Callon of Epidaurus
Callon (born Callo; fl. 2nd century BC) was an intersex person, whose medical treatment is the first recorded example of gender affirmation surgery. His life is known from the works of Diodorus Siculus.
Biography
[edit]Callon was born in Epidaurus in Greece, during the second half of the second century BC.[1][2][3] The details known about Callon's life appear in the Bibliotheca Historica written by Diodorus Siculus.[4][5] Assigned female at birth, he is described by Diodorus Siculus as an orphan, who was forced to marry when he "came of age" and lived with his husband for two years.[1] Laura Pfunter interprets Callon's age before marriage as 'pre-pubescent'.[6] Diodorus Siculus reported he had heard that Callon was a priestess prior to his marriage.[1]
Although little is known about Callon's married life, Diodorus Siculus recorded that Callon was "not capable of natural Embraces as a Woman" and was forced "to endure those [embraces] that were preternatural, or besides nature".[1] It is recorded that during the marriage, a tumour in Callon's groin became prominent and painful, but no doctors would treat it. However, eventually an apothecary offered to treat him and incised the tumour; from the tumour "a man's privates were protruded, namely testicles and an imperforate penis". The apothecary then proceeded to open the glans and make a passage for the urethra, using a silver catheter to drain the wound and then stitched the wound together. The apothecary charged twice the amount for his services since "he had received a female invalid and made her into a healthy young man".[4]
After their recovery, Callon changed his birthname of Callo to Callon and began to live as a man.[4] Symbolically he cast aside his weaving equipment, which was strongly associated with women's work.[7] After his transition, Callon was brought to trial since he had witnessed religious rituals which were exclusive to women, before he had transitioned.[4]
Historiography
[edit]In 2015 it was suggested that Callon's condition may have been caused by male pseudohermaphroditism.[8] The surgery he underwent is the first recorded procedure of its type and differs little from modern techniques.[8] Rebecca Langlands notes the medical significance in how Callon's transition is reported.[7] For Luc Brisson the androgyny of Callon, and also Diophantus of Abae, is a natural phenomenon that can be solved by surgical intervention.[9] Shaun Tougher observes that both Callon and Diophantus' lives are found "in the context of the Hellenistic east".[2] Katharine T. von Stackelberg wrote that hermaphrodism was common enough to warrant its own laws.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Diodorus, Siculus (2007). The historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian in fifteen books : the first five contain the antiquities of Egypt, Asia, Africa, Greece, the islands, and Europe : the last ten an historical account of the affairs of the Persians, Grecians, Macedonians and other parts of the world : to which are added the fragments of Diodorus that are found in the Bibliotheca of Photius : together with those publish'd by H. Valesius, L. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus / made English by G. Booth ..., Esq.
- ^ a b Tougher, Shaun (2020-11-12). The Roman Castrati: Eunuchs in the Roman Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-16404-8.
- ^ Rolker, Christof. "Ideas on Yde and Ydé: (un)gendered names in classical and medieval literature". Männlich-weiblich-zwischen (in German). Retrieved 2021-06-25.
- ^ a b c d "Exploring Gender and Sexuality in Antiquity: The Trial and Consciousness of Callon". SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE. 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
- ^ C. S. Bartsocas (2001-07-01). "An Endocrinologist's View of Genetic Disorders in Ancient Greece". International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2 (3): 131–140. doi:10.1515/IJDHD.2001.2.3.131. ISSN 2191-0367. S2CID 147099598.
- ^ Pfuntner, Laura (2020). "Between Science and Superstition: Photius, Diodorus Siculus, and "Hermaphrodites"". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 74: 269–284. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 26979085.
- ^ a b Langlands, Rebecca (2002). "'Can You Tell What it is Yet?' Descriptions of Sex Change in Ancient Literature". Ramus. 31 (1–2): 91–110. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00001387. ISSN 0048-671X. S2CID 134711309.
- ^ a b Markantes, Georgios; Deligeoroglou, Efthimios; Armeni, Anastasia; Vasileiou, Vasiliki; Damoulari, Christina; Mandrapilia, Angelina; Kosmopoulou, Fotini; Keramisanou, Varvara; Georgakopoulou, Danai; Creatsas, George; Georgopoulos, Neoklis (2015-07-10). "Callo: The first known case of ambiguous genitalia to be surgically repaired in the history of Medicine, described by Diodorus Siculus". Hormones. 14 (3): 459–461. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1608. PMID 26188239.
- ^ Brisson, Luc (2002-03-28). Sexual Ambivalence: Androgyny and Hermaphroditism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity. University of California Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-520-22391-2.
- ^ Stackelberg, Katharine T. von (2020-05-29). "hermaphroditism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8090. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5. Retrieved 2021-06-24.