Voiced palatal fricative: Difference between revisions

Voiced alveolo-palatal non-sibilant fricative
Voiced alveolo-palatal non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠ʲ˔
ʝ˖

Voiced palatal fricative
Voiced palatal fricative
ʝ
IPA Number	139
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʝ
Unicode (hex)	U+029D
X-SAMPA	j\
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The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.

In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, ⟨j⟩, may be used for the sake of simplicity.

The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Dutch, Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs as a result of phonological processes.

To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth behind the upper front teeth; then, while exhaling, the space between the tongue and the palate is narrowed, creating a friction-like sound similar to the ⟨s⟩ sound (IPA: [ʒ]) in the English word leisure.

There is also the voiced post-palatal fricative^[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ʝ̠⟩, ⟨ʝ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̟⟩ or ⟨ɣ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative (⟨ɣʲ⟩ in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA).

Features

Features of the voiced palatal fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɣ].
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian		frayar	[fɾäˈʝär]	'to destroy'
Burmese		^{[example needed]}			Allophone of /j/, particularly word initially.
Catalan	Majorcan^[2]	figuera	[fiˈʝeɾə]	'fig tree'	Occurs in complementary distribution with [ɟ]. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Danish	Standard^[3]	talg	[ˈtʰælˀʝ]	'tallow'	Possible word-final allophone of /j/ when it occurs after /l/.^[3] See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard^[4]	ja	[ʝaː]	'yes'	Frequent allophone of /j/, especially in emphatic speech.^[4] See Dutch phonology
German	Standard^[5]^[6]	Jacke	[ˈʝäkə]	'jacket'	Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant [j]^[7]^[8] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.^[9] See Standard German phonology
Greek	Standard	γεια	[ʝɐ]	'hi'
Greek	Cypriot^[10]	ελιά	[e̞ˈʝːɐ]	'olive'	Allophone of /ʎ/
Hungarian^[11]		dobj be	[dobʝ bɛ]	'throw in'	An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology
Irish^[12]		an ghrian	[ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ]	'the sun'	See Irish phonology
Italian	Southern dialects	figlio	[ˈfiʝːo]	'son'	Corresponds to /ʎ/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
Kabyle		cceǥ	[ʃʃəʝ]	'to slip'
Korean		사향노루 / sahyangnoru	[sɐʝɐŋnoɾu]	'Siberian musk deer'	The sound is sometimes heard by people when /h/ is between voiced and combined with /i/, /t/ and /j/, See Korean phonology
Lithuanian^[13]^[14]		ji	[ʝɪ]	'she'	Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant [j].^[15] See Lithuanian phonology
Margi^[16]		^{[example needed]}			Contrasts /ɟ, ᶮɟ, ç, ʝ, j, j̰, ɣ/.
Mapudungun^[17]		kayu	[kɜˈʝʊ]	'six'	This phoneme corresponds to the letter Y in Mapudungün. See Mapuche language
Norwegian	Urban East^[18]^[19]	gi	[ʝiː]	'to give'	Allophone of /j/, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech.^[19] See Norwegian phonology
Pashto	Ghilji dialect^[20]	موږ	[muʝ]	'we'
Pashto	Wardak dialect^[20]	موږ	[muʝ]	'we'
Ripuarian		zeije	[ˈt͡sɛʝə]	'to show'
Russian^[21]		яма	[ˈʝämə]	'pit'	Allophone of /j/ in emphatic speech.^[21] See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[22]		dhiubh	[ʝu]	'of them'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Spanish^[23]		sayo	[ˈsäʝo̞]	'smock'	May also be represented by ⟨ll⟩ in many dialects. See Spanish phonology and Yeísmo
Swedish^[24]		jord	[ʝɯᵝːɖ]^ⓘ	'soil'	Allophone of /j/. See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese	Middle Vietnamese^[25]	Gió [𩙋]	[ʝɔ^B1] (Tonkinese dialect)	'wind'	See Middle Vietnamese phonology

Post-palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Belarusian		геаграфія	[ɣ̟e.äˈɣɾäfʲijä]	'geography'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. See Belarusian phonology
Dutch	Standard Belgian^[26]	gaan	[ɣ̟aːn]	'to go'	May be velar [ɣ] instead.^[26] See Dutch phonology
Dutch	Southern accents^[26]	gaan	[ɣ̟aːn]	'to go'	May be velar [ɣ] instead.^[26] See Dutch phonology
German	Standard^[27]	Riese	[ˈɣ̟iːzə]	'giant'	Allophone of the fricative /ʁ/ before and after front vowels.^[27] See Standard German phonology
Greek	Standard Modern^[28]^[29]	γένος	[ˈʝ̠e̞no̞s̠]^ⓘ	'gender'	See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect^[30]	gèr	[ɣ̟ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊]	'gladly'	Allophone of /ɣ/ before and after front vowels.^[30] See Weert dialect phonology
Lithuanian^[15]^[31]		Hiustonas	[ˈɣ̟ʊs̪t̪ɔn̪ɐs̪]	'Houston'	Very rare;^[32] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. See Lithuanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[21]	других гимнов	[d̪rʊˈɡ̟ɪɣ̟ ˈɡ̟imn̪əf]	'of other anthems'	Allophone of /x/ before voiced soft consonants;^[21] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. The example also illustrates [ɡ̟]. See Russian phonology
Russian	Southern	гимн	[ɣ̟imn̪]	'anthem'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩; corresponds to [ɡʲ] in standard Russian. See Russian phonology

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Mapudungun^[33]		^{[example needed]}			Allophone of /ɣ/ before the front vowels /ɪ, e/.^[33]

Notes

^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
^ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
^ ^a ^b Basbøll (2005:212)
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (2003:198)
^ Mangold (2005:51)
^ Krech et al. (2009:83)
^ Kohler (1999:86)
^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)
^ Hall (2003:48)
^ Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
^ Gósy (2004:77, 130)
^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
^ Augustaitis (1964:23)
^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:46–47)
^ ^a ^b Mathiassen (1996:22–23)
^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 165. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
^ Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)
^ Strandskogen (1979:33)
^ ^a ^b Vanvik (1979:41)
^ ^a ^b Henderson (1983:595)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
^ Oftedal (1956:?)
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^ Engstrand (1999:140)
^ See Vietnamese alphabet#Consonants ⟨gi⟩
^ ^a ^b ^c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
^ ^a ^b Krech et al. (2009:85)
^ Nicolaidis (2003:?)
^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
^ ^a ^b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)
^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:36)
^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:35)
^ ^a ^b Sadowsky et al. (2013:89)

References

Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 978-9986-813-22-4
Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved 2013-12-11
Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), "A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology" (PDF), The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day, University of Athens, pp. 107–124, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-23, retrieved 2015-04-12
Augustaitis, Daine (1964), Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya (in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-6689-4
Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), "Four Varieties of Pashto", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 103 (3): 595–597, doi:10.2307/602038, JSTOR 602038
Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0893572679
Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), "An Electropalatographic Study of Palatals in Greek", in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou; M. Georgiafentis; V. Spyropoulos (eds.), Current trends in Greek Linguistics (in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 978-0-946452-97-2
Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger [Norwegian phonetics for foreigners], Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 978-82-05-10107-4
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk [Norwegian phonetics], Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links

[1] Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".

[2] Wheeler (2005:22–23)

[basb212-3] Basbøll (2005:212)

[cm1-4] Collins & Mees (2003:198)

[5] Mangold (2005:51)

[6] Krech et al. (2009:83)

[7] Kohler (1999:86)

[8] Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)

[9] Hall (2003:48)

[10] Arvaniti (2010:116–117)

[11] Gósy (2004:77, 130)

[12] Ó Sé (2000:17)

[13] Augustaitis (1964:23)

[14] Ambrazas et al. (1997:46–47)

[mat223-15] Mathiassen (1996:22–23)

[16] Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 165. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.

[sad1-17] Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)

[18] Strandskogen (1979:33)

[van41-19] Vanvik (1979:41)

[hend-20] Henderson (1983:595)

[yanbu-21] Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)

[22] Oftedal (1956:?)

[23] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

[24] Engstrand (1999:140)

[25] See Vietnamese alphabet#Consonants ⟨gi⟩

[cm2-26] Collins & Mees (2003:191)

[krech2-27] Krech et al. (2009:85)

[28] Nicolaidis (2003:?)

[29] Arvaniti (2007:20)

[hegu-30] Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)

[31] Ambrazas et al. (1997:36)

[32] Ambrazas et al. (1997:35)

[sad2-33] Sadowsky et al. (2013:89)

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