[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war

Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Avisnacks (talk | contribs) at 07:03, 8 November 2023. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Damage from an Israeli airstrike on the El-Remal area in Gaza City on 9 October 2023.
Scene from an Israeli home in the aftermath of the Be'eri massacre carried out by Hamas.

Since the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war on 7 October 2023, the UN Human Rights Council identified "clear evidence" of war crimes by both Hamas and the Israel Defense Forces.[1] A UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."[2][3][4] On 27 October, a spokesperson for the OHCHR called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.[5]

The International Criminal Court confirmed that its mandate to investigate alleged war crimes committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine extends to the current conflict.[6][1]

By Palestinian militant groups

See also: Palestinian political violence

The Israeli, American, EU, UK, Japanese, and Canadian governments define Hamas as a terrorist group. However some disagree with this characterization and claim Hamas are not terrorists.[7]

Determining the applicability of laws of war to militant groups is a difficult question, as both the Council of Europe and International Committee of the Red Cross note that international law treats war and terrorism as separate legal categories.[8][9] While the term "international law" pertains to states, it also applies to insurgent and terrorist armed forces. Even if an insurgency is deemed lawful — meaning it meets the criteria of "just cause", it must adhere to the principles of "just means." Regarding Hamas and its combatants, even if they have a presumptive right to fight against what they term as an "Israeli occupation," they must still abide by legal rules of "discrimination," "proportionality," and "military necessity."[10]

On 9 October, 2023 Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas's apparent targeting of civilians, indiscriminate attacks, and taking of hostages amounted to war crimes.[11]

On 10 October, 2023 the OHCHR stated the taking of hostages and use of human shields were war crimes.[12] United Nations Human Rights chief Volker Türk noted that militant groups' "horrifying mass killings" were violations of international law.[13]

Massacres

Further information: Re'im music festival massacre, Netiv HaAsara attack, Be'eri massacre, Kfar Aza massacre, Nahal Oz massacre, Nir Oz massacre, and Holit massacre
Image from Be'eri following Hamas's attack on the village

On 12 October, Jens David Ohlin argued Hamas's attacks potentially violated Articles 6-8 of the Rome Statute.[14] Ohlin asserted the attacks might violate Article 6, if it could be proved the perpetrators had "genocidal intent."[14] On 7 October, as his forces were massacring civilians, Ismail Haniyeh, the head of the Hamas Political Bureau, stated in a speech the intent of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, saying, "We want to liberate our land, our holy sites, our Al-Aqsa mosque, our prisoners." He concluded with the statement "To [the enemy], we have only one thing to say to you: get out of our land. Get out of our sight. Get out of our city of Al-Quds [Jerusalem] and our al-Aqsa mosque. We no longer wish to see you on this land. This land is ours, Al-Quds is ours, everything [here] is ours. You are strangers in this pure and blessed land. There is no place of safety for you."[15][16]

According to Ohlin, militant groups violated Article 7 if there was evidence the attacks had been part of an organized "plan or policy."[14] Finally, Ohlin argued, the militant groups violated Article 8 by killing civilians.[14] On 7 October, the militant groups massacred civilians.[17] 260 were killed at the Re'im music festival, 112 at Be'eri, and 73 at Kfar Aza.[18] Victims were reportedly subject to immolation, dismemberment, and beheading.[19] On 15 October, a group of 100 Israeli and international law experts argued videos released on social media showed war crimes.[20]

At the Re'im music festival massacre, Hamas militants massacred 270 civilians and injured many more, methodically shooting fleeing and hiding attendees, as well as taking hostages, in the largest terror attack against concerts in history. Witnesses have reported that some of the captured women have been raped.[21][22][23]

At the Be'eri massacre, approximately 70 Hamas militants massacred at least 130 people, approximately 10% of the population of Be'eri, including women, children, and infants.[24] When inside the kibbutz they went house to house, shooting or capturing the residents.[25] [26]

Allegations of genocide

Hamas has long been considered to harbor aspirations of genocide against Israel and its Jewish population, with their 1988 charter including a call kill Jews.[27][28][29] Their incursion into Israel on October 7 has been described by many scholars as implementing these aspirations, with over 100 international scholars describing the actions as likely meeting the definition of genocide, saying "As these widespread, horrendous acts appear to have been carried out with an ‘intent to destroy, in whole or in part’ a national group – Israelis – a goal explicitly declared by Hamas, they most probably constitute an international crime of genocide, proscribed by the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court".[30]

Other groups, including Genocide Watch, have supported these allegations, saying "Hamas targeted Israelis simply because they were Israelis. It was the deadliest massacre of Jews since the Holocaust. Iran, Hamas, Hezbollah, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad have expressed their genocidal intent to destroy the nation of Israel. The massacres by Hamas constituted acts of genocide."[31]

Hostage taking

See also: Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

Hostage-taking is outlawed in non-international armed conflicts as per Article 1(b) of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and customary international humanitarian law, and is recognized as a war crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Hostage-taking is defined as detaining a person with threats to harm them to compel a third party to act or abstain from acting as a condition for the hostage's safety. Hostages can be civilians or individuals not actively partaking in hostilities, including surrendered or detained armed forces members.[32]

During the Hamas attack approximately 200 people were taken hostage by militants.[33] Under the Geneva Convention, taking hostages is described as a "grave breach."[34][35] In response to Israeli airstrikes on civilian residences, Hamas threatened on 13 October to execute a hostage every time Israel bombed a home without giving advance warning.[36] These actions were not followed through. Omar Shakir, Israel and Palestine Director of Human Rights Watch, asserted hostage taking was a "heinous crime" with no justification.[37] Amnesty International noted the militant groups' actions — including hostage-taking — "flagrantly violated international law."[38]

Human shields

The Israel Defense Forces allege that Hamas uses civilians as human shields.[39][40] This allegation has received support from Israeli allies, including the UK, the US, Australia, and European Commission.[41] The Israeli army further argued the militant groups' hostages were being used as human shields.[35] Human Rights Watch noted that using hostages, or any other person held in custody, as human shields is illegal.[32]

All combatants, including insurgents, are bound by the law of war. Louis René Beres has analyzed the placing of military assets amid Palestinian civilian populations, categorizing it as a clear and punishable crime under international law. The act of perfidy, described as a "grave breach" in Article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, is forbidden by the Hague Regulations, which forbid placing military assets or personnel in civilian populated areas. Additionally, Protocol I of 1977, supplementing the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, contains related prohibitions on perfidy. These regulations are enforced not only through the mentioned treaties but also via customary international law, as indicated by Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. A, as underlined in Article 3, shared across the four Geneva Conventions of 1949.[10].

Medical facilities

During war time, medical facilities are considered protected objects, and the use of them for military purposes is a war crime. However, Hamas has been documented to use hospitals and other medical facilities such as ambulances, including allegedly operating a major command and control center beneath Al-Shiba hospital. Ghassan Abu-Sittah, a resident doctor at al-Shifa called the assertion of Hamas using the hospital an "outlandish excuse" to bomb it.[42] In response to the IDF allegations, Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert stated Israel had a well-documented history of attacking civilian healthcare facilities without ever providing real evidence they were used in military capacities.[43][44] According to Amer Abu Awash, a member of Hamas' elite Nukhba Force, much of Hamas' underground infrastructure is beneath hospitals, placed there so that Israel "won’t strike them".[45][46] Abu Awash made this claim while handcuffed and undergoing IDF interrogation.[46]

On November 5, during the invasion of Gaza, the IDF released videos showing Hamas fighters firing from the Sheikh Hamad Hospital. They also showed an entrance to an underground complex, which according to the IDF led to the the Hamas tunnel network.[47] In response, Hamas requested the United Nations to form an international committee to inspect hospitals and verify Israel's "false claims" that Hamas uses them to fire rockets.[48] On 6 November, Qatari official Mohammed El Emadi condemned Israel's claim, stating it was made "without concrete evidence or an independent investigation" and was a "blatant attempt to justify the occupation’s targeting of civilian facilities."[49]

Indiscriminate rocket attacks

Further information: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel

The 7 October attack included at least 3,000 rockets aimed toward Israel, with over 8000 being fired since the war began.[50][51] The rockets hit as far away as Tel Aviv and the outskirts of Jerusalem.[52] Human Rights Watch termed the rocket attacks as indiscriminate.[11][53] These have included repeated direct strikes on medical facilities, such as the Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon, including pediatric facilities at the Child Development Institute.[54] Human right organizations and scholars have condemned indiscriminate rocket attacks as a war crime.[53][55]

Child soldiers

Hamas has been accused of using and recruiting child soldiers.[by whom?] In addition, Iran's Revolutionary Guard has been attempting to recruit volunteers, including children, to fight alongside Hamas against Israel.[56] The use and recruitment of children under 16 is a war crime, and previously groups like Amnesty International had called on Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups to "put an immediate end to the use or involvement of any kind of children in armed activity".[57][58][59]

Sexual violence and rape

According to Israeli military forensic teams, the bodies of the victims of Hamas' October 7 attacks showed multiple signs of rape and abuse. Military personnel reported multiple cases of rape and "severe stages of abuse". Hamas has denied the allegations of abuse. The Israeli military personnel did not provide any pictures or medical records as evidence to reporters at the time.[60] According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, rape and sexual violence are war crimes.[61]

By the Israeli government

See also: Israeli war crimes

Numerous charges of war crimes have been levied against Israel for its actions against civilians. These charges have come from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and human rights groups and experts, including UN rapporteurs.[62] Critics argue the Biden administration has given tacit approval to Israeli war crimes.[63] Antony Blinken indicated the Biden administration has a "high tolerance" for whatever happens in Gaza.[64] On 27 October, the White House stated it had no red lines for Israeli actions.[65]

Indiscriminate attacks

Further information: Jabalia camp market airstrike, Al-Shati refugee camp airstrike, October 2023 UNRWA school airstrike, Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike, 31 October 2023 attack on Jabalia, Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike, and Al-Maghazi refugee camp airstrike
A mosque destroyed by an Israeli airstrike, Khan Younis, 8 October

In the first week of the war, the IDF carried out 6,000 airstrikes across Gaza, killing over 3,300 civilians and injuring over 12,000.[66][67] The strikes hit specifically protected locations, including hospitals, markets, refugee camps, mosques, educational facilities, and entire neighborhoods.[68] A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted Israel's indiscriminate airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime."[69] Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari said that "the emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy."[70]

On 9 October, the IDF carried out a mass-casualty airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp market.[71] The attack resulted in the deaths of over sixty civilians and extensive damage to the market.[72] As a result of Israeli airstrikes in other areas, displaced individuals sought refuge in the camp, causing the market to be densely populated at the time of the strike.[73]

On the same day, the IDF carried out an airstrike on the densely populated Al-Shati refugee camp.[74] Palestinian media reported that this strike resulted in numerous civilian casualties and the destruction of four mosques, including the al-Gharbi mosque, Yassin mosque, and al-Sousi mosque, all of which were confirmed destroyed by satellite footage.[75] Under the Rome Statute, it is a war crime to intentionally attack places of worship in non-international conflict, as long as they are not "used by a party to a conflict for acts harmful to the enemy".[76] The airstrikes in the Al-Shati refugee camp were described as a "massacre against an entire neighborhood" by the Palestinian Ministry of Health.[77][78]

On 17 October, the IDF carried out an airstrike on a UNRWA school sheltering 4,000 refugees in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six and injuring dozens. Philippe Lazzarini, the UNRWA Commissioner-General, called the attack "outrageous" and showing "a flagrant disregard for the lives of civilians."[79][80] On 19 October, the Israeli Air Force bombed the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where hundreds of Christians and Muslims were sheltering, killing 16 people.[81] The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemned it as a "a war crime that cannot be ignored."[82] On 24 October, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire, after stating Israel had committed "clear violations" of international humanitarian law.[83]

On 1 November, following two airstrikes on the Jabalia refugee camp, the United Nation Human Rights Office stated, "We have serious concerns that these are disproportionate attacks that could amount to war crimes."[84] On 3 November, Israel bombed a medical convoy outside Al-Shifa Hospital, claiming it was targeting Hamas.[85] In response, Yanis Varoufakis noted, "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention."[86] UN chief Antonio Guterres stated he was "horrified" by the attack.[87]

Collective punishment

Main article: October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip

It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It’s absolutely not true. They could have risen up. They could have fought against that evil regime which took over Gaza in a coup d’etat.

— Isaac Herzog[88]

Several actions taken by the Israeli army, including its blockade on electricity, food, fuel and water, were characterized as collective punishment, a war crime prohibited by treaty in both international and non-international armed conflicts, more specifically Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II.[89][90] Israel's president Isaac Herzog accused the residents of Gaza of collective responsibility for the war.[91][a][93] Doctors Without Borders international president Christos Christou said millions of civilians in Gaza faced "collective punishment" due to Israel's blockade on fuel and medicine.[94][95] Tufts University law professor Tom Dannenbaum wrote that the siege order "commands the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime."[96] On 25 October, Oxfam stated Israel's use of "starvation as a method of war" was a violation of international law, and that Gaza was being "collectively punished in full view of the world."[97] Euromed monitor described the situation as a war of starvation against civilians in the Gaza Strip in an effort to deepen their difficult living conditions, which has reached catastrophic levels, including cutting off all food supplies to the Northern half and bombing and destroying factories, bakeries, food stores, water stations, and tanks throughout the entire enclave. Additionally that Israel deliberately focused its attacks on targeting electrical generators and solar energy units, on which commercial facilities and restaurants depend to maintain the minimum possible level of their work. Israel also targeted the agricultural areas east of Gaza, flour stores, and fishermen's boats, as well as relief organizations' centers, including those belonging to the UNRWA. As a result over 90% of the children in Gaza suffer from varying health issues including malnutrition, anemia, and weakened immunity.[98]

As part of Israel's blockade on Gaza, all access to water was shut off.[99][100] Article 51 of the Berlin Rules on Water Resources bars combatants from removing water or water infrastructure to cause death or force its movement.[101] The EU's chief diplomat Josep Borrell called Israel's cutting off water, electricity and food as "not in accordance with international law."[102] On 14 October, the UNRWA announced Gaza no longer had clean drinking water, and two million people were at risk of death from dehydration.[103] On 15 October, Israel announced it had resumed supplying water to a single location in southern Gaza to "encourage" movement.[104][105] Aid workers in Gaza refuted water was available.[106] By 16 October, civilians drank seawater and water contaminated with sewage to survive.[107]

In an interview with The New Yorker, human rights expert Sari Bashi noted the historical uniqueness of Israeli officials openly admitting they are engaging in collective punishment.[108] On 18 October, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated Hamas' attacks "cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."[109] On 24 October, Human Rights Watch criticized Israel's refusal to allow fuel or water into a Gaza, terming it a war crime.[110] On 29 October, Karim Ahmad Khan stated Israel's impeding aid to Gaza may constitute a crime under the International Criminal Court.[111]

Medical neutrality

Palestine Red Crescent ambulance destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.

Israel is alleged to have broken medical neutrality, a war crime under the Geneva Conventions.[112][113] According to Gaza officials, the IDF deliberately targeted ambulances and health facilities with airstrikes.[114][115] In a statement, the Palestine Red Crescent demanded "accountability for this war crime."[116] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNRWA, and Medecins Sans Frontieres reported the deaths of their medical personnel.[117][118] On 14 October, the World Health Organization said the killing of health care workers and the destruction of health facilities "denies civilians the basic human right of life-saving health" and is prohibited by International Humanitarian Law.[119][120] On 17 October, WHO stated 51 health facilities had been attacked by Israel.[121][122] On 4 November, the Gaza Health Ministry stated 105 medical facilities had been deliberately targeted.[123]

On 21 October, the Ministry of Health noted Israel had attacked 69 health facilities, 24 ambulances, put 7 hospitals out of commission, and killed 37 medical staff.[124] Health workers and aid groups said several hospitals in Gaza were hit by airstrikes and shelling. The Palestine Red Crescent Society accused Israel of "deliberately" carrying out airstrikes "directly around" Gaza's second-largest hospital, al-Quds Hospital, in north Gaza, to force them to evacuate the facility. The World Health Organization (WHO) found it impossible to evacuate the hospital. According to CNN, even those who evacuated south have not been safe.[125] On 30 October 2023, a Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, located at the south of Gaza, was struck by a "direct hit", causing damage and injuries.[126][127]

On 3 November, an Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying 15-20 critically injured patients.[128] The Israeli military confirmed the strike, claiming one of the ambulances was being used by a "Hamas terrorist cell", and was close to their position.[85] In prior weeks, Israel had released an animated video claiming Al-Shifa hospital contained a hidden, top-secret underground military center.[129] This has been flatly denied, with Hamas stating Israel was using "prefabricated" evidence to pre-empt a military strike on a hospital.[130] Laws of war provide limited protections to medical facilities used in such capacities.[131]

Forced evacuation

Main article: Evacuation of northern Gaza

On 13 October, the Israeli army ordered the evacuation of 1.1 million people from north Gaza, saying that they needed to separate the civilian population from the militants embedded among them, and that the population would be allowed to return after the war.[132] Gazan officials initially asked residents to ignore the order, with the Interior Ministry claiming Israel sought to "displace us once again from our land."[133] The Israeli evacuation order was characterized as a forcible transfer by Jan Egeland, a Norwegian diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[134] Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva convention is a war crime."[134] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[135] Israeli historian Raz Segal termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[136] The action was condemned by the UN, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, and the IRC.[137]

On 14 October, the World Health Organization issued a statement condemning Israel's order to evacuate 22 hospitals in northern Gaza, calling it a "death sentence."[138][139] Doctors noted both the southern Gaza Strip's lack of hospital beds and the impossibility of transporting patients, such as newborns in incubators and patients on ventilators.[140] Nevertheless, on 22 October, the IDF dropped leaflets in northern Gaza stating anyone who did not comply with the evacuation would be considered a "terrorist."[141]

White phosphorus

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International's Crisis Evidence Lab shared evidence that Israeli military units striking in Gaza and Lebanon have employed white phosphorus artillery rounds; Israel denied the report, calling the accusation "unequivocally false".[142] White phosphorus munitions are allowed on battlefields for specific purposes such as creating smokescreens, generating illumination, and marking targets. They are not banned as chemical weapons under international conventions due to these legitimate uses.[142][143]

White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination, and incendiary munitions, and ignites when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. Upon contact, it can cause deep and severe injuries, potentially leading to multiple organ failure, and even minor burns can be fatal. White phosphorus is considered an incendiary weapon, and Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons prohibits their use against military targets located among civilians, although Israel is not a signatory.[144] According to Human Rights Watch, the use of white phosphorus is "unlawfully indiscriminate when airburst in populated urban areas, where it can burn down houses and cause egregious harm to civilians", and "violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life."[145] According to Amnesty International weapons investigator Brian Castner, whether this particular case constitutes a war crime depends on "the intended target of this attack, and the intended use," but that, "generally, any attacks that fail to discriminate between civilians and military forces can potentially be a violation of the laws of war."[146] On 31 October, after an investigation, Amnesty International stated that an October 16 Israeli white phosphorus attack was indiscriminate, unlawful, and "must be investigated as a war crime", due to its use on the populated Lebanese town of Dhayra, which injured at least nine civilians.[147][148]

On 2 November, Amnesty International stated its investigations into four incidents on October 10, 11, 16 and 17 showed Israel had used white phosphorus munitions.[149]

Executing surrendered Palestinians

On 10 October, the Israeli Defence Force published a video that appeared to show IDF soldiers shooting four surrendering Palestinians.[150][151] Footage analysis indicated the men appeared to be surrendering, with three men getting on the ground with their arms raised, one waving piece of white clothing. None of them appeared to be armed at the time of the shooting, while a subsequent video showed the bodies had been moved, with weapons placed near them on the ground. The analysis concluded the four men were unarmed Palestinians that left Gaza through a breach in the separation wall.[150] An IDF spokesman said he had no comment.[150] Killing surrendered civilians or combatant is a war crime.[152][153]

Abuse and sexual humiliation of detainees

Video evidence surfaced of what is described as a “flagrant violation of international laws related to the protection of civilians”. Israeli soldiers were shown surrounding detainees in Yatta, Hebron being dragged and assaulted by the Israeli soldiers. Many of the detainees had been stripped naked as a form of sexual humiliation, having both their arms and feet bound, and beaten with the butts of rifles and trampled. [154]

Allegations of genocide

Main article: Palestinian genocide accusation
This section is an excerpt from Israeli war crimes § Allegations of genocide.[edit]
Pro-Palestine march in Ottawa, Canada, 25 November 2023

On 17 October, 10 days after the start of the war, 880 scholars of international law and genocide signed a public statement saying: "As scholars and practitioners of international law, conflict studies, and genocide studies, we are compelled to sound the alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip."[155] The statement called on UN bodies, including the UN Office on Genocide Prevention, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to "immediately intervene, to carry out the necessary investigations, and invoke the necessary warning procedures to protect the Palestinian population from genocide".[155]

On 19 October 2023, amid the 2023 Hamas–Israel war, 100 civil society organizations and six genocide scholars sent a letter to Karim Khan, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, calling on him to issue arrest warrants to Israeli officials for cases already before the prosecutor; to investigate the new crimes committed in the Palestinian territories, including incitement to genocide, since 7 October; to issue a preventive statement against war crimes; and to remind all states of their obligations under international law.[156] The letter noted that Israeli officials, in their statements, had indicated "clear intent to commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and incitement to commit genocide, using dehumanizing language to describe Palestinians". The six specialist genocide scholars that signed the document were Raz Segal, Barry Trachtenberg, Robert McNeil, Damien Short, Taner Akçam and Victoria Sanford.[156] The same day, lawyers at the Center for Constitutional Rights stated that Israel's tactics were "calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza", and warned the Biden administration that "U.S. officials can be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel's unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it."[157] On 13 December, FIDH, the world's third-oldest human rights organization, stated Israel's actions in Gaza constituted an unfolding genocide.[158]

On 28 October Craig Mokhiber stepped down as the director of the New York office of the UN's High Commissioner for Human Rights over the organization's response to the war in Gaza. In his resignation letter, he described Israel's military conduct, and broader actions toward Palestinians, as "a textbook case of genocide".[159][160][161]

In response to Israel destroying Gaza's universities, Muhannad Ayyash, a professor of sociology at Mount Royal University, charged Israel with epistemicide.[162][163] Ayyash stated Israel sought to "erase Palestinian existence from history, and that includes a targeting of Palestinians as a cultural group, as a group of people that produce knowledge".[162] Steven Thrasher, an American academic, wrote that Israel was also destroying the "possibility of building new knowledge and political realities".[164] On 6 December 2023, Israel destroyed the municipal archives of Gaza City, leading Birzeit University to state Israel was "deliberately razing all forms of life."[165] Israel bombed more than 200 of Gaza's most important cultural heritage sites,[166] including the Church of Saint Porphyrius and the Great Omari Mosque.[167][168] French historian Jean-Pierre Filiu stated Israel was destroying a 4,000 year-old culture in Gaza, stating, "the memory of humanity is being erased before our eyes".[169]

South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice, the Hague, 12 January 2024

Israel was further accused of scholasticide, or "intentional destruction of cultural heritage".[170] Birzeit University condemned Israel in January 2024, after the IDF bombed Israa University, stating Israel had stolen 3,000 rare artifacts and calling it "a continuation of the genocide being carried out in Gaza Strip."[171][b] The Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education called the bombing a "clear violation of all international laws".[173] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the artifact theft part of Israel's "ongoing genocide" and a "war crime of cultural theft".[174] On 25 February 2024, the director of literature in the Palestinian Ministry of Culture accused Israel of committing cultural genocide in Gaza, stating it was "destroying cultural life and creativity" and thus "erasing Palestinian identity".[175]

Israel was also charged with committing ecocide.[176] The Environment Quality Authority stated Israel had destroyed "all components of biological diversity, including plants and microorganisms."[177] The Century Foundation stated Gaza's "environmental resources are being poisoned, depleted, or otherwise destroyed, and may take generations to recover."[178] An analysis by The Guardian found that 38-48% of tree cover and farmland had been destroyed since 7 October.[179]

On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed the case South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) against Israel at the International Court of Justice, alleging that Israel "is committing genocide in manifest violation of the Genocide Convention".[180][181][182] South Africa asked the ICJ to issue provisional measures, including ordering Israel to halt its military campaign in Gaza.[181]

In February 2024, Michael Fakhri, the UN special rapporteur on the right to food, accused Israel of genocide, war crimes, and using starvation as a weapon. He stated, "Intentionally depriving people of food is clearly a war crime. Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian. In my view as a UN human rights expert, this is now a situation of genocide. This means the state of Israel in its entirety is culpable and should be held accountable – not just individuals or this government or that person."[183]

On 26 March, 2024, the UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Francesca Albanese, submitted a report to the UN Human Rights Council that found Israel was committing genocide in Gaza.[184][185][186] In her statement presenting the report, she said "there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating the commission of the crime of genocide against Palestinians as a group in Gaza has been met. Specifically, Israel has committed three acts of genocide with the requisite intent: causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; and imposing measures intended to prevent birth within the group."[185]

International reactions

Government officials around the world criticized Israel's war crimes. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized Western countries for their complicity as Israel committed war crimes.[187] Colombian President Gustavo Petro termed Israel's campaign as a genocide.[188] Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and King Abdullah II of Jordan both condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.[189] Irish President Michael D. Higgins demanded the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion be investigated as a war crime.[c][193] Chilean President Gabriel Boric condemned Israel's "collective punishment" the Gazan civilian population[194][195] South African President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.[196] Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated, "It's not a war, it's a genocide."[197] Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel stated Israel's actions violated the Geneva Convention.[198]

China Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated Israel was collectively punishing Gaza.[199] Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi described Israeli actions in Gaza as crimes against humanity.[200] Abdulla Shahid, Foreign Minister of the Maldives, warned the evacuation of northern Gaza could amount to the "war crime of forcible transfer."[201] Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian described the events as genocide and a crime against humanity.[202] Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov criticized Israel's "indiscriminate" force, stating the conflict risked creating a crisis that would last "many decades, if not centuries."[203] Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad termed Israeli actions as a genocide.[204] In a joint statement, the Foreign Ministers of nine Arab countries — the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Egypt and Morocco — described Israeli actions as collective punishment.[205] Oman's Foreign Minister, Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, called for a war crimes investigation into Israeli action in Gaza.[206]

Ione Belarra, the Spanish minister of social rights, accused the EU and the US of "being complicit in Israel's war crimes."[207] Belarra further called for Israel to be denounced before the ICC for genocide in the Gaza Strip.[208] The Workers Party of Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva officially classified Israeli actions in Gaza as genocide.[209] U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli claims of the "inevitability" of civilian deaths, after they used the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as historical examples.[210]

By all parties

Targeting of journalists

See also: Violence against journalists in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

On 1 November, Reporters without Borders asked the International Criminal Court to begin a priority war crimes investigation into the killing of nine journalists.[211]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Financial Times later silently deleted Herzog's quote from its article, cf. archive copy of the article from the evening of October 13.[92]
  2. ^ The artifacts were displayed at the Knesset.[172]
  3. ^ The perpetrator of this alleged war crime is disputed. While not a definitive conclusion, as of 23 October 2023, independent analysts asserted the explosion was caused by an errant rocket fired from within Gaza.[190][191][192]

References

  1. ^ a b "Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws?". Al Jazeera. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  2. ^ Farge, Emma (10 October 2023). "UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  3. ^ "Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023" (Press release). UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  4. ^ "How international law applies to war, and why Hamas and Israel are both alleged to have broken it". Associated Press. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  5. ^ "War crimes by both sides in Israel-Gaza war". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  6. ^ "Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  7. ^ Marks, Monica. "What the World Gets Wrong About Hamas". Time Magazine. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  8. ^ "War and terrorism". Council of Europe. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  9. ^ Thynne, Kelisiana. "Better a war criminal or a terrorist? A comparative study of war crimes and counterterrorism legislation". International Review of the Red Cross. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  10. ^ a b Beres, Louis René. "Hamas Terror Attacks and International Law." Jurist, October 9, 2023, edited by Ingrid Burke Friedman.
  11. ^ a b "Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations". Human Rights Watch. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  12. ^ "Commission of Inquiry collecting evidence of war crimes committed by all sides in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories since 7 October 2023". OHCHR. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  13. ^ Farge, Emma (10 October 2023). "UN rights chief condemns Israeli 'siege' of Gaza, militants' taking of hostages". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d Ohlin, Jens David (12 October 2023). "International Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation in Israel". Opinio Juris. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  15. ^ "Haniyeh outlines context and objectives of Hamas Operation Al-Aqsa Flood". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  16. ^ McKernan, Bethan; Michaelson, Ruth; Graham-Harrison, Emma; Kierszenbaum, Quique; Balousha, Hazem; Taha, Sufian; Sherwood, Harriet; Beaumont, Peter. "Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  17. ^ Kingsley, Patrick; Bergman, Ronen (13 October 2023). "The Secrets Hamas Knew About Israel's Military". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  18. ^ Srivastava, Mehul; Clark, Dan; Williams, Justine; Joiner, Sam; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Hemingway, Eade; Zilber, Neri; Reed, John (13 October 2023). "Seventeen hours of terror: how Hamas invaded one Israeli community". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  19. ^
  20. ^
  21. ^ "How Biden condemned Hamas for rape before the IDF officially confirmed it happened". The Forward. 11 October 2023.
  22. ^ Browne, David; Dillon, Nancy; Grow, Kory (15 October 2023). "'They Wanted to Dance in Peace. And They Got Slaughtered'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 31 October 2023. {{cite news}}: Missing |author1= (help)
  23. ^ "Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets". BBC News. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  24. ^ "עדויות תושבי העוטף ממתקפת הפתע על ישראל: «טובחים כאן בתינוקות»". Israel Hayom (in Hebrew). 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  25. ^ Stambaugh, Sophie Tanno,Paul P. Murphy,Allegra Goodwin,Benjamin Brown,Hadas Gold,Abeer Salman,Ibrahim Dahman,Kareem Khadder,Gianluca Mezzofiore,Alex (8 October 2023). "Festivalgoers, children, soldiers: What we know about the people captured by Hamas". CNN. Retrieved 31 October 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ "Israeli victims' families urge ICC to investigate Hamas attacks". Hindustan Times.
  27. ^ Bayefsky, Anne; Blank, Laurie (2018). Incitement to Terrorism. p. 91. ISBN 978900439819. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  28. ^ Gourevitch, Philip (2 August 2014). "An Honest Voice in Israel". The New Yorker. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  29. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (4 August 2014). "What Would Hamas Do If It Could Do Whatever It Wanted?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  30. ^ Winer, Stuart. "Hamas actions are war crimes, could constitute genocide – international law experts". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  31. ^ "Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza". Genocide Watch. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  32. ^ a b "Questions and Answers: October 2023 Hostilities between Israel and Palestinian Armed Groups". Human Rights Watch. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  33. ^
  34. ^ "Rules of war: international law and the Israel-Hamas conflict". Australian Financial Review. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  35. ^ a b "Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  36. ^ Harwell, Drew (13 October 2023). "Hamas vows to broadcast hostage executions. Tech firms can't stop them". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  37. ^ "Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations". Human Rights Watch. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  38. ^ "Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks". Amnesty International. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  39. ^ Berlinger, Joshua (2023-10-15). "The 'Gaza metro': The mysterious subterranean tunnel network used by Hamas". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  40. ^ "EXPLAINER: Are Israel, Hamas committing war crimes in Gaza?". AP News. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  41. ^
  42. ^ "Israel accuses Hamas of launching attacks from inside Gaza hospitals - and signals it could target medical facilities". Sky News.
  43. ^ "Hamas using hospitals as command centres? No proof says aid doctor on the ground". MSN. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  44. ^ Tekin, Esra. "Israel well-documented history of targeting health care, says Norwegian doctor in Gaza". AA. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  45. ^ Beaumont, Peter (30 October 2023). "What is a human shield and how has Hamas been accused of using them?". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  46. ^ a b "How Hamas uses hospitals as shields during war". Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  47. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF releases new intel detailing Hamas use of Gaza hospitals for terror". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  48. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Israel rebuffs calls for ceasefire; Lebanon strike angers Hezbollah". Reuters. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  49. ^ "Qatar rejects Israeli claims of tunnel network under Gaza hospital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  50. ^ "Over 8000 rockets fired at Israel, 2,50,000 civilians evacuated from their homes: IDF". The Economic Times. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  51. ^ "Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes". South China Morning Post. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  52. ^ Martínez, Andrés R.; Bubola, Emma; Pronczuk, Monika (15 October 2023). "What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  53. ^ a b "The Rules of War and Human Rights in the Israel-Hamas War". publichealth.jhu.edu. Johns Hopkins University. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  54. ^ Givaty, Gili; Ovadia, Yaniv S; Saban, Mor (October 2023). "Insights from the nearest Israeli hospital to the Gaza Strip". The Lancet. 402 (10412): 1521–1522. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02334-6.
  55. ^ "Palestinian Rockets in May Killed Civilians in Israel, Gaza". Human Rights Watch. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  56. ^ "Iran's Revolutionary Guard recruits volunteers to fight in Gaza". France 24. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  57. ^ "'Horrible things': Unseen impact of Israel-Hamas war on children". Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  58. ^ Stiller, Hallie (25 October 2023). "Hamas' reign of terror". theweek. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  59. ^ Wood, Paul (1 November 2023). "Can the killing of innocent civilians ever be justified?". The Spectator. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  60. ^ "Israeli forensic teams describe signs of torture, abuse". Reuters. 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  61. ^ "Five things to know about sexual violence in conflict zones".
  62. ^
  63. ^ "The U.S. Is Giving Israel Permission for War Crimes". The Intelligencer. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  64. ^ Wong, Edward; Crowley, Michael. "U.S. Tells World to Back Israel's Gaza Strikes as Civilian Toll Rises". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  65. ^ "White House says 'not drawing red lines for Israel'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  66. ^ Abdel-Baqui, Omar. "Israeli Air Force Says It Has Dropped 6,000 Bombs on Gaza". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  67. ^ Ott, Haley; Reals, Tucker; Breen, Kerry (19 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war: More airstrikes on Gaza today as aid remains stuck in Egypt; Israeli troops told to "be ready" to invade". CBS News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  68. ^ Baker, Elise (16 October 2023). "Hamas's actions are war crimes. Israel should not respond with further war crimes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  69. ^ "UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective punishment'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-10-12. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  70. ^ "Israel abandons precision bombing in favour of 'damage and destruction'". The Daily Telegraph. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  71. ^ "Palestinian media: Strike on Jabalia hit a crowded market, leading to horrible massacre against people of Gaza". almanar. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  72. ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Harouda, Ameera (9 October 2023). "Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  73. ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Harouda, Ameera (9 October 2023). "Israeli Airstrike Hits Marketplace in Gazan Refugee Camp, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  74. ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Harouda, Ameera (9 October 2023). "Israeli Airstrikes Hit Marketplace and Mosques in Gaza, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  75. ^ "Maps: Tracking the Attacks in Israel and Gaza". The New York Times. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  76. ^ "Attacks against protected objects" (PDF). UN OHCHR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  77. ^ "Masscre of Shati refugee camp". wafa English. 9 October 2023.
  78. ^ Dahman, Ibrahim (8 October 2023). "'Nowhere to go': Ordinary Palestinians live in fear as Israel retaliates against Hamas". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  79. ^ "Gaza: UNRWA School Sheltering Displaced Families is Hit". Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  80. ^ "At least 6 people killed in Israeli air strike on UNRWA school in Gaza". Reuters. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  81. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (20 October 2023). "Hamas frees U.S. hostages Judith and Natalie Raanan held in Gaza". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  82. ^ "The Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemns Israeli airstrikes targeting humanitarian institutions in Gaza". Patriarchate of Jerusalem. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  83. ^ "'Clear violations' of international law in Gaza: UN chief". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  84. ^ "UN Human Rights office says Jabalia strikes 'could amount to war crimes'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  85. ^ a b "Israel strikes ambulance near Gaza hospital, 15 reported killed". Reuters. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023.
  86. ^ "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  87. ^ "UN secretary-general 'horrified' by Israel's attack on ambulances". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  88. ^ "'No Innocent Civilians in Gaza', Israel President Says as Northern Gaza Struggles to Flee Israeli Bombs". The Wire. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  89. ^ Garner, Bryan A., ed. (2007). Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson West. p. 280. ISBN 978-0314151995. Collective punishment was outlawed in 1949 by the Geneva Convention.
  90. ^ Klocker, Cornelia. Collective Punishment and Human Rights Law: Addressing Gaps in International Law. Routledge.
  91. ^ Reed, John; Srivastava, Mehul. "Israel tells 1.1mn people to leave northern Gaza". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  92. ^ El-Kurd, Mohammed (2023-10-20). "Western Journalists Have Palestinian Blood on Their Hands". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 2023-10-21. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  93. ^ Blumenthal, Paul. "Israeli President Says There Are No Innocent Civilians In Gaza". Y! News. HuffPost. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  94. ^ Regan, Helen. "Israel calls on 1.1 million Gazans to evacuate south in order UN warns is 'impossible'". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  95. ^ "Indiscriminate violence and the collective punishment of Gaza must cease". Doctors Without Borders. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  96. ^ Dannenbaum, Tom (11 October 2023). "The Siege of Gaza and the Starvation War Crime". Just Security. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  97. ^ "'Starvation as a weapon' against civilians in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  98. ^ "Israel is Waging an Extensive War of Starvation against Gaza's Civilian Population [EN/AR] - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-11-05. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  99. ^ Shurafa, Wafaa; Krauss, Joseph. "Gaza residents struggle to follow Israeli evacuation order amid critical water shortage". PBS Newshour. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  100. ^ Mehta, Lyla; Nicol, Alan (19 October 2023). "Cutting off water to Gaza is a war crime". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  101. ^ "Water and Armed Conflicts". Casebook. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  102. ^ O'Leary, Naomi. "Israel's move to cut Gaza off from food and water is against international law, says EU". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  103. ^ "Water a 'matter of life and death' for Gaza after Israeli siege, says UN". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  104. ^ Spiro, Amy; Magid, Jacob (15 October 2023). "Israel says it is restarting water supply to southern Gaza Strip". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  105. ^ Arnaout, Abdul Raouf (15 October 2023). "Israel restores water supply to southern Gaza to encourage evacuation of north". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  106. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya. "Water runs out at UN shelters in Gaza". ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  107. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (16 October 2023). "In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  108. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (15 October 2023). "The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  109. ^ "UN's Guterres Says Hamas Attacks Do Not Justify 'Collective Punishment' Of Palestinians". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  110. ^ "HRW slams Israel for committing war crimes against Palestinians". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  111. ^ "Impeding aid to Gaza may constitute crime under ICC jurisdiction". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  112. ^ Le Poidevin, Olivia; Fleming-Farrell, Niamh; Jadah, Malek; Hamadi, Ghadir. "Hundreds of Palestinians killed in Israeli airstrike on Gaza hospital: Day 11 of the Hamas-Israel war". L'Orient Today. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  113. ^ "Doctors observe black day against Israeli atrocities in Gaza". The Express Tribune. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  114. ^ Basu, Brishti. "Health-care and relief workers killed in Gaza as humanitarian groups navigate full blockade". CBC. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  115. ^
  116. ^ Abu Riash and Marsi, Abed and Federica (12 October 2023). "Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities". aljazeera. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  117. ^ "Eleven workers with UN refugee agency, five IFRC members killed in Gaza". Reuters. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  118. ^ "Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities". Aljazeera. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  119. ^ "Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  120. ^ "Gaza: Forcing patients to flee hospitals a 'death sentence' warns WHO". United Nations. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  121. ^ "In Gaza's deadliest day, hospital strike kills about 500". The Economic Times. 18 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  122. ^ Ortiz, Jorge L.; Bacon, John. "After Gaza hospital bombing kills hundreds, Israel and Hamas blame each other: Updates". USA Today. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  123. ^ "105 medical facilities 'deliberately targeted' by Israeli forces: Health ministry". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  124. ^ "250 attacks on medical staff and health facilities: Health ministry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  125. ^ Salman, Kottasová, Tal, Pierre Meilhan, Murphy and McCarthy, Abeer, Ivana, Amir, Pierre, Paul P.and Simone (31 October 2023). "Israeli troops advance in Gaza, hostage freed and 'impossible' hospital evacuation: What to know Monday". CNN.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  126. ^ "Israel-Hamas war live: Israeli attacks near Gaza City". Al Jazeera. 31 October 2023.
  127. ^ "Palestinian Aid Group Raises Concern over Ongoing Israeli Targeting of Gaza Hospitals". Tasnim News Agency. 31 October 2023.
  128. ^ "New Israeli airstrikes hit Al-Shifa hospital, al-Rashid road as Israel's bombardment of the Gaza Strip continues". The New Arab.
  129. ^
  130. ^ "Hamas rejects Israeli claim over installations under al-Shifa hospital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  131. ^ "Practice relating to Rule 28. Medical Units I. Treaties". International Order of the Red Cross. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  132. ^ Debre, Isabel. "Israel orders evacuation of 1 million in northern Gaza in 24 hours". PBS News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  133. ^
  134. ^ a b Srivastava, Mehul. "Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  135. ^ "UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire". UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  136. ^ Segal, Raz. "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  137. ^
    n
  138. ^ Thomas, Steff Danielle. "WHO condemns Israel's Gaza evacuation order as 'death sentence' for sick, injured". The Hill. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  139. ^ "Evacuation orders by Israel to hospitals in northern Gaza are a death sentence for the sick and injured". World Health Organization. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  140. ^
  141. ^ Morris, Loveday; Berger, Miriam. "IDF leaflets says civilians that don't evacuate Gaza can be seen as accomplices". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  142. ^ a b Serhan, Yasmeen (13 October 2023). "Israel Accused of Using White Phosphorus in Gaza". TIME. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  143. ^
  144. ^ "Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon". Reuters. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  145. ^ "Israel: White Phosphorus Used in Gaza, Lebanon". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  146. ^ Kelly, Meg. "Israel appears to use white phosphorus in Gaza, video shows". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  147. ^ null (2023-10-31). "Israel-Hamas War: Update from Euan Ward". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  148. ^ "Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate". Amnesty International. 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  149. ^ "Amnesty International says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  150. ^ a b c Naffakh, Mahmoud. "Israeli army tweets video that appears to show soldiers shooting Palestinians who surrendered". The Observers. France24. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  151. ^ "X post by Al Jazeera English". X. Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  152. ^ Gadzo, Mersiha; Rasheed, Zaheena; Rowlands, Lyndal; Regencia, Ted; Mohamed, Hamza; Pietromarchi, Virginia (October 10, 2023). "Israel-Hamas war updates: Hamas claims release of woman and children". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  153. ^ @EuroMedHR (October 11, 2023). "The crime scene has then been doctored & assault rifles appear to have been added to the bodies. These individuals may have been civilians who crossed the fence after its collapse. Their killing as they surrendered is an act of extrajudicial execution that constitutes a war crime" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  154. ^ "Egregious acts of torture, abuse committed by Israeli army against Palestinian civilians in the West Bank". Euromed. 1 November 2023.
  155. ^ a b
  156. ^ a b "Scholars, civil society call on ICC Prosecutor to issue arrest warrants, investigate Israeli crimes in Gaza". Wafa. * "Urgent: Issue Arrest Warrants, Investigate Israeli Crimes and Intervene to Deter Incitement to Commit Genocide in Gaza" (PDF). * Reprint of the full letter and signatories by Addameer * Reprint of the full letter and signatories by Al Mezan Center for Human Rights
  157. ^ Speri, Alice (19 October 2023). "Going All-In for Israel May Make Biden Complicit in Genocide". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  158. ^ "The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately". International Federation for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  159. ^ "Q&A: Former UN official Craig Mokhiber on Gaza, Israel and genocide". aljazeera.
  160. ^ Muzaffar, Maroosha (2 November 2023). "Top UN official resigns over organisation 'failing in duty' towards Palestinians in Gaza". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  161. ^ "DocumentCloud".
  162. ^ a b "WATCH: Is Palestinian knowledge under attack?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  163. ^ Sawahel, Wagdy. "439 HE students and staff killed, universities hit in war". University World News. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  164. ^ Thrasher, Steven W. (27 February 2024). "As Journalists Are Murdered in Gaza Their Counterparts Lose Jobs in America". LitHub. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  165. ^ "'Deliberately razing': Israel destroys Gaza municipality archive". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  166. ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi. "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  167. ^ "Images show major damage to Gaza's oldest mosque". BBC. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  168. ^ "Israel missiles hit Gaza's oldest church: What you need to know about the Church of Saint Porphyrius". The Indian Express. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  169. ^ "French historian: Israel destroyed 4,000-year-old culture in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  170. ^ Desai, Chandni (8 February 2024). "The war in Gaza is wiping out Palestine's education and knowledge systems". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  171. ^ "Birzeit University condemns bombing of Israa University in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  172. ^ "Israeli Knesset displays artefacts stolen from Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  173. ^ "Higher education ministry condemns bombing of Israa University in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  174. ^ "US Muslim group urges probe into alleged Israeli theft of ancient artifacts". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  175. ^ Nobani, Ayman. "Israel is carrying out 'cultural genocide' in Gaza: Official". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  176. ^ Mouawad, Amanda. "'Ecocide': how war and climate change are often linked". Phys.org. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  177. ^ "Israel's aggression on Gaza 'destroying' environment". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  178. ^ Shuker, Zeinab (19 December 2023). "War Has Poisoned Gaza's Land and Water. Peace Will Require Environmental Justice". The Century Foundation. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  179. ^ Ahmed, Kaamil; Gayle, Damien; Mousa, Aseel (29 March 2024). "'Ecocide in Gaza': does scale of environmental destruction amount to a war crime?". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  180. ^ "Application Instituting Proceedings" (PDF). icj-cij.org. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  181. ^ a b Roelf, Wendell; Sterling, Toby (29 December 2023). "South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  182. ^ "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  183. ^ Lakhani, Nina (27 February 2024). "Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  184. ^ "Anatomy of a Genocide" (PDF). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  185. ^ a b "Rights expert finds 'reasonable grounds' genocide is being committed in Gaza | UN News". news.un.org. 2024-03-26. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  186. ^ Farge, Emma. "UN expert says Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, calls for arms embargo". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  187. ^ "Türkiye slams US, West over complicity in Israeli war crimes in Gaza". Daily Sabah. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  188. ^ Rueda, Manuel. "Israel suspends military exports to Colombia over its president's criticism of Gaza siege". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  189. ^ "Egypt's Sisi, Jordan King Condemn 'Collective Punishment' In Gaza". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  190. ^ Danner, Chas (23 October 2023). "Everything We Know About the Gaza City Hospital Blast". Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  191. ^ Logan, Nick (26 October 2023). "Why open-source intelligence can help and hinder understanding of what's happening in Gaza, Israel". CBC. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  192. ^ "Ep 38 - Fog of War". Media Watch. abc.net.au. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  193. ^ "Gaza hospital massacre must be investigated as 'war crime': Irish president". AA. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  194. ^ "Chile recalls its ambassador to Israel over 'unacceptable' violations in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  195. ^ Dogan, Sinan. "Chile's president denounces Israeli attack on Gaza hospital". AA. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  196. ^ Ramaphosa, Cyril. "Peace will not be possible until Palestinians are free". The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  197. ^ Verdélio, Andreia. "President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide". Agência Brasil. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  198. ^ "We won't accept ignoring genocide against Palestinians: Diaz-Canel". Al Mayadeen. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  199. ^ Burke, Jason. "China and Russia harden positions on Gaza as war stirs geopolitical tensions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  200. ^ "Indonesia Urges UN Security Council to Immediately End War in Gaza". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  201. ^ Shahid, Abdulla. "X post by Abdulla Shahid". X. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  202. ^ "Iranian FM writes to UN Human Rights Chief, calls for measures to stop "Gaza genocide"". Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  203. ^ "Russia says Israeli bombardment of Gaza is against international law". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  204. ^ "Syria denounced Western support for Israel's massacre in Gaza". Prensa Latina. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  205. ^ Magid, Jacob. "9 Arab nations – including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Morocco – accuse Israel of 'collective punishment'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  206. ^ "Oman calls for war crimes investigation into Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  207. ^ "Spanish Minister suggests taking Israel to ICC for 'war crimes'". Middle East Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  208. ^
  209. ^ "PT classifica como "genocídio" ação de Israel na Faixa de Gaza". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2023-10-16. Archived from the original on 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  210. ^ Jobain, Najib; Kullab, Samya; Nessman, Ravi (2023-10-19). "Gaza awaits aid from Egypt as Israel readies troops for ground assault". AP News. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  211. ^ "Media watchdog files war crimes complaint with ICC". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_the_Israel–Hamas_war&oldid=1184085337"