held on normal Lysgårdsbakken olympic HS100 hill. Each national mixed team consisted of four ski jumpers, two men and two women. The first World Cup mixed team winner was team of Norway.

Highest Attendance

Single daily events with more than 50,000 people. List is not complete:

Rank Attendance Location Date Venue Competition
1 143,000 Norway Holmenkollen, Oslo Feb 14, 1952 Holmenkollbakken 1952 Winter Olympics
2 130,000 Nazi Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen Feb 16, 1936 Große Olympiaschanze 1936 Winter Olympics
3 120,000 Poland Zakopane Feb 18, 1962 Wielka Krokiew 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
4 106,000 Norway Holmenkollen, Oslo Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31 Holmenkollbakken The Peace Competition
5 80,000-100,000 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Planica Mar 16, 1985 Velikanka bratov Gorišek 1985 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
6 70,000 Slovenia Planica Mar 22, 1997 Velikanka bratov Gorišek 1996-97 FIS World Cup Final
70,000 Norway Holmenkollen, Oslo Mar 3, 2011 Holmenkollbakken 2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
8 55,000 Slovenia Planica Mar 20, 2010 Letalnica bratov Gorišek 2010 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
9 50,000 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Planica Mar 14, 1987 Velikanka bratov Gorišek 1986-87 FIS World Cup Final
50,000 Japan Hakuba, Nagano Feb 17, 1998 Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium 1998 Winter Olympics

Records

All Pre-World Cup, Olympic Games, World Championships & World Cup events are included. (As of March 24, 2013)

Category Ski Jumper Record
Olympic Games (1924–2010)
individual victories Simon Ammann 4
total medals (Ind. + Team) Matti Nykänen 5
team victories Finland, Germany, Austria 2
team medals Austria 5
youngest winner individual (Albertville'92) Toni Nieminen 16 y, 261 d
oldest winner individual (Lillehammer'94) Jens Weißflog 29 y, 214 d
by No. of Olympic appearances Noriaki Kasai 6
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1925–2011)
most individual victories Adam Małysz 4
most individual medals Adam Małysz 6
total medals (Ind. + Team) Janne Ahonen, Martin Schmitt 10
most team victories Austria 9
most team medals Austria 15
youngest winner individual (Thunder Bay'95) Tommy Ingebrigtsen 17 y, 222 d
oldest winner individual (Liberec'09) Andreas Küttel 29 y, 308 d
No. of Championships appearances Noriaki Kasai 11
FIS Ski-Flying World Championships (1972–2010)
most individual victories Walter Steiner, Sven Hannawald, Roar Ljøkelsøy 2
most individual medals Matti Nykänen 5
total medals (Ind. + Team) Janne Ahonen 7
most team victories Austria 3
most team medals Norway, Finland, Austria 4
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf'08) Gregor Schlierenzauer 18 y, 47 d
oldest winner individual (Vikersund'12) Robert Kranjec 30 y, 224 d
by No. of Championships appearances Janne Ahonen 9
Four Hills Tournament (1952–2011)
most overall victories Janne Ahonen 5
most individual victories Jens Weißflog 10
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf'91) Toni Nieminen 16 y, 212 d
oldest winner individual (Bischofshofen'96) Jens Weißflog 31 y, 169 d
youngest winner overall Toni Nieminen 16 y, 220 d
oldest winner overall Jens Weißflog 31 y, 169 d
World Cup (1979–2013)
most overall wins Matti Nykänen, Adam Małysz 4
most individual victories Gregor Schlierenzauer 50
most individual podiums Janne Ahonen 108
most individual Top 10 results Janne Ahonen 245
most team victories Austria 27
most team medals Austria 56
most individual performances Noriaki Kasai 427
most team performances Noriaki Kasai 46
total performances (Ind. + Team) Noriaki Kasai 473
most seasons Noriaki Kasai 22
most ski-flying individual victories Gregor Schlierenzauer 14
youngest winner individual (Lahti'80) Steve Collins 15 y, 362 d
oldest winner individual (Kuopio'09) Takanobu Okabe 38 y, 135 d
youngest winner overall (1991–92) Toni Nieminen 16 y, 303 d
oldest winner overall (2011–12) Anders Bardal 29 y, 207 d
oldest World Cup performance jumper Takanobu Okabe 42 y, 86 d
most wins in one season individual Gregor Schlierenzauer 13
most points in one season individual Gregor Schlierenzauer 2083
Other records (all times)
1st ever jump over 100m - fall (Ponte di Legno, Italy, 1935) Olav Ulland 103.5 m
1st official jump over 100m (Planica, Slovenia, 1936) Sepp Bradl 101.5 m
1st ever jump over 200m - fall (Planica, Slovenia, 1994) Andreas Goldberger 202.0 m
1st official jump over 200m (Planica, Slovenia, 1994) Toni Nieminen 203.0 m
most jumps over 200m Robert Kranjec 156
World record (Vikersund'11) Johan Remen Evensen 246.5 m
Helmet cam world record (Planica'13) Jurij Tepeš 223.5 m
30+ years old world record (Vikersund'12) Robert Kranjec 244.0 m
35+ years old world record (Planica'10) Noriaki Kasai 224.0 m
40+ years old world record (Planica'13) Noriaki Kasai 221.5 m
Junior world record (Planica'08) Gregor Schlierenzauer 232.5 m
1st World Cup individual event Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 1979
1st World Cup team event Predazzo, Italy 1992
1st ever mixed team event Mostec, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2012
1st World Cup mixed team event Lillehammer, Norway 2012

Scoring

The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.

Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers not landing on the K Line receive or lose points for every metre (3 ft) they miss the mark by, depending on if they surpass it or fall short, respectively. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall). The value of a metre is determined from the size of the hill. The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.

In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump - with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each - and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.

In January 2010, a new scoring system was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone and thus unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun length is adjusted. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.

In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

Rules

Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.[21]

Technique

The ski jump is divided into four separate sections; 1) In-run, 2) Take-off (jump), 3) Flight and 4) Landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximise the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.

Using the modern V-technique, pioneered by Jan Boklöv of Sweden in 1985, world-class skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.

Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, developed in Kongsberg, Norway by two ski jumpers, Jacob Tullin Thams and Sigmund Ruud following World War I. This technique had the upper body bent at the hip, a wide forward lean, and arms extended to the front with the skis parallel to each other. It would lead to jumping length going from 45 meters to over 100 meters. In the 1950s Andreas Daescher of Switzerland and Erich Windisch of Germany modified the Kongsberger technique by placing his arms backward toward his hips for a closer lean. The Daescher technique and Windisch technique were the standard for ski jumping from the 1950s.

Until the mid-1970s, the Ski jumper would come down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.

The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of the Norwegian inventors of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation will lead to the deduction of style marks (points).

Popularity

Ski jumping is popular among spectators and TV audiences in the Nordic countries and Central Europe. Almost all world-class ski jumpers come from those regions or from Japan. Traditionally, the strongest countries are Finland, Norway, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Japan. However, there have always been successful ski jumpers from other countries as well (see list below). The Four Hills Tournament, held annually at four sites in Bavaria, Germany and Austria around New Year, is very popular.

There have been attempts to spread the popularity of the sport by finding ways by which the construction and upkeep of practicing and competition venues can be made easier. These include plastic fake snow to provide a slippery surface even during the summer time and in locations where snow is a rare occurrence.

Ski flying

Ski jumping originates from Norway but the homeland of ski flying is Slovenia. World's first ski flying hill was in Planica. In 1936 the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards. Back then it was forbidden to build hills on which jumps longer than 80 meters are possible. Nevertheless the first ever skiflying hill was built in Planica (SLO) but It took several more years until competitions on this hill were approved by the International Federation.[citation needed]

List of ski flying hills

Hill name Location Opened K-point Hill size Hill record
Norway Vikersundbakken Vikersund, Norway 1936 K-195 HS 225 246.5 metres (809 ft)
Slovenia Letalnica Bratov Gorišek Planica, Slovenia 1969 K-185 HS 215 239.0 metres (784.1 ft)
Germany Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze Oberstdorf, Germany 1950 K-185 HS 213 225.5 metres (740 ft)
Austria Kulm Bad Mitterndorf, Austria 1950 K-185 HS 200 215.5 metres (707 ft)
Czech Republic Čerťák Harrachov, Czech Republic 1979 K-185 HS 205 214.5 metres (704 ft)
United States Copper Peak Ironwood, Michigan, United States 1970 K-170 HS 180 158.0 metres (518.4 ft)

Ski Flying is an extreme version of ski jumping. The events take place in big hills with a K-spot of at least 185 metres (607 ft). The difference between ski flying and "big hill" ski jumping is subtle, but ski flying puts more focus on the ability to float or glide through the air, and less on pure jumping ability.

Ski flying and Sky diving

Ski Flyers rely on the same aerodynamics body positions (i.e. tracking and delta formations) that are used by skydivers. As gear technology and flight techniques improved in the early 1970s, both sports seem to have developed these aerodynamically stable "body positions". Depending on the gear being used, the glide ratios for the "tracking" and "delta" body positions for both sports can be as much as 2:1, meaning the ski jumper or skydiver can attain as much as 2 metres of travel over ground for every 1 metre of altitude they drop. Generally, skydivers "fly" through the air twice as fast as ski jumpers. Participants in both sports call themselves "jumpers."

Nonetheless, most of the top competitors in "regular" ski jumping tend to be among the best in ski flying competitions as well. However, some jumpers, such as Martin Koch of Austria, Johan Remen Evensen from Norway and Slovenia's Robert Kranjec are regarded as ski flying specialists.

The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump. There are five ski flying hills in the world today: Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway; Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic. A sixth hill, Copper Peak in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is currently disused, although there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.[22] There are plans for more ski flying hills, even for an indoor ski flying hill in Ylitornio, Finland. The biggest hill is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund.

It is possible to fly more than 200 metres (660 ft) in all the ski flying hills, and the current World Record is 246.5 metres (809 ft), set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.

The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and have been held on a mainly biennial basis, although there have been several occasions where events were held annually. The 2010 FIS World Championships in skiflying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships will take place in Vikersund, Norway.

1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 Ski flying World Championships individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual World Cup win.

Official jumps over 200m

  • As of 24 March 2013.
Rank Ski Jumper #
1.  Robert Kranjec (SLO) 156
2.  Martin Koch (AUT) 133
3.  Adam Małysz (POL) 112
4.  Simon Ammann (SUI) 107
5.  Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT) 106
6.  Matti Hautamäki (FIN) 104
7.  Thomas Morgenstern (AUT) 102
8.  Bjørn Einar Romøren (NOR) 93
9.  Anders Jacobsen (NOR) 77
10.  Anders Bardal (NOR) 76
  •   active ski jumper

Notable ski jumpers

The most notable ski jumpers may be considered those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. In addition Eddie the Eagle Edwards should be noted for his hilarious approach to ski jumping and also for his comical appearance.

So far only 5 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:

Name Date Location Competition Rank
Austria Anton Innauer 7 March 1976[23] Germany Oberstdorf Ski flying (International ski flying weeks) 1
Japan Kazuyoshi Funaki 15 February 1998[24] Japan Nagano Olympic Winter Games, large hill, second jump 1
Germany Sven Hannawald 8 February 2003[25] Germany Willingen Worldcup competition, large hill, first jump 1
Japan Hideharu Miyahira 8 February 2003[25] Germany Willingen Worldcup competition, large hill, second jump 6
Austria Wolfgang Loitzl 6 January 2009[26] Austria Bischofshofen Four Hills Jumping, large hill, first jump 1

Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.

Other notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:

Male

The view from the top of the ski jump in Salt Lake City, Utah for the 2002 Winter Olympics
The Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex
Ski jumping facility in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (outrun)
Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (inrun)
Currently active
Country Flag Name
Austria Austria Martin Koch
Andreas Kofler
David Zauner
Manuel Fettner
Gregor Schlierenzauer
Thomas Morgenstern
Wolfgang Loitzl
Stefan Kraft
Bulgaria Bulgaria Vladimir Zografski
Canada Canada Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes
Czech Republic Czech Republic Jakub Janda
Roman Koudelka
Jan Matura
Antonín Hájek
Lukáš Hlava
Estonia Estonia Kaarel Nurmsalu
Finland Finland Janne Happonen
Lauri Asikainen
Ville Larinto
Anssi Koivuranta
France France Vincent Descombes Sevoie
Germany Germany Michael Neumayer
Martin Schmitt
Richard Freitag
Andreas Wank
Andreas Wellinger
Severin Freund
Italy Italy Sebastian Colloredo
Andrea Morassi
Roberto Dellasega
Davide Bresadola
Japan Japan Noriaki Kasai
Junshiro Kobayashi
Taku Takeuchi
Daiki Ito
Shōhei Tochimoto
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Ivan Karaulov
Nikolay Karpenko
Korea South Korea Choi Heung-Chul
Choi Yong-Jik
Kim Hyun-Ki
Kang Chil-Gu
Norway Norway Tom Hilde
Vegard-Haukø Sklett
Bjørn Einar Romøren
Anders Bardal
Ole Marius Ingvaldsen
Anders Fannemel
Rune Velta
Anders Jacobsen
Poland Poland Kamil Stoch
Piotr Żyła
Stefan Hula
Krzysztof Miętus
Marcin Bachleda
Maciej Kot
Dawid Kubacki
Łukasz Rutkowski
Rafał Śliż
Russia Russia Denis Kornilov
Dimitry Vassiliev
Anton Kalinitschenko
Slovakia Slovakia Tomas Zmoray
Slovenia Slovenia Robert Kranjec
Jernej Damjan
Peter Prevc
Jure Šinkovec
Jurij Tepeš
Jaka Hvala
Sweden Sweden Carl Nordin
Switzerland Switzerland Simon Ammann
Gregor Deschwanden
Marco Grigoli
Ukraine Ukraine Vitaliy Shumbarets
USA United States Nicholas Alexander
Peter Frenette
Anders Johnson

Female

Unsuccessful

Important venues

The second largest jump in the world, Letalnica Bratov Gorišek, in Planica, Slovenia

National records

File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1980, MiNr 2480.jpg
GDR stamp - Memorial for the Skijumper
Rank Nation Record holder Length Venue Year Source
1.  Norway Johan Remen Evensen 246.5 metres (809 ft) Vikersund 2011 [27]
2.  Slovenia Robert Kranjec 244.0 metres (800.5 ft) Vikersund 2012 [27]
3.  Austria Gregor Schlierenzauer 243.5 metres (799 ft) Vikersund 2011 [27]
4.  Finland Janne Happonen 240.0 metres (787.4 ft) Vikersund 2011 [27]
 Japan Daiki Ito Vikersund 2012 [27]
6.  Switzerland Simon Ammann 238.5 metres (782 ft) Vikersund 2011 [27]
7.  Czech Republic Antonín Hájek 236.0 metres (774.3 ft) Planica 2010 [27]
8.  Poland Piotr Żyła 232.5 metres (763 ft) Vikersund 2012 [27]
Kamil Stoch Vikersund 2013 [27]
9.  Russia Denis Kornilov 232.0 metres (761.2 ft) Vikersund 2012 [27]
10.  Germany Michael Neumayer 231.0 metres (757.9 ft) Vikersund 2013 [27]
11.  France Vincent Descombes Sevoie 225.0 metres (738.2 ft) Vikersund 2012 [27]
12.  United States Alan Alborn 221.5 metres (727 ft) Planica 2002 [27]
13.  Italy Andrea Morassi 216.5 metres (710 ft) Planica 2012 [27]
14.  Bulgaria Vladimir Zografski 213.5 metres (700 ft) Planica 2013 [27]
15.  Sweden Isak Grimholm 207.5 metres (681 ft) Planica 2007 [27]
 South Korea Choi Heung-Chul Planica 2008 [27]
17.  Canada Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes 205.0 metres (672.6 ft) Harrachov 2013 [27]
18.  Estonia Kaarel Nurmsalu 204.0 metres (669.3 ft) Vikersund 2012 [27]
19.  Belarus Petr Chaadaev 197.5 metres (648 ft) Kulm 2006 [27]
20.  Kazakhstan Radik Zhaparov 196.5 metres (645 ft) Planica 2007 [27]
21.  Slovakia Martin Mesik 195.5 metres (641 ft) Kulm 2006 [27]
22.  Ukraine Vitaliy Shumbarets 189.5 metres (622 ft) Planica 2009 [27]
23.  Greece Nico Polychronidis 186.0 metres (610.2 ft) Oberstdorf 2013 [27]
24.  Netherlands Christoph Kreuzer 162.0 metres (531.5 ft) Planica 2002 [27]
25.  Turkey Faik Yüksel 150.0 metres (492.1 ft) Oberstdorf 2000's [28]
26.  Georgia Koba Tsakadze 142.0 metres (465.9 ft) Vikersund 1967 [29]
27.  Spain Bernat Sola 141.0 metres (462.6 ft) Tauplitz 1986 [27]
28.  Hungary Gábor Gellér 139.0 metres (456.0 ft) ? 1980's [27]
29.  Denmark Andreas Bjelke Nygaard 137.0 metres (449.5 ft) Lillehammer 2000's [27]
30.  Romania Remus Tudor 125.0 metres (410.1 ft) Klingenthal 2012 [27]
31.  Kyrgyzstan Dmitry Chvykov 124.0 metres (406.8 ft) Innsbruck 2002 [30]
32.  China Tian Zhandong 121.5 metres (399 ft) Bischofshofen 2004 [31]
33.  United Kingdom Glynn Pedersen 113.5 metres (372 ft) Salt Lake City 2001 [32]
34.  Croatia Josip Šporer 102.0 metres (334.6 ft) Planica 1940's [27]
 Latvia Kristaps Nežborts Liberec 2012 [33]
36.  Lithuania Zbigniew Kiwert 86.0 metres (282.2 ft) Nizhny Novgorod 1960 [34]
37.  Iceland Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson 80.0 metres (262.5 ft) Squaw Valley 1960 [35]
38.  North Macedonia Goga Popov junior 62.0 metres (203.4 ft) Planica 1952 [36]
39.  Australia Hal Nerdal 53.0 metres (173.9 ft) Squaw Valley 1960 [27]
Chris Hellerud Falun 1974 [37]
40.  Uganda Dunstan Odeke 50.0 metres (164.0 ft) Oslo 1990's [37]
41.  Montenegro Božo Čvorović 46.0 metres (150.9 ft) Žabljak 1960's [38]
42.  Serbia Vid Černe 40.0 metres (131.2 ft) Jahorina 1949 [39]
43.  Bosnia and Herzegovina Džemo Zahirović 36.0 metres (118.1 ft) Jahorina 1949 [40]
44.  Belgium Rembert Notten 35.0 metres (114.8 ft) Rückershausen 2012 [41][42][43]
 Ireland Richard Brown Göteborg 2002 [27]
46.  Greenland Hans Holm 23.3 metres (76 ft) Nuuk 1949 [44]
47.  New Zealand Brian MacMillan 18.6 metres (61 ft) Mount Cook 1937 [45]

Water ski jumping

See also: Water skiing

The ski jump is performed on two long skis similar to those a beginner uses, with a specialized tailfin that is somewhat shorter and much wider (so it will support the weight of the skier when he is on the jump ramp). Skiers towed behind a boat at fixed speed, maneuver to achieve the maximum speed when hitting a ramp floating in the water, launching themselves into the air with the goal of traveling as far as possible before touching the water. Professional ski jumpers can travel up to 70 metres (230 ft). The skier must successfully land and retain control of the ski rope to be awarded the distance.

An extreme version of this sport named Ski Flying was promoted by Scot Ellis and Jim Cara, in which boat speeds and ramp heights are increased.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Saur, Lasse (1999): Norske ski - til glede og besvær. Research report, Høgskolen i Finnmark.
  2. ^ a b c d Haarstad, Kjell (1993): Skisportens oppkomst i Norge. Trondheim: Tapir.
  3. ^ Oslo – Huseby (Ski Jumping Hill Archive)
  4. ^ "Ski Jumping". International Olympic Committee.
  5. ^ "FIS MEDIA INFO: Decisions of the 45th International Ski Congress in Vilamoura/Algarve (POR)". Fédération Internationale de Ski. 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  6. ^ IOC approves skicross; rejects women's ski jumping
  7. ^ "Rogge: Women jumpers would dilute Olympics medals". CTV News. 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  8. ^ Christa Case Bryant (2009-11-08). "Why women can't ski jump in the Winter Olympics". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  9. ^ Cindy Chan (2009-04-29). "Female Ski Jumpers Seem Olympic Inclusion". Epoch Times. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  10. ^ Rod Mickelburgh (2009-07-10). "No female flight in 2010: B.C. court rejects ski jump bid". CTV Olympics. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  11. ^ CBC News (2009-07-10). "Female ski jumpers lose Olympic battle". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  12. ^ Tatianan Siegel, "Virginia Madsen to defy 'Gravity'", Variety, Apr. 8, 2009
  13. ^ Olympic.org
  14. ^ See [http://berkutschi.com/de/front/news/show/2590-daniela-iraschko-erfolgreich-operiert retrieved 10 February 2013.
  15. ^ See http://berkutschi.com/en/front/news/2792-anja-tepes-seriously-injured. Retrieved 21 August 2013,
  16. ^ See http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Calgary+jumper+injures+knee+during+training+France/8780737/story.html. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  17. ^ See http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2013/08/21/sarah-hendrickson-ski-jumping-injury/. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  18. ^ "Prvič v zgodovini smučarskih skokov – tekma mešanih parov", Športna zveza Ljubljane, June 16, 2012
  19. ^ ski jumping hills in Mostec skisprungschanzen.com
  20. ^ video, tvslo.si (slovene), June 16, 2012
  21. ^ For Ski Jumpers, a Sliding Scale of Weight, Distance and Health
  22. ^ [1][dead link]
  23. ^ Vom Olymp zu den Fischen auf faz.net
  24. ^ Australian Olympic Committee commenting the Olympic Winter Games of Nagano 1998
  25. ^ a b FIS result list 8 February 2003, Rank 1 Hannawald, Rank 6 Miyahira (PDF-File, 379 kB)
  26. ^ FIS result list 6 January 2009, Rank 1 Loitzl (PDF-File, 273 kB)
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Rekordy i statystyki: Loty narciarskie". skokinarciarskie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  28. ^ 24ur.com (from 6:28-6:38)
  29. ^ "Skifliegen: Zwei Weltrekorde". Arbeiter-Zeitung: 10. 1967. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  30. ^ "Results Training 1 Innsbruck, THU 3 JAN 2002" (PDF). fis-ski.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  31. ^ "FIS Continental Cup Ski-Jumping 12th COC Competition Bischofshofen Ski-Jumping Individual K125 Official Results" (PDF). fis-ski.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  32. ^ Adrian Dworakowski. "Nie tylko Eddie Edwards czyli o skoczkach z Wielkiej Brytanii". skijumping.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  33. ^ Paweł Borkowski. "Nežborts z nowym rekordem Łotwy! Zobacz, jak skaczą Łotysze (wideo)". nicesport.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  34. ^ Henryk Mażul (2006). "Ptaki w locie naśladując". tygodnik.lt (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "Skíðastökkið verður hápunktur leikanna". Alþýðublaðið: 16. 1960-02-28. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  36. ^ "Пред "Четирите скокалници" имаше четирикатна скокалница на Шапка". novamakedonija.com.mk (in Macedonian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  37. ^ a b Adrian Dworakowski. "Egzotyczne skoki narciarskie". skijumping.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  38. ^ "Žabljak". skisprungschanzen.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  39. ^ "Prva skijaška skakaonica u Palama". palelive.com (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  40. ^ "ISTORIJA SKIJANJA NA JAHORINI I BIH". ssk.co.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  41. ^ "Neerpeltenaar kroont zich tot Belgisch kampioen schansspringen" (in Dutch). Het Belang van Limburg. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  42. ^ Broekx, Jesse (2012-06-11). "Tom Waes niet langer beste Belgische schansspringer" (in Dutch). sport.be.msn.com. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  43. ^ Van Horne, Kizzy (2012-06-14). "Twintiger snoept Belgisch record schansspringen van Tom Waes af" (in Dutch). Het Nieuwsblad. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  44. ^ "Rekord i Skihop". Grønlandsposten. 1949-03-15. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  45. ^ "Ski-ing. Americans at Mount Cook. Durrance wins two events". Auckland Star: 15. 1937-07-27. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
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