Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)
The Gypsy family camp (German: Zigeunerfamilienlager) was Section B-IIe of the Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration camp, where Romani families deported to the camp were held together, instead of being separated as was typical at Auschwitz.[1]
History
[edit]On 10 December 1942, Heinrich Himmler issued an order to send all Romani (German: Zigeuner, "Gypsies") to concentration camps, including Auschwitz.[2] A separate camp was set up at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, classed as Section B-IIe and known as the Zigeunerfamilienlager ("Gypsy family camp"). The first transport of German Roma arrived on 26 February 1943, and was housed in Section B-IIe. Approximately 23,000 Roma had been brought to Auschwitz by 1944, of whom 20,000 died there.[3] One transport of 1,700 Polish Sinti and Roma were killed in the gas chambers upon arrival, as they were suspected to be ill with spotted fever.[4]
Roma and Sinti prisoners were used primarily for construction work.[4] Thousands died of typhus and noma due to overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and malnutrition.[3] Anywhere from 1,400 to 3,000 prisoners were transferred to other concentration camps before the murder of the remaining population.[a]
On 2 August 1944, the SS cleared the Gypsy camp. A witness in another part of the camp later told of the inmates unsuccessfully battling the SS with improvised weapons before being loaded into trucks. The surviving population (estimated at 2,897 to 5,600) was then killed en masse in the gas chambers.[6][7] The murder of the Romani people by the Nazis during World War II is known in the Romani language as the Porajmos (devouring).[8]
One of the few survivors was Margarethe Kraus, who was subjected to medical experimentation and whose parents were murdered. She was subsequently moved to Ravensbruck.[9]
References
[edit]
- Notes
- Citations
- ^ Bauer 1998, p. 447.
- ^ Longerich 2012, p. 670.
- ^ a b Rees 2005, p. 248.
- ^ a b Steinbacher 2005, p. 110.
- ^ Steinbacher 2005, p. 111.
- ^ a b Rees 2005, p. 251.
- ^ Epstein 2015, p. 165.
- ^ Hancock 1997, p. 339.
- ^ Katz, Brigit. "London Library Spotlights Nazi Persecution of the Roma and Sinti". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- Bibliography
- Bauer, Yehuda (1998) [1994]. "Gypsies". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 441–455.
- Epstein, Catherine (2015). Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-29479-6.
- Hancock, Ian (1997). "A Glossary of Romani Terms". American Journal of Comparative Law. 45 (2): 329–344. doi:10.2307/840853. hdl:2152/31217. JSTOR 840853.
- Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
- Rees, Laurence (2005). Auschwitz: A New History. New York: Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group. ISBN 1-58648-303-X.
- Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. Auschwitz: A History. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 0-06-082581-2.