Voiced palatal fricative
| Voiced palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʝ | |||
| IPA Number | 139 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʝ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029D | ||
| X-SAMPA | j\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), or in broad transcription ⟨j⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs a result of phonological processes.
There is also a voiced post-palatal fricative (also called pre-velar or fronted velar) in some languages.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | frayar | [fɾäˈʝär] | 'to destroy' | ||
| Berber | Kabyle | cceǥ | [ʃʃəʝ] | 'to slip' | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[1] | [figuera] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fiˈʝeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Occurs in complementary distribution with [ɟ]. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Danish | Standard[2] | [talg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtˢælˀʝ] | 'tallow' | Possible word-final allophone of /j/ when it occurs after /l/.[2] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Southern | [geld] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝ̠ɛl̪t̪] | 'money' | Post-palatal; more back in other dialects. See Hard and soft G in Dutch and Dutch phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot[3] | ελιά | [e̞ˈʝːɐ] | 'olive' | Allophone of /ʎ/ |
| Standard Modern[4][5] | γένος | 'gender' | Post-palatal.[4][5] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hungarian[6] | [dobj be] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dobʝ bɛ] | 'throw (one/some) in' | An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish[7] | [an ghrian] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ] | 'the sun' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | Southern dialects | [figlio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfiʝːo] | 'son' | Corresponds to /ʎ/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[8] | [gèr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝ̠ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊] | 'gladly' | Post-palatal; allophone of /ɣ/ before and after front vowels.[8] |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[9][10][11][12] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|gi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝiː] | 'to give' | Allophone of /j/, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech.[12] See Norwegian phonology |
| Pashto | Ghilji and Wardak dialects[13] | موږ | [muʝ] | 'we' | |
| Ripuarian | [zeije] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt͡sɛʝə] | 'to show' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic[14] | [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|dhiubh]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝu] | 'of them' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Spanish[15] | [[[Spanish orthography|sayo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsaʝo̞] | 'smock' | More often is an approximant. May also be represented by ⟨ll⟩ in most dialects. See Yeísmo | |
| Swedish[16] | [[[Swedish alphabet|jord]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'soil' | See Swedish phonology | ||
See also
References
- ^ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:212)
- ^ Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
- ^ a b Nicolaidis (2003:?)
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^ Gósy (2004:77 and 130)
- ^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ Skaug (2003:189)
- ^ Strandskogen (1979:33)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
- ^ Henderson (1983:595)
- ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
Bibliography
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), "A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology", The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day (PDF), University of Athens, pp. 107–124
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya (in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), "Four Varieties of Pashto", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 103 (3), American Oriental Society: 595–597, doi:10.2307/602038, JSTOR 602038
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), "An Electropalatographic Study of Palatals in Greek", in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou; M. Georgiafentis; V. Spyropoulos (eds.), Current trends in Greek Linguistics (in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996], Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7
