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Temperance Flowerdew

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Temperance Flowerdew, Lady Yeardley (1590 – 1628)[1][2] was an early settler of the Jamestown Colony and a key member of the Flowerdew family, significant participants in the history of Jamestown. Temperance Flowerdew was wife of two Governors of Virginia, sister of another early colonist,[3] aunt to a representative at the first General Assembly[4] and "cousin-german" (first cousin) to the Secretary to the Colony.[5]

Flowerdew was one of the few survivors of the brutal winter of 1609–10, known as the "Starving Time", which killed almost ninety percent of Jamestown's inhabitants. Later, upon the death of her second husband, George Yeardley, Flowerdew became one of the wealthiest women in Virginia.[6] Upon her death, the estate was transferred to her children despite the efforts of her third husband to claim it.[6][7] She appears on the periphery of many historical events that occurred during the period.

Flowerdew was named one of the Virginia Women in History by the Library of Virginia in 2018.[8]

Tempestuous sea voyage

Mrs. Temperance Barrow sailed for Jamestown aboard the Falcon, commanded by Captain John Martin,[9] in May 1609[2] in a convoy of nine ships as part of the Virginia Company of London's Third Supply Mission. Whether she was accompanied by her husband, Richard Barrow, is not of record. The flagship of the convoy, the Sea Venture, had the new leaders for Jamestown aboard, including George Yeardley.[2] During the trip, the convoy encountered a severe storm which was quite likely a hurricane.[2] The Sea Venture became separated from the rest of the convoy, ultimately coming aground on the island of Bermuda,[2] where it was stranded for months. The Falcon continued on, reaching Jamestown in August 1609.[1]

Arrival in Jamestown

Temperance Barrow arrived in Jamestown just before the winter of the Starving Time,[2][10] an extraordinarily harsh winter which the majority of townspeople did not survive. As provisions grew scarce, some thirty colonists tried to steal corn from Powhatan, but most of the men were slain during the attempt, only two escaping.[9] The "common stores that should have kept all of the colonists through the winter"[9] were instead "severely reduced by Indian raids and consumed by the commanders".[9] The colonists subsisted on roots, herbs, acorns, berries, and fish. By the end of the winter, the five hundred English who had been left in Virginia only numbered about sixty.[9]

In May 1610, the survivors of the Sea Venture finally arrived, in two smaller ships constructed from its wreckage.[2] The newcomers were "shocked to discover the state of the colony".[9] Sir Thomas Gates took control as the new Lieutenant-Governor and decided to abandon the town. They loaded the survivors on the ships and headed down river.[9] The next morning, they encountered a long-boat with dispatches from Lord De La Warr. He had just arrived with three ships, loaded with supplies for Jamestown. They all returned up the river, back to Jamestown, on the same day, and Lord De La Warr arrived two days later.[9]

The Falcon

According to the 1624/5 Jamestown Muster, Temperance Flowerdew came over on the Falcon.[11] She was the only one still living in the colony of Virginia who came over on the Falcon in 1609.[12]

Family and Marriages

Temperance Flowerdew was the daughter of Anthony Flowerdew, of Hethersett, Norfolk, and his wife Martha Stanley (d.1626) of Scottow, Norfolk.[13] Through her paternal grandmother she was the grand-niece of Amy Robsart. Her paternal grandparents were William Flowerdew and Frances Appleyard. Frances Appleyard was the elder half-sister of Amy Robsart, first wife of Robert Dudley.[14] Frances was the daughter of Roger Appleyard of Stanfield (d.1528) and Elizabeth Scott (d.1549), who married secondly Sir John Robsart of Syderstone (d.1557). Roger Appleyard's father was Sir Nicholas Appleyard of Bracon Ash. Temperance's other paternal great-grandfather was John Flowerdew of Hethersett, Sergeant at Law, who was the father of her grandfather William Flowerdew and of Edward Flowerdew, Baron of the Exchequer, her great-uncle.[15]

First Marriage

She married Richard Barrow on April 29, 1609 at St Gregory by St Paul's, London,[1][16] by special licence[17] a month before the Falcon left Plymouth on 2 June 1609, after a number of delays, as part of the fleet headed for Jamestown and the New World.

Barrow was a prominent family in Temperance’s native Norfolk.[18][19]

The next we hear of Temperance is in a 1623/4 list of the colony of Virginia's inhabitants who survived the 1622 Indian attack.[20][21]

Second Marriage

On A List of Names of the Living in Virginia, February the 16th, 1623/4, we find Temperance, Lady Yeardley, her husband Sir George Yeardley, and their three children, Elizabeth, Argall and Francis Yeardley.[20][21]

It is unlikely she remained unmarried for a long time in a colony with so few women and very harsh times after the death of her first husband at an unknown time.

The accepted date of marriage by genealogists is that on 18 October 1618 she married George Yeardley. Exactly a month later he was appointed to serve three years as governor of Virginia, and was knighted by James VI and I during an audience at Newmarket on 24 November".[22]

The source of the date seems unclear. The year 1618 for their marriage seems to crop up as early as 1912.[23] It may simply be based on daughter Elizabeth's year of birth. The year 1618 seems to be conjecture by James P. C. Southall in his 1947 article Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew: A Synopsis and Review.[24] According to the same source, Yeardley «went to England in the latter half of the year 1617 and was absent from Virginia during whole of the following year 1618.»[24]

In the 24 January 1624/5 census of the inhabitants of Virginia, known as the Muster, the couple's oldest child Elizabeth is six years old, and "borne heare". This would mean that Elizabeth was born after 24 January 1618 and before 25 January 1619.[11] Ideally this would mean that her conception took place in the second half of the first half of the year 1617, and in the world her parents lived in it seems likely that their marriage preceded this occasion.

The couple had three children:

  • Elizabeth Yeardley (1618/9[11]–1660).
  • Argall Yeardley (1620/1[11]–1655).
  • Francis Yeardley (1623/4[11]–1655), "Upon reaching manhood he became quite prominent in the affairs of Virginia, being for some time a colonel of militia and in 1653 a member of the House of Burgesses for Lower Norfolk."[25]

Third Marriage

Yeardley died on November 13, 1627.[2] On March 31, 1628, Flowerdew married his successor, Governor Francis West.[2][13][26]

Flowerdew died in December[26] of the same year, leaving her three children, aged 7, 10, and 12, as orphans. Upon her death, the estate she had inherited from Yeardley was divided among their three children. George Yeardley's brother, Ralph Yeardley, became trustee for the property. Governor West went to London to contest the will, but failed in the effort.[7]

Other family

Stanley Flowerdew (d.1620[27][28]) was her brother and also lived in Jamestown during the same era and involved with the Flowerdew Hundred Plantation. One of the representatives from the Flowerdew Hundred sent to the first General Assembly in Jamestown in 1619, was named, Ensign Edmund Rossingham. This was a son of Temperance Flowerdew's elder sister Mary Flowerdew and her husband Dionysis Rossingham.[29] John Pory, the Secretary to the Colony, was the first cousin of Temperance Flowerdew.

Her mother's death

Her mother Martha died on 4 February 1625/26 and was buried 5 February at Scottow.[30] In her will, dated 3 February 1625/6 and proven 4 December 1626, she leaves ‘my daughter Temperance Yeardley alias Flowerdew my seal ring of gold’.[31]

Witness to John Rolfe's will

In 1622, Temperance Yeardley witnessed the will of John Rolfe, a fellow native of Norfolk. The other witnesses were Richard Buck (also from Norfolk)[32] John Cartwright, Robert Davie, and John Milwards.[33]

Flowerdew Hundred

In 1619, her husband George Yeardley patented 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land on Mulberry Island.[34] He owned another private plantation upriver on the south side of the James River opposite Tanks Weyanoke, named Flowerdew Hundred. It is often assumed that Yeardley named this plantation "Flowerdew Hundred" after his wife, as a kind of romantic tribute. However, the land appears to have been in use by Stanley Flowerdew, Yeardley's brother-in-law, before it was patented by Yeardley. Although George Yeardley acquired the thousand acres that he named Flowerdew Hundred in 1619, it seems very likely that some settlement had begun there before that date, for his brother-in-law Stanley Flowerdew took a shipment of tobacco to England in the same year, probably grown on the same property." With a population of about thirty, Flowerdew Hundred Plantation was economically successful with thousands of pounds of tobacco produced along with corn, fish and livestock. In 1621 Yeardley paid 120 pounds (possibly a hogshead of tobacco) to build the first windmill in British America. The windmill was an English post design and was transferred by deed in the property's 1624 sale to Abraham Piersey, a Cape Merchant of the London Company. The plantation survived the 1622 onslaught of Powhatan Indians, losing only six people.[35] so the plantation may have been associated with the Flowerdew name before Yeardley's patent. Note that Yeardley named his Mulberry Island plantation "Stanley Hundred",[36] undoubtedly after his Stanley in-laws.[37] In other words, both of Yeardley's plantations were named in honor of his wealthy in-laws. Clearly, the Yeardley-Flowerdew alliance was as much to do with power politics and social status as with romance.

In 1624, Yeardley sold Flowerdew Hundred to Abraham Piersey, and the deed from that sale is said to be the oldest in America.[6][38]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Dorman, John Frederick, Adventurers of Purse and Person, 4th ed., v.3, pp861-872
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Biography of Temperance Flowerdew by Nancy LeSourd, Liberty Letters website, accessed July 12, 2010
  3. ^ "Although George Yeardley acquired the thousand acres that he named Flowerdew Hundred in 1619, it seems very likely that some settlement had begun there before that date, for his brother-in-law Stanley Flowerdew took a shipment of tobacco to England in the same year, probably grown on the same property." Flowerdew Hundred: the archaeology of a Virginia Plantation by James Deetz, p. 19
  4. ^ Ensign Edmund Rossingham, son of Temperance's sister Mary, represented Flowerdew Hundred in the first General Assembly in 1619. Southall, James P.C., "Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew", William and Mary Quarterly, Jul 1947
  5. ^ Charlotte Fell-Smith, ‘Pory, John (bap. 1572, d. 1636?)’, rev. David R. Ransome, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2007 accessed 28 Sept 2011
  6. ^ a b c Donaldson, Evelyn Kinder. "Squires and Dames of Old Virginia, 1950" p. 21 Los Angeles, Calif: Miller Print Co., 1950
  7. ^ a b Sturtz, Linda, Within Her Power: Propertied Women in Colonial Virginia, New York: Routledge (2002) p.24
  8. ^ "Virginia Women in History 2018 Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley". www.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Campbell, Charles. "History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia 1860" Spartanburg, S.C.:Reprint Co. 1860
  10. ^ Jamestown Colony 1609 Jamestown Colony, 1609 website, accessed July 12, 2010
  11. ^ a b c d e "1624/5 Jamestown Muster Search Results – The Yeardley Household". www.virtualjamestown.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "Search the Jamestown 1624/5 Muster Records – Search by Ship Name". www.virtualjamestown.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b R. C. D. Baldwin, ‘Yeardley, Sir George (bap. 1588, d. 1627)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 28 Sept 2011
  14. ^ Magazine, Tylers Quarterly Historical and Genealogical (1981). Genealogies of Virginia Families: From Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0-8063-0947-7.
  15. ^ "Kett's Rebellion - The Norfolk Rising of 1549". www.wellowgate.co.uk. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  16. ^ Parish records of St Gregory by St Paul, extracted for the Genealogical Department of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Batch M054261
  17. ^ Richard Barrow and Tempe=rance fflowerdew, by Licence of ffac[ulties]} Maried 29 Aprill 1609 at St. Gregory by St. Paul, City of London, London, England. London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; Reference Number: P69/GRE/A/001/MS1023.
  18. ^ Rye, Walter; Hervey, William; Cooke, Clarenceux; Raven, John. The visitacion [i.e., visitation] of Norfolk, made and taken by William Hervey, Clarencieux King of Arms, anno 1563, enlarged with another visitacion [sic] made by Clarenceux Cook : with many other descents, and also the vissitation [sic] made. Family History Library. p. 18.
  19. ^ Dashwood, G.H. (ed.). The Visitation of Norfolk in the year 1563, taken by William Harvey, Clarenceux King of Arms: Volume 1 (PDF). Norwich. pp. 114–115.
  20. ^ a b "Jamestown 1624/5 Muster". www.virtualjamestown.org. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  21. ^ a b "A List of Names of the Living in Virginia, February the 16th 1623". www.cynthiaswope.com. Retrieved July 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ R. C. D. Baldwin, ‘Yeardley, Sir George (bap. 1588, d. 1627)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
  23. ^ Mackenzie, George Norbury, and Nelson Osgood Rhoades, editors. Colonial Families of the United States of America: in Which is Given the History, Genealogy and Armorial Bearings of Colonial Families Who Settled in the American Colonies From the Time of the Settlement of Jamestown, 13th May, 1607, to the Battle of Lexington, 19th April, 1775. 7 volumes. 1912. Vol. VII. p. 72.
  24. ^ a b Southall, James P. C. (1947). "Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew: A Synopsis and Review". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 55 (3): 259–266. ISSN 0042-6636.
  25. ^ Narratives of Early Carolina, J. Franklin Jameson, General Editor, published 1911 referencing W.G. Stanard, Virginia Colonial Registry, 1900.
  26. ^ a b Dorman, John Frederick, Adventurers of Purse and Person, 4th ed., v.3, p.427
  27. ^ Southall, James P. C. (1947). "Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew: A Synopsis and Review". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 55 (3): 265. ISSN 0042-6636.
  28. ^ "Will of Stanley Flowerdewe, Gentleman of Scottowe, Norfolk – National Archives. 16 August 1620.". Published by Ancestry here.
  29. ^ "Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew", James P. C. Southall, William and Mary Quarterly, Jul 1947
  30. ^ "Mra Martha Garret uxor Godfridd Garret Ari filia Joh[ann]is Stanelei Ari obimt mortem quarto diemensis ffebruarij Amio Do[mi]ni 1625 Et sepulta fuit 5.to die eiusdem mensis.", Parish Registers of West Harling, Norfolk, commencing 1538: Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, ref. PD 145/1.
  31. ^ "Will of Martha Garrett or Garret of Scottowe, Norfolk – National Archives. 4 December 1626.". Published by Ancestry here. Item I give to my daughter Temporannce yeardlie al[ia]s fflowerdewe my seale ringe of gould
  32. ^ "Archaeological Excavations at 44JC568, The Reverend Richard Buck Site"
  33. ^ Colonial Surry, John Bennett Boddie, p.63
  34. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^ "Flowerdew Hundred: the archaeology of a Virginia Plantation' by James Deetz, p. 19
  36. ^ "On February 9, 1627-28, Lady Yeardley acknowledged a sale of the land under the name "Stanley Hundred" to Thomas Flint..." The Cradle of the Republic, Lyon G. Tyler, p.238
  37. ^ Martha Stanley, Yeardley's mother-in-law, was daughter and heiress of John Stanley, a prominent Norfolk landowner
  38. ^ Merrill, Eleanor Brown. "A Virginia Heritage, 1968" p. 53 Richmond, Va:Press of Whittet & Shepperson, 1968

References

  • Athearn, Robert G. The New World: American Heritage New Illustrated History of the United States, Volume 1. Dell Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1963.
  • Collins, Gail. America's Women: 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Helpmates, and Heroines. Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2003.
  • "Francis Yeardley's Narrative of Excursions into Carolina, 1654," in Narratives of early Carolina, 1650-1708, ed. A.S. Salley, (New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1911), 21-29
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