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Hakha Chin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Burmese language or Hakka Chinese.

Hakha Chin
Laiholh
Native toMyanmar, India, Bangladesh[1]
EthnicityChin
Native speakers
circa 500,000[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3cnh
Glottologhaka1240
ELPHakha Chin

Hakha Chin, or Laiholh, is a Kuki-Chin language spoken by more than 500,000 people. The majority of Hakha Chin speakers reside in Chin State in western Myanmar.[1], with significant communities also found in the Sagaing and Magway regions of Myanmar.[1]. Additionally, the language is spoken in the Lawngtlai district of Mizoram India, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of southeastern Bangladesh.

Hakha Chin is one of the major languages spoken among the Chin ethnic group. Given the linguistic diversity within the Chin ethnic group and the regional concentration of Hakha Chin speakers, it forms a substantial portion of the Chin linguistic landscape in Mianmar.

Hakha Chin is considered a lingua franca of the region since it is spoken in the capital of Chin State, and many speakers of other Kuki-Chin languages speak it as their second language. This language holds cultural and social significance among the Chin people, serving as a key component of their identity and heritage.

Distribution[edit]

The Hakha Chin (Lai) speakers are largely in Chin State, Burma and Mizoram in Northeast India, with a sizeable number of speakers in south-eastern Bangladesh. Nowadays, approximately one hundred thousands Hakha Chin speakers are living in the Western countries, such as Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and the United States, as well as Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]

In India, they are a Scheduled Tribe, which means the government recognizes them as a distinct people.

As they mostly live in hilly or even mountainous remote areas, most Hakha-Chin speakers in Chin State, Burma, Mizoram and in Northeast India and south-eastern Bangladesh rely on swidden agriculture.[1] Hakha-Chin speakers are predominantly Christian.[1]

Burma[edit]

As of 1991, there were 100,000 Hakha-Chin speakers in Burma.[1] Dialects vary from village to village.

Bangladesh[edit]

The precise count of Hakha Chin speakers in Bangladesh is difficult to ascertain, but it is widely recognized that a significant population residing in the Chittagong Hill Tracts speaks the language.

India[edit]

As of 1996, there were 345,000 Hakha-Chin speakers in India, mostly in the Lawngtlai, Lunglei, and Aizawl districts of Mizoram as well as the southernmost tip of Assam.[1] In India, the language is also known as Lai Pawi and Lai Hawlh and is taught in some primary schools. Most of its younger speakers in India are literate.[1]

Western Countries[edit]

Currently, around 100,000 Hakha Chin speakers are living in the Western countries, such as Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and the United States, as well as Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]

Mutual intelligibility[edit]

Hakha Chin serves as a lingua franca in most parts of Chin State and is a native language in Hakha, Thantlang, and parts of Matupi. Derived from the same Lai dialect and sharing 85% of their phonology, Falam Chin speakers can easily communicate with Hakha speakers. As the capital of Chin State, Hakha provides government employment and business opportunities to people living elsewhere in Chin State. These people live here temporarily or permanently, and their families eventually learn how to speak Lai holh (Hakha).

The Chin people use Latin script (Hakha alphabet) as their writing system.

Phonology[edit]

Syllable structure[edit]

Words in the Hakha Chin language are predominantly monosyllabic with some sesqui syllables featuring a "reduced syllable".[2] Full syllables are either open or closed with a rising, falling, or low tone.[citation needed]

Consonants[edit]

The Hakha Chin language differentiates between voiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspirated obstruents. Additionally, two sets of sonorants are realised.[3]

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral
Nasal voiced m n ŋ
voiceless m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
Plosive tenuis p t ʈ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d (ɡ)
Affricate tenuis t͡s tɬ
aspirated t͡sʰ tɬʰ
Fricative voiceless f s h
voiced v z
Liquid voiced r l
voiceless r̥ l̥
Semivowel w j

Consonants allowed in syllable codas are /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w/.

Consonants /m, n, ŋ, l, r/ occurring in syllable-final position may also occur as glottalized [mˀ, nˀ, ŋˀ, lˀ, rˀ].[4]

The unattested parent language, Proto-Chin, featured a voiced velar plosive ɡ. The phoneme itself was lost in all of its daughter languages, due to a spirantisation to ɣ, which a labialisation followed afterwards.[3] Only certain loanwords, not native words, have the voiced velar plosive.

In the Hakha alphabet, ⟨h⟩ transcribes the glottal fricative in initial position, but a glottal stop in coda position.[5] Voiceless approximants are distinguished in writing from their voiced counterparts with a prefixed ⟨h⟩.

Vowels[edit]

The Hakha language features seven vowels which may be long or short. Allophones occur for closed syllables.[3]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ɔ
Open a

In final position, /e/ can be heard as [ɛ].[4]

The Hakha language also features diphthongs.[3]

Front Central Back
Close ia   iu ui   ua
Mid ei   eu ɔi
Open ai   au

Grammar[edit]

Hakha-Chin is a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, and negation follows the verb.

Literacy and literature[edit]

Literacy rates are lower for older generations and higher in younger generations.[1] The Hakha-Chin language uses the Latin script, unlike most languages of India and Bangladesh which use Devanagari or other Southeast Asian alphabets. Between 1978 and 1999, the Bible was translated into the language.[1]

Language Use and Vitality[edit]

Primary Language: Hakha Chin is typically the primary language spoken by the Hakha Chin people in their daily lives. It serves as a means of communication within families, communities, and in local institutions.

Language Vitality: Despite the pressures from Burmese, the official language of Myanmar, Hakha Chin continues to be actively used in various domains, including religious ceremonies, cultural events, and community gatherings.

Cultural Significance[edit]

Identity: The Hakha Chin language plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting the cultural identity of the Hakha Chin people. It is used in traditional songs, stories, and religious practices.

Literature and Media: There is a growing body of literature and media produced in Hakha Chin, including books, newspapers, radio broadcasts, and more recently, digital content.

Challenges and Preservation Efforts[edit]

Endangered Status: Like many indigenous languages around the world, Hakha Chin faces challenges from cultural assimilation and globalization. Efforts are underway to promote its use and ensure its survival among younger generations.

Education: There are initiatives to develop educational materials and programs in Hakha Chin to strengthen literacy and language skills among speakers, particularly children and youth.

Overall, Hakha Chin is not just a means of communication but a repository of cultural heritage and identity for the Hakha Chin people. Efforts to document, preserve, and promote the language are crucial for its continued vitality and relevance in the modern world.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Peterson, David A. (2003). "Hakha Lai" In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla, eds. The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 409–426. London: Routledge

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hakha Chin at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Hyman, Larry M.; VanBik, Kenneth (2004). "Directional rule application and output problems in Hakha Lai tone" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 5 (4): 821–861.
  3. ^ a b c d Khoi Lam Thang (2001). A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Chin (PDF) (MA thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b Lalremzani, C. (2013). Lai phonetics phonology and morphology: a descriptive study. North-Eastern Hill University.
  5. ^ "Pronunciation". hobugt.dk.

External links[edit]

Hakha Chin test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakha_Chin&oldid=1232016927"