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Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Admiral of the fleet (United Kingdom)" redirects here. For lower-ranked admirals of individual fleets, see Admiral (United Kingdom). For the political offices, see Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom and First Lord of the Admiralty.

Admiral of the Fleet
The flag of an admiral of the Fleet is the Union Flag
Insignia shoulder board and sleeve lace for Admiral of the Fleet
Country United Kingdom
Service branch Royal Navy
AbbreviationADMF
Rank groupFlag officer
RankFive-star
NATO rank codeOF-10
Formation1688
Next higher ranknone
Next lower rankAdmiral
Equivalent ranks

Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy, formally established in 1688.[1] The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force. Apart from honorary appointments, no new admirals of the fleet have been named since 1995, and no honorary appointments have been made since 2014.

History

[edit]
King George VI and Admiral Bruce Fraser aboard HMS Duke of York at Scapa Flow, August 1943

The origins of the rank can be traced back to John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick, who was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360.[2] The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; this evolved into the post of Admiral of the Fleet.[3] In the days of sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy included distinctions related to the fleet being divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned at least one admiral, who in turn commanded a number of vice-admirals and rear admirals. While the full admirals were nominally equals, tradition gave precedence to the Admiral of the White who held the fleet rank in addition to his substantive role.[1]

Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

[edit]

The Restoration era brought a general reorganisation of naval ranks and structure, including formalisation of the admiral of the fleet role. In a break with tradition the rank was awarded to the most senior Admiral of the Red, who retained this substantive rank while also serving as Admiral of the Fleet. Appointments were for life, remunerated via a £5 daily stipend and an annual allowance of £1,014 for the hiring and maintenance of servants. It was intended that only one officer would hold the rank at any time, with their presence aboard any naval vessel to be denoted by the flying of the Royal Standard from the main mast.[4]

The ranks of Admiral of the Fleet and Admiral of the Red were formally separated from 1805, with an announcement in the London Gazette that "His Majesty [has] been pleased to order the Rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored"[5] in His Majesty's Navy..." as a separate role. The same Gazette promoted 22 men to that rank.[6] From the nineteenth century onward there were also occasional variations to the previous requirement that only one Admiral of Fleet could serve at one time. In 1821 George IV appointed Sir John Jervis as a second admiral of the fleet, to balance the Duke of Wellington's promotion as a second Field Marshal in the British Army. In 1830 King William IV increased the number of admirals of the fleet to three, though these additional lifetime postings subsequently lapsed. Between 1854 and 1857 there was no admiral of the fleet at all as the most senior naval officer of the time – Admiral of the Red Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin – was mentally ill and had not served at sea for forty-five years.[7][8] In deference to Gosselin's seniority the position was instead left vacant until his death in 1857, whereupon it was filled by Admiral Charles Ogle.[4]

Twentieth century

[edit]

The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, though the rank of admiral of the fleet was maintained. The title of First Naval Lord was renamed First Sea Lord in 1904.[9]

During the two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Sea Lord—e.g. Sir John Tovey.[10]

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was created an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy in 1954, following the coronation of his wife Elizabeth II as Queen. This promotion was to a New Zealand rank, separate from the Royal Navy rank.[11]

Following the creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post–Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. The rank was not abolished and in 2012 the Prince of Wales (now King Charles III) became an honorary admiral of the fleet (as well as field marshal and marshal of the Royal Air Force), in recognition of his support to Queen Elizabeth II in her role of as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. In 2014, Lord Boyce, a former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Defence Staff, was also appointed an honorary admiral of the fleet.[12]

Admirals of the Fleet

[edit]
Appointed
 Image
 Name
 Born
 Died
 Notes
 Reference
24 September 1688 George Legge
(later The Lord Dartmouth)		 1647 1691 [13]
30 May 1690 Edward Russell
(later The Earl of Orford)		 1652 1727 [14]
28 April 1696 Sir George Rooke 1650 1709 circa [15]
13 January 1705 Sir Cloudesley Shovell 1650 1707 [16]
8 January 1708 Leake JohnSir John Leake 1656 1720 [17]
21 December 1708 Fairborne StaffordSir Stafford Fairborne 1666 1742 circa [18]
12 November 1709 Aylmer MatthewSir Matthew Aylmer
(later The Lord Aylmer)		 1650 1720 [19]
14 March 1718 Byng GeorgeSir George Byng
(later The Viscount Torrington)		 1663 1733 [20]
20 February 1734 Norris JohnSir John Norris 1670 1749 [21]
1 July 1749 Ogle ChallonerSir Chaloner Ogle 1681 1750 [22]
22 November 1751 Steuart JamesJames Steuart 1690 1757 [23]
March 1757 Clinton GeorgeGeorge Clinton 1686 1761 [24]
30 July 1761 AnsonThe Lord Anson 1697 1762 [25]
17 December 1762 Rowley WilliamSir William Rowley 1690 1768 circa [26]
15 January 1768 Hawke EdwardSir Edward Hawke
(later The Lord Hawke)		 1705 1781 [27]
24 October 1781 Luke O'KeefeJohn Forbes 1714 1796 [28]
12 March 1796 HoweThe Earl Howe 1726 1799 [29]
16 September 1799 Parker PeterSir Peter Parker, Bt. 1721 1811 [30]
24 December 1811 Clarence and Saint AndrewsKing William IV 1765 1837 Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 1827–1828
appointed at that time as The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews		 [31]
19 July 1821 Saint VincentThe Earl of St Vincent 1735 1823 acting from May 1814 [32]
28 June 1830 Williams-Freeman WilliamWilliam Williams-Freeman 1742 1832 [33]
22 July 1830 GambierThe Lord Gambier 1756 1833 [34]
22 July 1830 Pole CharlesSir Charles Pole, Bt. 1757 1830 [34]
24 April 1833 Nugent CharlesSir Charles Nugent 1759 1844 [35]
8 January 1844 Hawkins-Whitshed JamesSir James Hawkins-Whitshed 1762 1849 [36]
9 November 1846 Martin GeorgeSir George Martin 1764 1847 [37]
13 October 1849 Martin ThomasSir Thomas Byam Martin 1773 1854 [38]
1 July 1851 Cockburn GeorgeSir George Cockburn
(later the Cockburn Baronet)		 1772 1853 [39]
8 December 1857 Ogle CharlesSir Charles Ogle, Bt. 1775 1858 [40]
25 June 1858 West JohnSir John West 1774 1862 [41]
20 May 1862 Gage WilliamSir William Gage 1777 1864 [42]
10 November 1862 Hamond GrahamSir Graham Hamond, Bt. 1779 1862 [43]
27 April 1863 Austen FrancisSir Francis Austen 1774 1865 [44]
27 April 1863 Parker WilliamSir William Parker, Bt. 1781 1866 [45]
11 January 1864 Curtis LuciusSir Lucius Curtis 1786 1869 [46]
12 September 1865 Cochrane ThomasSir Thomas Cochrane 1789 1872 [47]
30 November 1866 Seymour GeorgeSir George Seymour 1787 1870 [48]
30 January 1868 Gordon JamesSir James Gordon 1782 1869 on the Retired List [49]
15 January 1869 Bowles WilliamSir William Bowles 1780 1869 [50]
2 July 1869 Sartorious GeorgeSir George Sartorius 1790 1885 [51]
21 January 1870 Moresby FairfaxSir Fairfax Moresby 1786 1877 [52]
20 October 1872 Stewart HoustonSir Houston Stewart 1791 1875 [53]
11 December 1875 Wallis ProvoSir Provo Wallis 1791 1892 [54]
22 January 1877 Codrington HenrySir Henry Codrington 1808 1877 [55]
5 August 1877 Keppel HenrySir Henry Keppel 1809 1904 [56]
27 December 1877 LauderdaleThe Earl of Lauderdale 1803 1878 [57]
27 December 1877 Mundy RodneySir Rodney Mundy 1805 1884 [57]
15 June 1879 Hope JamesSir James Hope 1808 1881 [58]
15 June 1879 Symonds ThomasSir Thomas Symonds 1813 1894 [58]
10 June 1881 Milne AlexanderSir Alexander Milne, Bt. 1806 1896 on the Retired List [59]
1 December 1881 Elliot CharlesSir Charles Elliot 1818 1895 [60]
29 April 1885 Ryder AlfredSir Alfred Ryder 1820 1888 [61]
18 July 1887 WalesKing Edward VII 1841 1910 Honorary appointment to non-Navy royalty and at that time The Prince of Wales [62]
1 May 1888 Hornby GeoffreySir Geoffrey Hornby 1825 1895 [63]
8 December 1888 Hay JohnLord John Hay 1827 1916 First Sea Lord 1886 [64]
2 August 1889 William IIEmperor William II 1859 1941 Honorary, to foreign royalty [65]
13 February 1892 Commerell JohnSir John Commerell 1829 1901 [66]
3 June 1893 EdinburghThe Duke of Edinburgh
(later The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)		 1844 1900 [67]
20 February 1895 ClanwilliamThe Earl of Clanwilliam 1832 1907 [68]
23 August 1897 Lyons AlgernonSir Algernon Lyons 1833 1908 [69]
29 November 1898 Richards FrederickSir Frederick Richards 1833 1912 First Sea Lord 1893–1899 [70]
13 January 1899 Salmon NowellSir Nowell Salmon 1835 1912 [71]
3 October 1902 Erskine JamesSir James Erskine 1838 1911 [72]
30 August 1903 Hotham CharlesSir Charles Hotham 1843 1925 [73]
16 June 1904 Kerr WalterLord Walter Kerr 1839 1927 First Sea Lord 1899–1904 [74]
20 February 1905 Seymour EdwardSir Edward Seymour 1840 1929 [75]
5 December 1905 Fisher JohnSir John Fisher
(later The Lord Fisher)		 1841 1920 First Sea Lord 1905–1910 and 1914–1915 [76]
1 March 1907 Wilson ArthurSir Arthur Wilson 1842 1921 First Sea Lord 1910–1911 [77]
11 June 1908 Nicholas IIHIM Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 1868 1918 Honorary, to foreign royalty [78]
2 December 1908 Noel GerardSir Gerard Noel 1845 1918 [79]
27 January 1910 Heinrich of PrussiaPrince Henry of Prussia 1862 1929 Honorary, to foreign royalty [80]
30 April 1910 Fanshawe ArthurSir Arthur Fanshawe 1847 1936 [81]
6 May 1910 George V King George V 1865 1936 [82]
20 March 1913 May WilliamSir William May 1849 1930 [83]
5 March 1915 Meux HedworthSir Hedworth Meux 1856 1929 [84]
2 April 1917 Callaghan GeorgeSir George Callaghan 1852 1920 [85]
3 April 1919 JellicoeThe Viscount Jellicoe
(later The Earl Jellicoe)		 1859 1935 First Sea Lord 1916–1918 [86]
3 April 1919 Beatty DavidSir David Beatty
(later The Earl Beatty)		 1871 1936 First Sea Lord 1919–1927 [87]
31 July 1919 Jackson HenrySir Henry Jackson 1855 1929 First Sea Lord 1915–1916 [88]
1 November 1919 Wemyss RosslynSir Rosslyn Wemyss
(later The Lord Wester Wemyss)		 1864 1933 First Sea Lord 1918–1919 [89]
24 November 1920 Burney CecilSir Cecil Burney
(later the Burney baronet)		 1858 1929 [90]
5 July 1921 Sturdee DovetonSir Doveton Sturdee, Bt. 1859 1925 [91]
19 August 1921 Milford HavenThe Marquess of Milford Haven 1854 1921 First Sea Lord 1912–1914. On the Retired List [92]
31 July 1924 Madden CharlesSir Charles Madden, Bt. 1862 1935 First Sea Lord 1927–1930 [93]
8 May 1925 Calthorpe SomersetSir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe 1864 1937 [94]
24 November 1925 de Robeck JohnSir John de Robeck, Bt. 1862 1928 [95]
21 January 1928 Oliver HenrySir Henry Oliver 1865 1965 [96]
31 July 1929 Brock OsmondSir Osmond Brock 1869 1947 [97]
8 May 1930 Keyes RogerSir Roger Keyes, Bt.
(later The Lord Keyes)		 1872 1945 [98]
21 January 1933 Field FrederickSir Frederick Field 1871 1945 First Sea Lord 1930–1933 [99]
31 July 1934 Tyrwhitt ReginaldSir Reginald Tyrwhitt, Bt. 1870 1951 [100]
8 May 1935 Chatfield ErnleSir Ernle Chatfield
(later The Lord Chatfield)		 1873 1967 First Sea Lord 1933–1938 [101]
21 January 1936 Edward VIIIKing Edward VIII 1894 1972 [102]
12 July 1936 Kelly JohnSir John Kelly 1871 1936 [103]
11 December 1936 George VIKing George VI 1895 1952 [104]
21 January 1938 CorkThe Earl of Cork and Orrery 1873 1967 [105]
7 July 1939 Backhouse RogerSir Roger Backhouse 1878 1939 First Sea Lord 1938–1939 [106]
31 July 1939 Pound DudleySir Dudley Pound 1877 1943 First Sea Lord 1939–1943 [107]
8 May 1940 Forbes CharlesSir Charles Forbes 1880 1960 [108]
21 January 1943 Cunningham AndrewSir Andrew Cunningham
(later The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope)		 1883 1963 First Sea Lord 1943–1946 [109]
22 October 1943 Tovey JohnSir John Tovey
(later The Lord Tovey)		 1885 1971 [110]
8 May 1945 Somerville JohnSir James Somerville 1882 1949 [111]
21 January 1948 Cunningham JohnSir John Cunningham 1885 1965 First Sea Lord 1946–1948 [112]
22 October 1948 Fraser of North CapeThe Lord Fraser of North Cape 1888 1981 First Sea Lord 1948–1951 [113]
20 March 1949 Willis AlgernonSir Algernon Willis 1889 1976 [114]
22 April 1952 Power ArthurSir Arthur Power 1889 1960 [115]
1 June 1952 Vian PhilipSir Philip Vian 1894 1968 [116]
15 January 1953 EdinburghThe Duke of Edinburgh 1921 2021 Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 2011–2021 [117][118]
1 May 1953 McGrigor RhoderickSir Rhoderick McGrigor 1893 1959 First Sea Lord 1951–1955 [119]
22 April 1955 Creasy GeorgeSir George Creasy 1895 1972 [120]
22 October 1956 Mountbatten of BurmaThe Earl Mountbatten of Burma 1900 1979 First Sea Lord 1955–1959
Chief of the Defence Staff 1959–1965		 [121]
10 May 1960 Lambe CharlesSir Charles Lambe 1900 1960 First Sea Lord 1959–1960 [122]
23 May 1962 John CasparSir Caspar John 1903 1984 First Sea Lord 1960–1963 [123]
12 August 1968 Begg VarylSir Varyl Begg 1908 1995 First Sea Lord 1966–1968 [124]
30 June 1970 Le Fanu MichaelSir Michael Le Fanu 1913 1970 First Sea Lord 1968–1970 [125]
12 March 1971 Hill-Norton PeterSir Peter Hill-Norton
(later The Lord Hill-Norton)		 1915 2004 First Sea Lord 1970–1971
Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–1973		 [126]
1 March 1974 Pollock MichaelSir Michael Pollock 1916 2006 First Sea Lord 1971–1974 [127]
9 February 1977 Ashmore EdwardSir Edward Ashmore 1919 2016 First Sea Lord 1974–1977
Chief of the Defence Staff 1977		 [128]
6 July 1979 Lewin TerenceSir Terence Lewin
(later The Lord Lewin)		 1920 1999 First Sea Lord 1977–1979
Chief of the Defence Staff 1979–1982		 [129]
1 December 1982 Leach HenrySir Henry Leach 1923 2011 First Sea Lord 1979–1982 [130]
2 August 1985 Fieldhouse JohnSir John Fieldhouse
(later The Lord Fieldhouse)		 1928 1992 First Sea Lord 1982–1985
Chief of the Defence Staff 1985–1988		 [131][132]
12 April 1988 King Olav V of Norway 1903 1991 Honorary, to foreign royalty [133]
25 May 1989 Staveley WilliamSir William Staveley 1928 1997 First Sea Lord 1985–1989 [134]
2 March 1993 Oswald JulianSir Julian Oswald 1933 2011 First Sea Lord 1989–1993 [135]
10 July 1995 Bathhurst BenjaminSir Benjamin Bathurst 1936 Living First Sea Lord 1993–1995 [136]
16 June 2012 WalesKing Charles III 1948 Living Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom since 2022
Honorary appointment and at that time The Prince of Wales
Assumed the rank in full capacity on the day following accession to the throne.		 [137]
13 June 2014 Boyce MichaelThe Lord Boyce 1943 2022 First Sea Lord 1998–2001
Chief of the Defence Staff 2001–2003. Honorary rank		 [138]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Information sheet no 055: Squadron Colours" (PDF). nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. The National Museum Royal Navy. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  2. ^ St. George Tucker (1996). Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union. Vol. 1 (Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803. ed.). Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. p. xxxiii. ISBN 9781886363168.
  3. ^ "Trafalgar Ancestors, Glossary". nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives, 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  4. ^ a b Kemp, Peter, ed. (1993). The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0192820842.
  5. ^ The Dictionary of National Biography (Volume 20, page 394) says of James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier that he "seems to have been as ignorant of naval history as careless of naval prestige, and must be considered one of the chief of the perpetrators of the official blunder which, in the warrant of 9 Nov. 1805 appointing admirals of the red, spoke of the rank as restored to the navy, whereas, in point of fact, it had never previously existed."
  6. ^ "No. 15859". The London Gazette. 5 November 1805. p. 1373.
  7. ^ O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.
  8. ^ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gosselin, Thomas le Marchant" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  9. ^ Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. p. 81. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
  10. ^ "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
  11. ^ Heald, Tim (1991). The Duke: A Portrait of Prince Philip. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 264–267. ISBN 0-340-54607-7.
  12. ^ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  13. ^ "Naval Ranks NMRN Portsmouth". www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. The National Museum Royal Navy, Portsmouth. 2019. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  14. ^ "Russell, Edward, Earl of Orford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24304. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  15. ^ Hattendorf, John B. (2004). "Rooke, Sir George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24059. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ "Shovell, Sir Cloudesley". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25470. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  17. ^ "Leake, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16238. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ^ "Fairborne, Stafford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9069. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  19. ^ "Aylmer, Matthew". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/936. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  20. ^ "Byng, George, first Viscount Torrington". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4262. Retrieved 16 May 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ^ Heathcote, p. 197.
  22. ^ "No. 8864". The London Gazette. 4 July 1749. p. 6.
  23. ^ Heathcote p. 236.
  24. ^ Heathcote, p. 45.
  25. ^ "No. 10126". The London Gazette. 28 July 1761. p. 2.
  26. ^ "No. 10275". The London Gazette. 1 January 1763. p. 1.
  27. ^ Heathcote, p. 109.
  28. ^ Heathcote, p. 87.
  29. ^ "No. 13875". The London Gazette. 15 March 1796. p. 258.
  30. ^ Heathcote, p. 271.
  31. ^ "No. 16554". The London Gazette. 21 December 1811. p. 2454.
  32. ^ "No. 17727". The London Gazette. 20 July 1821. p. 1511.
  33. ^ "No. 18701". The London Gazette. 2 July 1830. p. 1369.
  34. ^ a b "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1539.
  35. ^ "No. 19042". The London Gazette. 26 April 1833. p. 793.
  36. ^ "No. 20305". The London Gazette. 16 January 1844. p. 146.
  37. ^ "No. 20660". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1846. p. 3994.
  38. ^ "No. 21037". The London Gazette. 13 November 1849. p. 3387.
  39. ^ "No. 21225". The London Gazette. 8 July 1851. p. 1769.
  40. ^ "No. 22071". The London Gazette. 11 December 1857. p. 4367.
  41. ^ "No. 22157". The London Gazette. 29 June 1858. p. 3090.
  42. ^ "No. 22627". The London Gazette. 20 May 1862. p. 2616.
  43. ^ "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
  44. ^ "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  45. ^ "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  46. ^ "No. 22806". The London Gazette. 12 January 1864. p. 157.
  47. ^ "No. 23014". The London Gazette. 15 September 1865. p. 4466.
  48. ^ "No. 23187". The London Gazette. 20 November 1866. p. 6158.
  49. ^ "No. 23349". The London Gazette. 4 February 1868. p. 537.
  50. ^ "No. 23462". The London Gazette. 26 January 1869. p. 407.
  51. ^ "No. 23516". The London Gazette. 13 July 1869. p. 3958.
  52. ^ "No. 23582". The London Gazette. 1 February 1870. p. 598.
  53. ^ "No. 23915". The London Gazette. 1 November 1872. p. 5106.
  54. ^ "No. 24278". The London Gazette. 24 December 1875. p. 6577.
  55. ^ "No. 24411". The London Gazette. 30 January 1877. p. 436.
  56. ^ "No. 24497". The London Gazette. 24 August 1877. p. 4957.
  57. ^ a b "No. 24537". The London Gazette. 1 January 1878. p. 2.
  58. ^ a b "No. 24734". The London Gazette. 17 June 1879. p. 3967.
  59. ^ "No. 24997". The London Gazette. 19 July 1881. p. 3548.
  60. ^ "No. 25044". The London Gazette. 2 December 1881. p. 6470.
  61. ^ "No. 25466". The London Gazette. 1 May 1885. p. 1984.
  62. ^ Heathcote, p. 68.
  63. ^ "No. 25816". The London Gazette. 15 May 1888. p. 2766.
  64. ^ "No. 25883". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.
  65. ^ Heathcote, p. 261.
  66. ^ "No. 26262". The London Gazette. 26 February 1892. p. 1108.
  67. ^ Heathcote, p. 10.
  68. ^ "No. 26601". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.
  69. ^ "No. 26885". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.
  70. ^ "No. 27029". The London Gazette. 2 December 1898. p. 7818.
  71. ^ "No. 27043". The London Gazette. 17 January 1899. p. 298.
  72. ^ "No. 27483". The London Gazette. 17 October 1902. p. 6569.
  73. ^ "No. 27593". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.
  74. ^ "No. 27692". The London Gazette. 5 July 1904. p. 4259.
  75. ^ "No. 27766". The London Gazette. 21 February 1905. p. 1279.
  76. ^ "No. 27861". The London Gazette. 8 December 1905. p. 8812.
  77. ^ "No. 28001". The London Gazette. 5 March 1907. p. 1574.
  78. ^ Heathcote, p. 192.
  79. ^ "No. 28201". The London Gazette. 1 December 1908. p. 9182.
  80. ^ Heathcote, p. 113.
  81. ^ "No. 28362". The London Gazette. 3 May 1910. p. 3063.
  82. ^ Heathcote, p. 98.
  83. ^ "No. 28703". The London Gazette. 21 March 1913. p. 2159.
  84. ^ "No. 29094". The London Gazette. 9 March 1915. p. 2365.
  85. ^ "No. 30008". The London Gazette. 3 April 1917. p. 3206.
  86. ^ "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  87. ^ "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  88. ^ "No. 31489". The London Gazette. 5 August 1919. p. 9961.
  89. ^ "No. 31715". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1920. p. 57.
  90. ^ "No. 32150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 1920. p. 11942.
  91. ^ "No. 32394". The London Gazette. 19 July 1921. p. 5733.
  92. ^ Order in Council of 19 August 1921; ADM 196/38.
  93. ^ "No. 32962". The London Gazette. 5 August 1924. p. 5889.
  94. ^ "No. 33049". The London Gazette. 22 May 1925. p. 3445.
  95. ^ "No. 33110". The London Gazette. 1 December 1925. p. 7950.
  96. ^ "No. 33354". The London Gazette. 7 February 1928. p. 856.
  97. ^ "No. 33523". The London Gazette. 6 August 1929. p. 5145.
  98. ^ "No. 33604". The London Gazette. 9 May 1930. p. 2867.
  99. ^ "No. 33905". The London Gazette. 24 January 1933. p. 524.
  100. ^ "No. 34076". The London Gazette. 7 August 1934. p. 5054.
  101. ^ "No. 34159". The London Gazette. 10 May 1935. p. 3048.
  102. ^ Heathcote, p. 69.
  103. ^ "No. 34308". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 July 1936. p. 4742.
  104. ^ Heathcote, p. 99.
  105. ^ "No. 34476". The London Gazette. 25 January 1938. p. 512.
  106. ^ Heathcote, p. 21.
  107. ^ "No. 34651". The London Gazette. 4 August 1939. p. 5393.
  108. ^ "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.
  109. ^ Heathcote, p. 60.
  110. ^ "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
  111. ^ Heathcote, p. 233.
  112. ^ "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. p. 1128.
  113. ^ Heathcote, p. 90.
  114. ^ "No. 38595". The London Gazette. 26 April 1949. p. 2052.
  115. ^ "No. 39571". The London Gazette. 13 June 1952. p. 3238.
  116. ^ "No. 39606". The London Gazette. 25 July 1952. p. 3999.
  117. ^ Heathcote, p. 210.
  118. ^ "No. 39754". The London Gazette. 16 January 1953. p. 358.
  119. ^ Heathcote, p. 162.
  120. ^ "No. 40487". The London Gazette. 24 May 1955. p. 3011.
  121. ^ "No. 40927". The London Gazette. 16 November 1956. p. 6492.
  122. ^ "No. 42058". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1960. p. 4037.
  123. ^ "No. 42704". The London Gazette. 15 June 1962. p. 4777.
  124. ^ Heathcote, p. 29.
  125. ^ "No. 45138". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1970. p. 7183.
  126. ^ "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. p. 2937.
  127. ^ "No. 46225". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1974. p. 2887.
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  135. ^ Oswald, Julian (1993). "Conventional Deterrence and Military Diplomacy". The RUSI Journal. 138 (2). RUSI: 29–30. doi:10.1080/03071849308445694.
  136. ^ Heathcote, p. 23.
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  138. ^ "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

Sources

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  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
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