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{{short description|1995 American romantic drama film directed by Clint Eastwood}}
{{about|the film|the book|The Bridges of Madison County}}
{{about|the film|the book|The Bridges of Madison County|the musical|The Bridges of Madison County (musical)|the bridges|List of Madison County Covered Bridges}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = The Bridges of Madison County
| name = The Bridges of Madison County
| image = The Bridges Of Madison County.jpg
| image = The Bridges Of Madison County.jpg
| caption = Original poster designed by [[Bill Gold]].
| alt =
| director = [[Clint Eastwood]]
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Bill Gold]]
| producer = Clint Eastwood<br/>[[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| director = [[Clint Eastwood]]
| screenplay = [[Richard LaGravenese]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Clint Eastwood
| based on = {{Based on|''[[The Bridges of Madison County]]''|[[Robert James Waller]]}}
* [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| starring = Clint Eastwood<br>[[Meryl Streep]]
}}
| music = [[Lennie Niehaus]]
| cinematography = [[Jack N. Green]]
| screenplay = [[Richard LaGravenese]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Bridges of Madison County]]''|[[Robert James Waller]]}}
| editing = [[Joel Cox]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
| studio = [[Malpaso Productions]]<br>[[Amblin Entertainment]]
* Clint Eastwood
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
* [[Meryl Streep]]
| released = {{Film date|1995|6|2}}
}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = United States
| music = [[Lennie Niehaus]]
| cinematography = [[Jack N. Green]]
| language = English
| editing = [[Joel Cox]]
| budget = $22 million<ref name="Hughes110">Hughes, p.110</ref><ref name="ew1995"/>
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
| gross = $182,016,617
* [[Amblin Entertainment]]
* [[Malpaso Productions]]
}}
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Film date|1995|06|02}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 134:30--><ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/bridges-madison-county | title=''THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY'' (12) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=August 3, 1995 | access-date=November 9, 2015 | archive-date=March 6, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306061235/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/bridges-madison-county | url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $22&nbsp;million<ref name="Hughes110">Hughes, p.110</ref><ref name="ew1995"/>
| gross = $182&nbsp;million<ref name="mojo"/>
}}
}}

'''''The Bridges of Madison County''''' is a 1995 American [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] based on [[The Bridges of Madison County|the best-selling novel of the same name]] by [[Robert James Waller]].<ref>''[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]'' film review; May 22, 1995.</ref> It was produced by [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Malpaso Productions]], and distributed by [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Entertainment]]. The film was produced and directed by [[Clint Eastwood]] with [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] as co-producer and the screenplay was adapted by [[Richard LaGravenese]]. The film stars Eastwood and [[Meryl Streep]]. Streep received an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] [[68th Academy Awards|nomination in 1996]] for her performance in the film.
'''''The Bridges of Madison County''''' is a 1995 American [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama]] based on the 1992 [[The Bridges of Madison County|bestselling novel of the same name]] by [[Robert James Waller]].<ref>''[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]'' film review; May 22, 1995.</ref> It was produced and directed by [[Clint Eastwood]], who also starred in the film alongside [[Meryl Streep]]. The screenplay was adapted by [[Richard LaGravenese]]. [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] was co-producer. It was produced by [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Malpaso Productions]], and distributed by [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Entertainment]].

''The Bridges of Madison County'' is set in 1965 and features Italian [[war bride]], Francesca Johnson ([[Meryl Streep]]), who lives with her husband and two children on their [[Iowa]] farm. That year she meets ''[[National Geographic]]'' photojournalist, Robert Kincaid ([[Clint Eastwood]]), who comes to [[Madison County, Iowa]] to photograph its historic [[covered bridge]]s. With Francesca's family away for a short trip, the couple have an intense, four-day love affair. The film was released on 2 June 1995 and earned $182&nbsp;million worldwide.<ref name="mojo"/> It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise directed towards Streep's performance, earning her a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] at the [[68th Academy Awards]].


==Plot==
==Plot==
In the present, siblings Michael and Carolyn arrive at the [[Iowa]] farmhouse of Francesca Johnson, their recently deceased mother, to see about the settlement of their mother's [[Estate (law)|estate]]. As they go through the contents of her [[safe deposit box]] and the will, they are baffled to discover that their mother left very specific instructions that her body be [[cremation|cremated]] and her ashes thrown off the nearby [[Roseman Covered Bridge]], which is not in accordance with the burial arrangements they had known from their parents. Michael initially refuses to comply, while Carolyn discovers a set of photos of her mother and a letter. She manages to convince Michael to set aside his initial reaction so they can read the documents she has discovered. Once alone, they go through a series of letters from a man named Robert Kincaid to their mother. The siblings find their way to a chest where their mother left a letter, a series of diaries, and other mementos.
In the present, adult siblings Michael and Carolyn Johnson arrive at the [[Iowa]] farmhouse of their recently deceased mother, Francesca, to settle her estate. They are shocked upon learning that Francesca requested to be cremated and her ashes scattered from [[Roseman Covered Bridge]], rather than be buried next to her late husband, Richard.

Michael initially refuses, but while he and Carolyn look through the safe deposit box, they discover an envelope containing photographs, letters, and a key. The photos are of Francesca taken at the [[Holliwell Covered Bridge]] and the letters are from a man named Robert Kincaid. The key is to Francesca's locked hope chest. In it are three hardbound notebooks. There are also several ''[[National Geographic]]'' magazines, including one featuring [[Madison County, Iowa|Madison County's]] [[List of covered bridges in Madison County, Iowa|covered wooden bridges]],<ref>{{cite web| url= http://madisoncounty.com/index.php?page=the-bridges| title= The Bridges of Madison County| publisher= Madison County Chamber of Commerce| access-date= 2011-08-19| archive-date= March 30, 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120330231500/http://madisoncounty.com/index.php?page=the-bridges| url-status= dead}}</ref> old cameras, a book, and other mementos. The magazine includes a photo of Kincaid, who photographed the bridges; he is wearing Francesca's crucifix pendant.

As Michael and Carolyn begin reading Francesca's notebooks, the film flashes back to 1965. Francesca, a [[World War II|WWII]] [[war bride]] originally from [[Bari|Bari, Italy]], stays home while her husband and teenage son and daughter attend the state fair for the next four days. Robert Kincaid, a ''National Geographic'' photojournalist on assignment to photograph the county's historic bridges, arrives at the Johnson farm, asking for directions to Roseman Bridge. Francesca rides along to show him the way. Their subsequent affair occurs over four days.

Francesca details the intense affair and its lasting influence on her and Robert, hoping Michael and Carolyn will understand and honor her final request. Francesca and Robert fell deeply in love and nearly ran away together. Francesca, confined to a passionless marriage, was unable to abandon her teenage children and loyal husband. Though she loved Robert, she questioned whether their spontaneous relationship could survive over time. Robert, moved by their brief encounter, found renewed meaning in his life and true calling as an artist. Robert's memories helped sustain her through the remaining years on the farm.

After her husband's death, Francesca attempted to contact Robert, but he had left ''National Geographic'' and his whereabouts were unknown. She later learned that Robert died about three years after her husband, and he left his belongings to her. His ashes were scattered from Roseman Bridge.


In the present, Michael and Carolyn, struggling with their own marriages, are deeply moved by their mother's story. They find new directions to their individual lives and carry out their mother's wishes to scatter her ashes at Roseman Bridge.
They discover that in 1965, their mother, an [[Italian diaspora|Italian]] [[war bride]], had a four-day affair with Robert Kincaid, a [[photographer]] who had come to [[Madison County, Iowa]], to shoot a [[photo essay|photographic essay]] for ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' on the [[List of Madison County Covered Bridges|covered bridges in the area]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://madisoncounty.com/index.php?page=the-bridges| title=The Bridges of Madison County | publisher= Madison County Chamber of Commerce | accessdate=2011-08-19}}</ref> The affair took place while her husband and children were away at the [[Illinois State Fair]]. The story in the diaries also reveals the impact the affair had on Francesca's and Robert’s lives, since they almost run away together, but she intervenes at the last minute in consideration of a bigger picture that includes the consequences on the lives of her children and husband, while he finds meaning and his true calling as an artist. The story also has deep consequences on the lives of Michael and Carolyn, both of whom are facing marital issues, but their mother’s story helps them to find a sense of direction in their lives. At the end, the Johnson siblings comply with their mother’s request.


==Cast==
==Cast==
Line 32: Line 55:
* [[Meryl Streep]] as Francesca Johnson
* [[Meryl Streep]] as Francesca Johnson
* [[Annie Corley]] as Carolyn Johnson
* [[Annie Corley]] as Carolyn Johnson
** Sarah Kathryn Schmitt as young Carolyn
* [[Victor Slezak]] as Michael Johnson
* [[Victor Slezak]] as Michael Johnson
** Christopher Kroon as young Michael
* Jim Haynie as Richard Johnson
* [[Jim Haynie]] as Richard Johnson
* Sarah Kathryn Schmitt as Young Carolyn
* Christopher Kroon as Young Michael
* Phyllis Lyons as Betty
* Phyllis Lyons as Betty
* [[Debra Monk]] as Madge
* [[Debra Monk]] as Madge
Line 41: Line 64:
* Michelle Benes as Lucy Redfield
* Michelle Benes as Lucy Redfield


==Pre-production==
==Production==
===Development===
{{quotebox
{{quote box
|quote="I've been that guy a little bit, going off by myself years ago in a pickup truck into Nevada, scouting locations for ''[[High Plains Drifter]]''. But I didn't stop off with any housewives while doing that."
|quote="I've been that guy a little bit, going off by myself years ago in a pickup truck into Nevada, scouting locations for ''[[High Plains Drifter]]''. But I didn't stop off with any housewives while doing that."
|source=— Clint Eastwood on Robert Kincaid<ref name="ew1995"/>
|source=— Clint Eastwood on Robert Kincaid<ref name="ew1995"/>
Line 49: Line 73:
|width=30%
|width=30%
}}
}}
[[Amblin Entertainment]], a production company founded by [[Steven Spielberg]], bought the [[film rights]] to [[The Bridges of Madison County|Waller's novel]] for $25,000 in late 1991, before its publication—by the time of the film's release the novel sold 9.5 million copies worldwide.<ref name="ew1995"/> Spielberg first asked [[Sydney Pollack]] to direct the film, who got [[Kurt Luedtke]] to draft the first version of the adaptation but then bowed out; [[Ronald Bass]] was brought in by [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] and Spielberg to work on the script, but they were unsatisfied with the results.<ref name="ew1995"/> But a third draft by [[Richard LaGravenese]] was liked by Eastwood, who quite early had been cast for the male lead, and by Spielberg, who liked LaGravenese's version enough to consider making ''Bridges'' his next film after ''[[Schindler's List]]'', which was in post-production at the time.<ref name="ew1995"/> Both men liked that LaGravenese's script [[Narrative mode|presented the story]] from Francesca's point of view; Spielberg then had LaGravenese introduce the [[framing device]] of having Francesca's adult children discover and read her diaries.<ref name="ew1995"/> When Spielberg decided not to direct the film, he then brought in [[Bruce Beresford]], who got [[Alfred Uhry]] to draft another version of the script; when [[Warner Bros.]], Spielberg, and Eastwood all preferred LaGravenese's draft, Beresford dropped out.<ref name="ew1995"/>
[[Amblin Entertainment]], a production company founded by [[Steven Spielberg]], bought the film rights to Waller's novel for $25,000 in late 1991, before its publication—by the time of the film's release, the novel sold 9.5&nbsp;million copies worldwide.<ref name="ew1995"/> Spielberg first asked [[Sydney Pollack]] to direct, who got [[Kurt Luedtke]] to draft the first version of the adaptation but then bowed out; [[Ronald Bass]] was brought in by [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] and Spielberg to work on the script, but they were unsatisfied with the results.<ref name="ew1995"/> But a third draft by [[Richard LaGravenese]] was liked by Eastwood, who quite early had been cast for the male lead, and by Spielberg, who liked LaGravenese's version enough to consider making ''Bridges'' his next film after ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993), which was in post-production at the time.<ref name="ew1995"/> Both men liked that LaGravenese's script presented the story from Francesca's point of view; Spielberg then had LaGravenese introduce the framing device of having Francesca's adult children discover and read her diaries.<ref name="ew1995"/> When Spielberg decided not to direct, he then brought in [[Bruce Beresford]], who got [[Alfred Uhry]] to draft another version of the script; when [[Warner Bros.]], Spielberg, and Eastwood all preferred LaGravenese's draft, Beresford dropped out.<ref name="ew1995"/>


Waller championed [[Isabella Rossellini]] to play Francesca; she was a "strong contender" in a list that also included [[Anjelica Huston]], [[Jessica Lange]], [[Mary McDonnell]], [[Cher]], and [[Susan Sarandon]]. But despite Spielberg's initial reluctance, Eastwood had advocated Meryl Streep for the role from the beginning.<ref name="ew1995"/>
[[Catherine Deneuve]] and [[Isabella Rossellini]] did [[screen test]]s to play Francesca.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20103510,00.html|title=The Insider|first=Mitchell|last=Fink|date=July 25, 1994|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232315/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20103510,00.html}}</ref> But despite Spielberg's initial reluctance, Eastwood had advocated [[Meryl Streep]] for the role from the beginning.<ref name="ew1995"/>

===Filming===
[[File:Roseman Bridge.jpg|right|thumb|[[Roseman Covered Bridge|Roseman Bridge]] in [[Winterset, Iowa]].]]
[[File:Roseman Bridge.jpg|right|thumb|[[Roseman Covered Bridge|Roseman Bridge]] in [[Winterset, Iowa]].]]
Principal photography took 42 days, ending on November 1, 1994, ten days ahead of Eastwood's 52-day schedule; Eastwood filmed it chronologically from Francesca's point of view, "because it was important to work that way. We were two people getting to know each other, in real-time, as actors and as the characters."<ref name="ew1995"/> It was filmed on location in [[Madison County, Iowa|Madison County]], [[Iowa]], including the town of [[Winterset, Iowa|Winterset]], and in the [[Dallas County, Iowa|Dallas County]] town of [[Adel, Iowa|Adel]].<ref name="Hughes110"/>


===Post-production===
==Production==
The [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system#MPAA Ratings Board|MPAA ratings board]] initially gave the film an "R" rating, for the line "Or should we just fuck on the linoleum one last time?", a line of dialogue spoken sarcastically by Francesca; Eastwood appealed, and the rating was reduced to a PG-13.<ref name="ew1995"/>
[[Principal photography]] took 42 days, ending on November 1, 1994, ten days ahead of Eastwood's 52-day schedule; Eastwood filmed it chronologically from Francesca's point of view, "because it was important to work that way. We were two people getting to know each other, in real time, as actors and as the characters."<ref name="ew1995"/> It was filmed on location in Madison County, including the town of [[Winterset, Iowa|Winterset]], and in the [[Dallas County, Iowa|Dallas County]] town of [[Adel, Iowa|Adel]].<ref name="Hughes110"/> The Bell's Mills Bridge, located in Westmoreland County (Pennsylvania), was also a filming location.


==Post-production==
==Release==
===Box office===
The [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system#MPAA Ratings Board|MPAA ratings board]] initially gave the film an "R" rating, for the line "Or should we just fuck on the linoleum one last time?", a line of dialogue spoken sarcastically by Francesca; Eastwood appealed, and the rating was reduced to a PG-13.<ref name="ew1995"/>
''The Bridges of Madison County'' opened theatrically on June 2, 1995, in 1,805 venues. It grossed $10,519,257 in its opening weekend, ranking number two at the US box office, behind ''[[Casper (film)|Casper]]'' (which was in its second weekend and coincidentally features Eastwood in a cameo).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1995&wknd=22&p=.htm | title=Weekend Box Office Results for June 2-4, 1995 | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | date=June 5, 1995 | access-date=November 9, 2015 | archive-date=September 9, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909010829/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1995&wknd=22&p=.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> It was [[List of 1995 box office number-one films in Japan|number one at the Japanese box office]] for nine consecutive weeks, grossing over $35 million.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=10|date=20 November 1995|title=International Box Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Groves | first=Don| title='Ace' holds o'seas B.O. winning hand | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=December 11, 1995 }}</ref> At the end of its run, the film grossed $71,516,617 in the United States and Canada and $110,500,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $182,016,617.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bridgesofmadisoncounty.htm | title=The Bridges of Madison County (1995) | work=Box Office Mojo | publisher=Internet Movie Database | access-date=November 9, 2015 | archive-date=December 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222044737/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bridgesofmadisoncounty.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>


===Critical reception===
==Reception==
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''The Bridges of Madison County'' has a score of 90% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's consensus states: "Sentimental, slow, schmaltzy, and very satisfying, ''The Bridges of Madison County'' finds Clint Eastwood adapting a bestseller with heft, wit, and grace."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridges_of_madison_county/ | title=The Bridges of Madison County (1995) | work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] | access-date=January 20, 2023 | archive-date=November 20, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120050456/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridges_of_madison_county/ | url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a 69 out of 100 rating, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-bridges-of-madison-county | title=The Bridges of Madison County Reviews | work=[[Metacritic]] | publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | access-date=November 9, 2015 | archive-date=November 7, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107033456/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-bridges-of-madison-county | url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A+ to F.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= Cinemascore |url-status = dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= 2018-12-20|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref>
In the United States, ''The Bridges of Madison County'' grossed $10.5 million during its first weekend in theaters,<ref name="ew1995"/> and a total of more than $70 million.<ref name="Hughes112">Hughes, p.112</ref>


It received critical acclaim upon its initial release, and has a score of 89% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|bridges_of_madison_county|The Bridges of Madison County}}</ref> According to [[Janet Maslin]], "Clint Eastwood, director and [[alchemist]], has transformed ''[[The Bridges of Madison County]]'' into something bearable—no, something even better. Limited by the [[wikt:vapid|vapidity]] of this material while he trims its excesses with the requisite machete, Mr. Eastwood locates a moving, [[elegiac]] love story at the heart of [[Robert James Waller|Mr. Waller's]] self-congratulatory overkill. The movie has leanness and surprising decency, and Meryl Streep has her best role in years. Looking sturdy and voluptuous in her plain housedress (the year is 1965), Ms. Streep rises straight out of "[[Christina's World]]" to embody all the loneliness and fierce yearning [[Andrew Wyeth]] captured on canvas. And yet, despite the Iowa setting and the emphasis on down-home Americana, Mr. Eastwood's ''Bridges of Madison County'' has a European flavor. Its pace is unhurried, which is not the same as slow. It respects long silences and pays attention to small details. It sustains an austere tone and staves off weepiness until the last reel. It voices musings that would definitely sound better in French."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D01E3DC1639F931A35755C0A963958260 | title= Love Comes Driving Up the Road, and in Middle Age, Too | date= June 2, 1995| first= Janet |last= Maslin| authorlink= Janet Maslin| publisher= The New York Times| accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref> [[Richard Corliss]] said Eastwood is the "most reticent of directors—where the book ogles, the film discreetly observes—and, here, the courtliest of stars....As scripted by [[Richard LaGravenese]] (''[[The Fisher King (film)|The Fisher King]]''), the Madison County movie has a slightly riper theme than the book's. It is about the anticipation and consequences of passion—the slow dance of appraisal, of waiting to make a move that won't be rejected, of debating what to do when the erotic heat matures into love light. What is the effect of an affair on a woman who has been faithful to her husband, and on a rootless man who only now realizes he needs the one woman he can have but not hold?" Corliss concludes "''Madison County'' is Eastwood's gift to women: to Francesca, to all the girls he's loved before—and to Streep, who alchemizes literary mawkishness into intelligent movie passion."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983012,00.html | title= When Erotic Heat Turns Into Love Light | date= June 5, 1995| first= Richard |last= Corliss| authorlink= Richard Corliss| publisher= Time| accessdate= 2011-08-16}}</ref>
According to [[Janet Maslin]] from ''[[The New York Times]]'', "Clint Eastwood, director and alchemist, has transformed ''The Bridges of Madison County'' into something bearable—no, something even better. Limited by the vapidity of this material while he trims its excesses with the requisite machete, Eastwood locates a moving, elegiac love story at the heart of [[Robert James Waller|Mr. Waller's]] self-congratulatory overkill. The film has leanness and surprising decency, and Streep has her best role in years. Looking sturdy and voluptuous in her plain housedress (the year is 1965), she rises straight out of ''[[Christina's World]]'' to embody all the loneliness and fierce yearning [[Andrew Wyeth]] captured on canvas. And yet, despite the Iowa setting and the emphasis on down-home Americana, Eastwood's ''Bridges of Madison County'' has a European flavor. Its pace is unhurried, which is not the same as slow. It respects long silences and pays attention to small details. It sustains an austere tone and staves off weepiness until the last reel. It voices musings that would definitely sound better in French."<ref>{{cite web| url= https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D01E3DC1639F931A35755C0A963958260 | title= Love Comes Driving Up the Road, and in Middle Age, Too | date= June 2, 1995| first= Janet |last= Maslin| author-link= Janet Maslin| work=The New York Times| access-date=2011-08-16}}</ref>


[[Richard Corliss]] from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' stated that Eastwood is the "most reticent of directors—where the book ogles, the film discreetly observes—and, here, the courtliest of stars...As scripted by [[Richard LaGravenese]] (''[[The Fisher King]]''), ''The Bridges of Madison County'' has a slightly riper theme than the book. It is about the anticipation and consequences of passion—the slow dance of appraisal, of waiting to make a move that won't be rejected, of debating what to do when the erotic heat matures into love light. What is the effect of an affair on a woman who has been faithful to her husband, and on a rootless man who only now realizes he needs the one woman he can have but not hold?" Corliss concludes "''The Bridges of Madison County'' is Eastwood's gift to women: to Francesca, to all the girls he's loved before—and to Streep, who alchemizes literary mawkishness into intelligent movie passion."<ref>{{cite magazine| url= http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983012,00.html | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120919082303/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983012,00.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= September 19, 2012 | title= When Erotic Heat Turns into Love Light | date= June 5, 1995| first= Richard |last= Corliss| author-link= Richard Corliss| magazine= Time| access-date= 2011-08-16}}</ref>
The film ranked 90 in [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions]] list, and tied with ''[[Goodbye South, Goodbye]]'' and ''[[Carlito's Way]]'' as the best film of the 1990s in a poll by ''[[Cahiers du cinéma]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/cahiers.html#y2005| title= Cahiers du cinéma| publisher= [[Caltech Alumni Association]] |first= Eric |last= Johnson |work=Critics Lists (Mist Driven Enterprises)| accessdate= 2011-08-19}}</ref>


==Accolades==
==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
{{col-begin}}
! scope="col" | Association
{{col-2}}
! scope="col" | Category
;Won
! scope="col" | Recipient
* [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP]] Film and Television Music Awards:
! scope="col" | Result
** Top Box Office Films
|-
* [[Blue Ribbon Awards]] (Japan):
| 20/20 Awards
** Best Foreign Language Film
| Best Actress
* [[BMI Film & Television Awards]]:
| rowspan="2"| [[Meryl Streep]]
** BMI Film Music Award (Lennie Niehaus)
| {{nom}}
* [[Kinema Junpo Award]]s (Japan):
|-
** Best Foreign Language Film Director (Clint Eastwood)
| [[68th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]
* [[Mainichi Film Concours]] (Japan):
| [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
** Best Foreign Language Film
{{col-2}}
| {{nom}}
|-
;Nominated
| [[American Society of Cinematographers|American Society of Cinematographers Awards]]
* [[68th Academy Awards]]:
| [[American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases|Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases]]
** [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in a Leading Role]] (Meryl Streep)
| [[Jack N. Green]]
* [[American Society of Cinematographers]]:
| {{nom}}
** [[American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases|Outstanding Achievement in Theatrical Releases]] ([[Jack N. Green]])
|-
* [[Awards of the Japanese Academy]] (Japan):
| [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards]]
** Best Foreign Film
| Top Box Office Films
* [[César Awards 1996|César Awards]] (France):
| [[Clint Eastwood]]
** [[César Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| {{won}}
* [[53rd Golden Globe Awards]]:
|-
** Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Meryl Streep)
| Awards Circuit Community Awards
** Best Motion Picture – Drama
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
* [[2nd Screen Actors Guild Awards]]:
| rowspan="2"| Meryl Streep
** Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role (Meryl Streep)
{{col-end}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards]]
| Favorite Actress – Drama
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Blue Ribbon Awards]]
| [[Blue Ribbon Awards for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| Clint Eastwood
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BMI Film & TV Awards]]
| Film Music Award
| [[Lennie Niehaus]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Cahiers du Cinéma]]
| [[Cahiers du Cinéma's Annual Top 10 Lists|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2"| Clint Eastwood
| {{draw|4th place}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1995|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Meryl Streep
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[21st César Awards|César Awards]]
| [[César Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| ''The Bridges of Madison County''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 1995|Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Meryl Streep
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Fotogramas de Plata]]
| Best Foreign Film
| Clint Eastwood
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[53rd Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]]
| ''The Bridges of Madison County''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama]]
| Meryl Streep
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Kinema Junpo|Kinema Junpo Awards]]
| Best Foreign Language Film Director
| rowspan="2"| Clint Eastwood
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mainichi Film Awards]]
| Best Foreign Language Film
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1995 National Society of Film Critics Awards|National Society of Film Critics Awards]]
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="4"| Meryl Streep
| {{draw|3rd Place}}
|-
| [[1995 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{draw|4th place}}
|-
| [[Sant Jordi Awards]]
| Best Foreign Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[2nd Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Turkish Film Critics Association|Turkish Film Critics Association Awards]]
| Best Foreign Film
| ''The Bridges of Madison County''
| {{draw|19th place}}
|}


==Notes==
=== Others ===
''The Bridges of Madison County'' tied with ''[[Goodbye South, Goodbye]]'' (1996) and ''[[Carlito's Way]]'' (1993) as the best film of the 1990s in a poll by ''[[Cahiers du Cinéma]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/cahiers.html#y2005| title= Cahiers du cinéma| publisher= [[Caltech Alumni Association]]| first= Eric| last= Johnson| work= Critics Lists (Mist Driven Enterprises)| access-date= 2011-08-19| archive-date= March 27, 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327102838/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/cahiers.html#y2005| url-status= dead}}</ref>
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ew1995">{{cite web| url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,297675,00.html | title= Bridge on the River Cry | first=Anne |last=Thompson | authorlink= Anne Thompson (film critic)| date= June 16, 1995 | publisher= [[Entertainment Weekly]] | accessdate=2011-08-19}}</ref>
The film is recognized by [[American Film Institute]] in these lists:
}}
* 2002: [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions]] – #90<ref>{{cite web |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/passions100.pdf |website=afi.com |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=2016-08-18 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052654/http://afi.com/Docs/100Years/passions100.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ew1995">{{cite magazine | url= http://www.ew.com/article/1995/06/16/making-bridges-madison-county | title= Bridge on the River Cry | first= Anne | last= Thompson | author-link= Anne Thompson (film critic) | date= June 16, 1995 | magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] | access-date= 2011-08-19 | archive-date= May 6, 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140506060749/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,297675,00.html | url-status= live }}</ref>
}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Howard|title=Aim for the Heart: the Films of Clint Eastwood|publisher= [[I.B. Tauris]]| year=2009|isbn=978-1-84511-902-7|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Howard|title=Aim for the Heart: the Films of Clint Eastwood|publisher= [[I.B. Tauris]]| year=2009|isbn=978-1-84511-902-7|location=London}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0112579|The Bridges of Madison County}}
* {{IMDb title|0112579|The Bridges of Madison County}}
* {{Allmovie title|134725|The Bridges of Madison County}}
* {{Mojo title|bridgesofmadisoncounty|The Bridges of Madison County}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|bridges_of_madison_county|The Bridges of Madison County}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=The Bridges of Madison County}}


{{Clint Eastwood}}
{{Clint Eastwood}}
{{Richard LaGravenese}}
{{Blue Ribbon Award for Best Foreign Film}}
{{Cahiers du Cinéma Award for Best Film}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bridges Of Madison County}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bridges Of Madison County}}
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in the United States]]
[[Category:Amblin Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Amblin Entertainment films]]
[[Category:American romantic drama films]]
[[Category:American romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on novels]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on romance novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Clint Eastwood]]
[[Category:Films directed by Clint Eastwood]]
[[Category:Films set in Iowa]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Richard LaGravenese]]
[[Category:Films produced by Clint Eastwood]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy]]
[[Category:Films set in 1965]]
[[Category:Films set in 1965]]
[[Category:Films set in Iowa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iowa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Malpaso Productions films]]
[[Category:Malpaso Productions films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Lennie Niehaus]]
[[Category:Films about bridges]]
[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in chronological order]]
[[Category:English-language romantic drama films]]

Latest revision as of 05:26, 31 October 2024

This article is about the film. For the book, see The Bridges of Madison County. For the musical, see The Bridges of Madison County (musical). For the bridges, see List of Madison County Covered Bridges.

The Bridges of Madison County
Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold
Directed byClint Eastwood
Screenplay byRichard LaGravenese
Based onThe Bridges of Madison County
by Robert James Waller
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyJack N. Green
Edited byJoel Cox
Music byLennie Niehaus
Production
companies
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release date
  • June 2, 1995 (1995-06-02)
Running time
134 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$22 million[2][3]
Box office$182 million[4]

The Bridges of Madison County is a 1995 American romantic drama based on the 1992 bestselling novel of the same name by Robert James Waller.[5] It was produced and directed by Clint Eastwood, who also starred in the film alongside Meryl Streep. The screenplay was adapted by Richard LaGravenese. Kathleen Kennedy was co-producer. It was produced by Amblin Entertainment and Malpaso Productions, and distributed by Warner Bros. Entertainment.

The Bridges of Madison County is set in 1965 and features Italian war bride, Francesca Johnson (Meryl Streep), who lives with her husband and two children on their Iowa farm. That year she meets National Geographic photojournalist, Robert Kincaid (Clint Eastwood), who comes to Madison County, Iowa to photograph its historic covered bridges. With Francesca's family away for a short trip, the couple have an intense, four-day love affair. The film was released on 2 June 1995 and earned $182 million worldwide.[4] It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise directed towards Streep's performance, earning her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress at the 68th Academy Awards.

Plot

[edit]

In the present, adult siblings Michael and Carolyn Johnson arrive at the Iowa farmhouse of their recently deceased mother, Francesca, to settle her estate. They are shocked upon learning that Francesca requested to be cremated and her ashes scattered from Roseman Covered Bridge, rather than be buried next to her late husband, Richard.

Michael initially refuses, but while he and Carolyn look through the safe deposit box, they discover an envelope containing photographs, letters, and a key. The photos are of Francesca taken at the Holliwell Covered Bridge and the letters are from a man named Robert Kincaid. The key is to Francesca's locked hope chest. In it are three hardbound notebooks. There are also several National Geographic magazines, including one featuring Madison County's covered wooden bridges,[6] old cameras, a book, and other mementos. The magazine includes a photo of Kincaid, who photographed the bridges; he is wearing Francesca's crucifix pendant.

As Michael and Carolyn begin reading Francesca's notebooks, the film flashes back to 1965. Francesca, a WWII war bride originally from Bari, Italy, stays home while her husband and teenage son and daughter attend the state fair for the next four days. Robert Kincaid, a National Geographic photojournalist on assignment to photograph the county's historic bridges, arrives at the Johnson farm, asking for directions to Roseman Bridge. Francesca rides along to show him the way. Their subsequent affair occurs over four days.

Francesca details the intense affair and its lasting influence on her and Robert, hoping Michael and Carolyn will understand and honor her final request. Francesca and Robert fell deeply in love and nearly ran away together. Francesca, confined to a passionless marriage, was unable to abandon her teenage children and loyal husband. Though she loved Robert, she questioned whether their spontaneous relationship could survive over time. Robert, moved by their brief encounter, found renewed meaning in his life and true calling as an artist. Robert's memories helped sustain her through the remaining years on the farm.

After her husband's death, Francesca attempted to contact Robert, but he had left National Geographic and his whereabouts were unknown. She later learned that Robert died about three years after her husband, and he left his belongings to her. His ashes were scattered from Roseman Bridge.

In the present, Michael and Carolyn, struggling with their own marriages, are deeply moved by their mother's story. They find new directions to their individual lives and carry out their mother's wishes to scatter her ashes at Roseman Bridge.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]

"I've been that guy a little bit, going off by myself years ago in a pickup truck into Nevada, scouting locations for High Plains Drifter. But I didn't stop off with any housewives while doing that."

— Clint Eastwood on Robert Kincaid[3]

Amblin Entertainment, a production company founded by Steven Spielberg, bought the film rights to Waller's novel for $25,000 in late 1991, before its publication—by the time of the film's release, the novel sold 9.5 million copies worldwide.[3] Spielberg first asked Sydney Pollack to direct, who got Kurt Luedtke to draft the first version of the adaptation but then bowed out; Ronald Bass was brought in by Kathleen Kennedy and Spielberg to work on the script, but they were unsatisfied with the results.[3] But a third draft by Richard LaGravenese was liked by Eastwood, who quite early had been cast for the male lead, and by Spielberg, who liked LaGravenese's version enough to consider making Bridges his next film after Schindler's List (1993), which was in post-production at the time.[3] Both men liked that LaGravenese's script presented the story from Francesca's point of view; Spielberg then had LaGravenese introduce the framing device of having Francesca's adult children discover and read her diaries.[3] When Spielberg decided not to direct, he then brought in Bruce Beresford, who got Alfred Uhry to draft another version of the script; when Warner Bros., Spielberg, and Eastwood all preferred LaGravenese's draft, Beresford dropped out.[3]

Catherine Deneuve and Isabella Rossellini did screen tests to play Francesca.[7] But despite Spielberg's initial reluctance, Eastwood had advocated Meryl Streep for the role from the beginning.[3]

Filming

[edit]
Roseman Bridge in Winterset, Iowa.

Principal photography took 42 days, ending on November 1, 1994, ten days ahead of Eastwood's 52-day schedule; Eastwood filmed it chronologically from Francesca's point of view, "because it was important to work that way. We were two people getting to know each other, in real-time, as actors and as the characters."[3] It was filmed on location in Madison County, Iowa, including the town of Winterset, and in the Dallas County town of Adel.[2]

Post-production

[edit]

The MPAA ratings board initially gave the film an "R" rating, for the line "Or should we just fuck on the linoleum one last time?", a line of dialogue spoken sarcastically by Francesca; Eastwood appealed, and the rating was reduced to a PG-13.[3]

Release

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

The Bridges of Madison County opened theatrically on June 2, 1995, in 1,805 venues. It grossed $10,519,257 in its opening weekend, ranking number two at the US box office, behind Casper (which was in its second weekend and coincidentally features Eastwood in a cameo).[8] It was number one at the Japanese box office for nine consecutive weeks, grossing over $35 million.[9][10] At the end of its run, the film grossed $71,516,617 in the United States and Canada and $110,500,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $182,016,617.[4]

Critical reception

[edit]

On Rotten Tomatoes, The Bridges of Madison County has a score of 90% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's consensus states: "Sentimental, slow, schmaltzy, and very satisfying, The Bridges of Madison County finds Clint Eastwood adapting a bestseller with heft, wit, and grace."[11] On Metacritic, the film has a 69 out of 100 rating, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[12] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A+ to F.[13]

According to Janet Maslin from The New York Times, "Clint Eastwood, director and alchemist, has transformed The Bridges of Madison County into something bearable—no, something even better. Limited by the vapidity of this material while he trims its excesses with the requisite machete, Eastwood locates a moving, elegiac love story at the heart of Mr. Waller's self-congratulatory overkill. The film has leanness and surprising decency, and Streep has her best role in years. Looking sturdy and voluptuous in her plain housedress (the year is 1965), she rises straight out of Christina's World to embody all the loneliness and fierce yearning Andrew Wyeth captured on canvas. And yet, despite the Iowa setting and the emphasis on down-home Americana, Eastwood's Bridges of Madison County has a European flavor. Its pace is unhurried, which is not the same as slow. It respects long silences and pays attention to small details. It sustains an austere tone and staves off weepiness until the last reel. It voices musings that would definitely sound better in French."[14]

Richard Corliss from Time stated that Eastwood is the "most reticent of directors—where the book ogles, the film discreetly observes—and, here, the courtliest of stars...As scripted by Richard LaGravenese (The Fisher King), The Bridges of Madison County has a slightly riper theme than the book. It is about the anticipation and consequences of passion—the slow dance of appraisal, of waiting to make a move that won't be rejected, of debating what to do when the erotic heat matures into love light. What is the effect of an affair on a woman who has been faithful to her husband, and on a rootless man who only now realizes he needs the one woman he can have but not hold?" Corliss concludes "The Bridges of Madison County is Eastwood's gift to women: to Francesca, to all the girls he's loved before—and to Streep, who alchemizes literary mawkishness into intelligent movie passion."[15]

Accolades

[edit]
Association Category Recipient Result
20/20 Awards Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated
Academy Awards Best Actress Nominated
American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Jack N. Green Nominated
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films Clint Eastwood Won
Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actress – Drama Nominated
Blue Ribbon Awards Best Foreign Film Clint Eastwood Won
BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Lennie Niehaus Won
Cahiers du Cinéma Best Film Clint Eastwood 4th place
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Director Nominated
Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated
César Awards Best Foreign Film The Bridges of Madison County Nominated
Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated
Fotogramas de Plata Best Foreign Film Clint Eastwood Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama The Bridges of Madison County Nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Meryl Streep Nominated
Kinema Junpo Awards Best Foreign Language Film Director Clint Eastwood Won
Mainichi Film Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won
National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actress Meryl Streep 3rd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress 4th place
Sant Jordi Awards Best Foreign Actress Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Nominated
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Film The Bridges of Madison County 19th place

Others

[edit]

The Bridges of Madison County tied with Goodbye South, Goodbye (1996) and Carlito's Way (1993) as the best film of the 1990s in a poll by Cahiers du Cinéma.[16]

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "THE BRIDGES OF MADISON COUNTY (12)". British Board of Film Classification. August 3, 1995. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Hughes, p.110
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Thompson, Anne (June 16, 1995). "Bridge on the River Cry". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  4. ^ a b c "The Bridges of Madison County (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  5. ^ Variety film review; May 22, 1995.
  6. ^ "The Bridges of Madison County". Madison County Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  7. ^ Fink, Mitchell (July 25, 1994). "The Insider". People. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  8. ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for June 2-4, 1995". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. June 5, 1995. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  9. ^ "International Box Office". Variety. November 20, 1995. p. 10.
  10. ^ Groves, Don (December 11, 1995). "'Ace' holds o'seas B.O. winning hand". Variety.
  11. ^ "The Bridges of Madison County (1995)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  12. ^ "The Bridges of Madison County Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  13. ^ "Cinemascore". Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  14. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 2, 1995). "Love Comes Driving Up the Road, and in Middle Age, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  15. ^ Corliss, Richard (June 5, 1995). "When Erotic Heat Turns into Love Light". Time. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  16. ^ Johnson, Eric. "Cahiers du cinéma". Critics Lists (Mist Driven Enterprises). Caltech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  17. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). afi.com. American Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
[edit]
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